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World Trade Indicators 2008 Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

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Page 1: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

World Trade Indicators 2008World Trade Indicators 2008

http://www.worldbank.org/wti2008

Ravindra A. YatawaraMay 18th - May 19th to 2009

Geneva, Switzerland

Page 2: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Structure of WTI database: organizing for Structure of WTI database: organizing for usersusers

TRADE OUTCOME

TRADEPOLICY

EXTERNALENVIRONMENT

TRADE FACILITATION

BUSINESS/INSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENT

Page 3: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

TRADE FACILITATIONTRADE FACILITATION

What gets measured, get managedWhat gets measured, get managed

Logistics Performance Index (LPI)Logistics Performance Index (LPI)Trading Across Borders- DBTrading Across Borders- DB

Others Indicators- Others Indicators- e.g. Liner Shipping Connectivity Indexe.g. Liner Shipping Connectivity Index

Page 4: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Thick borders imply high trade costs that:

constrain access to regional and global markets, and lower competitiveness of firms and their scope to exploit scale and diversify

In Context of Global Economic Crisis Trade Facilitation

Reform seen as key to penetrating shrinking export markets

Page 5: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

The Challenge

Page 6: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,
Page 7: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

www.worldbank.org/lpi

Ranking and component

Logistics business environment and institutions

Performance data

Available as rankings, maps, scorecards

Contact: [email protected]

Page 8: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Partnership with the private sector

Built on 5,500 country assessments by more than 800 logistics professionals worldwide:

Assessments from professionals outside the country, trading with it

Assessment of domestic business environment and institutions and time and cost data

Questionnaire designed with input from trade

and logistics professionals

Primary data gathered for 150 countries

Page 9: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

The survey uses an anonymous, web-based questionnaire asking respondents to evaluate their country of residence and eight countries they are dealing with on several logistics dimensions

Page 10: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

International LPI – 150 countries

- Score (1-5,best)

- Qualitative

- Based on respondents evaluating 8 countries they deal with

Page 11: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

The (International) LPI measures SEVEN dimensions of country performance

Efficiency of the clearance process

Quality of transport and IT infrastructure

Ease of arranging competitively priced shipments

Logistics competence and quality of logistics services

Tracking and tracing

Domestic logistics costs

Timeliness

Page 12: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

DOMESTIC LPI - 100 countries

1) Performance – Quantitative

2) Environment & Institutions- Qualitative

Page 13: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

 PERFORMANCE DATA FOR INDONESIARate of physical inspection (%) _0.12Customs clearance (days) 1.58Lead time export, median case (days) 2.54Lead time import, best case (days) 1.91Lead time import, median case (days) 3.88Number of border agencies exports 2.73Number of border agencies imports 2.73Possibility of a review procedure (%) 0.38Typical charge for a 40-foot export container or a semi-trailer (US$) 266.00Typical charge for a 40-foot import container or a semi-trailer (US$) 244.44

Page 14: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

ENVIRONMENT & INSTITUTIONS5 choices from very high to very low

Reported as share that chose Very high/high

1) logistic operational environment

2) quality of infrastructure

3) efficiency and effectiveness of processes

4) level of competence of professions

5) 3 Year evolution of business env, customs

6) Incidence of informal payments, crime

Page 15: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

LPI Ranking presents performance scores of all countries on the LPI index, as well as on the seven key dimensions, in a sortable format

Page 16: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Country LPI Rank

South Africa 24Malaysia 27Chile 32Turkey 34Hungary 35Czech Republic 38Poland 40Latvia 42Argentina 45Estonia 47

TOP 10 COUNTRIES

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME

Country LPI Rank

China 30Thailand 31Indonesia 43Jordan 52Bulgaria 55Peru 59Tunisia 60Brazil 61Philippines 65El Salvador 66

TOP 10 COUNTRIES

LOW INCOME

Country LPI Rank

India 39Vietnam 53Sao Tome and Principe 57Guinea 62Sudan 64Mauritania 67Pakistan 68Kenya 76Gambia, The 77Cambodia 81

TOP 10 COUNTRIES

UPPER MIDDLE INCOME

LPI Ranks

Page 17: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,
Page 18: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

“Logistics gap” across income groups

Page 19: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Global Perspective –Domestic LPI

 

Customs clearance (days)

Rate of physical inspection

Time export (days)

Time import (days)

East Asia & Pacific 2.1 18% 2.5 5.7

Europe & Central Asia 1.2 8% 1.7 4.5

Latin America & Caribbean 2 14% 2.7 5.7

Middle East & North Africa 2.2 14% 2.1 7.2

South Asia 2 27% 4.4 7.2

Sub-Saharan Africa 3.3 29% 4.8 13.3

High income: OECD 0.9 3% 1.8 4.6

Page 20: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Key messages Trade logistics performance is only as good as the

weakest link Predictability and reliability are as important as cost and

speed The LPI can assess your country’s bottlenecks and

opportunities for reform – and where, if necessary, to direct “aid for trade”

The LPI can mobilize broad constituencies for reform

Page 21: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Key Policy Implications

POLICY IMPLICATIONS Expand the traditional reform agenda beyond customs

reform and infrastructure development Improve the quality of logistics services and increase

border agency coordination Embark on comprehensive reform—processes,

services, and infrastructure—with broad public and private support

LPI as an preliminary indicator – Pursue Trade and Transport Facilitation Audits

(TTFA) Develop National Logistics Strategies

Page 22: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

LPI 2009 - LAUNCHED May 12, 2009Improvement in survey design More explicit description of time to export/importNew module on customsDomestic Logistics costs replaced with Implementation of Cargo Security RequirementsResults out end June /early July 2009

Page 23: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Trade Facilitation Indicator:Trade Facilitation Indicator:

DOING BUSINESS (DB)DOING BUSINESS (DB)

DB 2010 : Out Sept 2009DB 2010 : Out Sept 2009

Page 24: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Doing Business: Quantitative measure Doing Business: Quantitative measure of regulations forof regulations for

Starting a businessStarting a business

Dealing with construction permitsDealing with construction permits

Employing workersEmploying workers

Registering propertyRegistering property

Getting creditGetting credit

Protecting investorsProtecting investors

Paying taxes Paying taxes

Trading across bordersTrading across borders

Enforcing contracts Enforcing contracts

Closing a businessClosing a businessSourceSource: World Bank Doing Business: World Bank Doing Business

Page 25: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Top 30 on the Ease of Doing Business Top 30 on the Ease of Doing Business - 2009- 2009

1. Singapore1. Singapore 16. Saudi Arabia16. Saudi Arabia

2. New Zealand2. New Zealand 17. Sweden17. Sweden

3. United States3. United States 18. Bahrain18. Bahrain

4. Hong Kong, China4. Hong Kong, China 19. Belgium19. Belgium

5. Denmark5. Denmark 20. Malaysia20. Malaysia

6. United Kingdom6. United Kingdom 21. Switzerland21. Switzerland

7. Ireland7. Ireland 22. Estonia22. Estonia

8. Canada8. Canada 23. Korea23. Korea

9. Australia9. Australia 24. Mauritius24. Mauritius

10. Norway10. Norway 25. Germany25. Germany

11. Iceland11. Iceland 26. Netherlands26. Netherlands

12. Japan12. Japan 27. Austria27. Austria

13. Thailand13. Thailand 28. Lithuania28. Lithuania

14. Finland14. Finland 29. Latvia29. Latvia

15. Georgia15. Georgia 30. Israel30. IsraelSourceSource: World Bank Doing Business: World Bank Doing Business

Page 26: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Top Reformers in 2007/2008Top Reformers in 2007/2008

SourceSource: World Bank Doing Business: World Bank Doing Business

Page 27: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

SourceSource: World Bank Doing Business: World Bank Doing Business

Top reformers by indicatorTop reformers by indicator

Page 28: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

SourceSource: World Bank Doing Business: World Bank Doing Business

Highlights of Highlights of Doing Business 2009Doing Business 2009 239 reforms in 113 countries. Highest recorded in 6 years 239 reforms in 113 countries. Highest recorded in 6 years of Doing Businessof Doing Business

Eastern Europe and Central Asia – 62 reforms in 23 of the Eastern Europe and Central Asia – 62 reforms in 23 of the 25 countries, 25% of the total recorded worldwide. Fastest 25 countries, 25% of the total recorded worldwide. Fastest reforming region. reforming region.

– 4 of top 10 reformers from Eastern Europe and Central Asia4 of top 10 reformers from Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Africa – 28 of 46 countries completing 58 reforms, highest Africa – 28 of 46 countries completing 58 reforms, highest rate of reform recorded in the region. rate of reform recorded in the region.

– 3 of top 10 reformers from Africa3 of top 10 reformers from Africa

1000 reforms recorded over past 6 reports, 174 informed 1000 reforms recorded over past 6 reports, 174 informed by Doing Businessby Doing Business

Page 29: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

SourceSource: World Bank Doing Business: World Bank Doing Business

Most popular reforms in 2007/2008Most popular reforms in 2007/2008

36

49

34

6

12

12

16

18

24

27

Starting a business

Paying taxes

Trading across borders

Getting credit

Registering property

Dealing with constr. permits

Closing a business

Enforcing contracts

Protecting investors

Employing Workers

Page 30: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Doing Business Doing Business SubcategorySubcategory

TRADING ACROSS TRADING ACROSS BORDERSBORDERS

Page 31: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Doing Business -Trading Across Doing Business -Trading Across Borders (rank 1 – 181, worst)Borders (rank 1 – 181, worst)

Based on:Based on:

1) 1) Number of documentsNumber of documents for import/export for import/export

2) 2) TimeTime (in days) for import/export(in days) for import/export

3) 3) CostCost (US $ per container) to import/export(US $ per container) to import/export

A higher rank is associated with a more A higher rank is associated with a more favorable environment for trading across borders.favorable environment for trading across borders.

SourceSource: World Bank Doing : World Bank Doing

BusinessBusiness

Page 32: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

SourceSource: World Bank Doing Business: World Bank Doing Business

Documents required to export and import Bank documents

Customs clearance documents

Port and terminal handling documents

Transport documents

Time required to export and import Obtaining all the documents

Inland transport

Customs clearance and inspections

Port and terminal handling

Does not include ocean transport time

Cost required to export and import (US $ per container) Obtaining all the documents

Inland transport

Customs clearance and inspections

Port and terminal handling

Official costs only, no bribes or tariffs

Page 33: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

DB – Trading Across Borders: DB – Trading Across Borders: Top 10 countries (rank)Top 10 countries (rank)

CountryCountry 20082008  SingaporeSingapore 11

  Hong Kong, ChinaHong Kong, China 22  DenmarkDenmark 33  FinlandFinland 44  EstoniaEstonia 55  SwedenSweden 66  NorwayNorway 77  PanamaPanama 88

  IsraelIsrael 99  ThailandThailand 1010

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Page 34: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

DB – Trading Across Borders: DB – Trading Across Borders: Bottom 10 countries (rank)Bottom 10 countries (rank)

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

CountryCountry 20082008  ZimbabweZimbabwe 162162

  EritreaEritrea 163163  Venezuela, RBVenezuela, RB 164164

  Lao PDRLao PDR 165165  MaliMali 166166

  MalawiMalawi 167167  RwandaRwanda 168168

  NigerNiger 169169  BurundiBurundi 170170

  UzbekistanUzbekistan 171171

Page 35: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

DB – Trading Across Borders: DB – Trading Across Borders: Top 10 ImprovementsTop 10 Improvements

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

CountryCountry 20082008 20072007

  SenegalSenegal 6060 139139

  ThailandThailand 1010 5151

  DjiboutiDjibouti 3535 7171

  KiribatiKiribati 6969 102102

  CambodiaCambodia 122122 144144

  IcelandIceland 3434 5353

  MadagascarMadagascar 109109 127127

  Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia 1616 3333

  ColombiaColombia 9696 112112

  Syrian Arab RepublicSyrian Arab Republic 111111 127127

Page 36: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

DB – Trading Across Borders: DB – Trading Across Borders: Top 10 SlippagesTop 10 Slippages

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

CountryCountry 20082008 20072007

  IndiaIndia 9090 8181

  LesothoLesotho 141141 132132

  MexicoMexico 8787 7878

  JordanJordan 7474 6464

  MoldovaMoldova 135135 125125

  OmanOman 119119 109109

  South AfricaSouth Africa 147147 137137

  TunisiaTunisia 3838 2828

  UkraineUkraine 131131 121121

  AustraliaAustralia 4545 3434

Page 37: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Speeding trade – improving reforms across regions

SourceSource: World Bank Doing Business: World Bank Doing Business

Page 38: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Region or Economy

Documents for export

(number)

Time for export (days)

Cost to export (US$ per container)

East Asia & Pacific

6.7 23.3 902.3

Eastern Europe & Central

Asia7.1 29.7 1,649.10

Latin America & Caribbean

6.9 19.7 1,229.80

Middle East & North Africa

6.5 23.3 1,024.40

OECD 4.5 10.7 1,069.10

South Asia 8.5 33 1,339.10

Sub-Saharan Africa

7.8 34.7 1,878.80

Page 39: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Complementarities LPI/DB

LPI DBSource of data

As many respondents as possible

Few by country

Concept Performance outcomesAnalytic breakdown in component procedures

Questionnaire Short online Detailed

SignificanceSeveral indices of performance

Metric of red tape applicable to trade operations (time export, import

Comparisons and overlaps• Limited correlation (at least with stringent tests: rank, partial) of main indicators (LPI

and DB time X/M)

• Different concepts of time to import and export, with huge discrepancies

Page 40: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Scatter plot of LPI AND DB (rank)- 2006

050

10

015

020

0

DB

0 50 100 150LPI

Page 41: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Other Trade Facilitation Indicators:Other Trade Facilitation Indicators: UNCTAD Liner Shipping Connectivity Index UNCTAD Liner Shipping Connectivity Index

(0-100, best)(0-100, best)

Computed average index which combines the available Computed average index which combines the available information about a country’s maritime transport. information about a country’s maritime transport.

For comparison purpose, maximum value of the LSCI is For comparison purpose, maximum value of the LSCI is set to 100.set to 100.

Calculated as the un-weighted average of five Calculated as the un-weighted average of five components: ships, TEUs, companies, services, and components: ships, TEUs, companies, services, and maximum vessel size. Each one of the five components maximum vessel size. Each one of the five components is indexed to assume a maximum value of 100 in 2004. is indexed to assume a maximum value of 100 in 2004. Average of the five indexed components is again Average of the five indexed components is again indexed so that its maximum value for 2004 is 100.indexed so that its maximum value for 2004 is 100.

SourceSource: UNCTAD Transport Newsletter: UNCTAD Transport Newsletter

Page 42: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

UNCTAD Liner Connectivity IndexUNCTAD Liner Connectivity IndexTop 10 countries (highest indexes) Top 10 countries (highest indexes)

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2008

 China 137.4

 Hong Kong, China 108.8

 Singapore 94.47

 Germany 89.27

 Netherlands 87.57

 United States 82.45

 United Kingdom 77.99

 Belgium 77.98

 Malaysia 77.6

 Korea, Rep. 76.4

Page 43: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

SourceSource: US International Trade Commission: US International Trade Commission

Total Freight Cost to US Total Freight Cost to US (% of import value)(% of import value)

Ratio of total freight charges and insurance Ratio of total freight charges and insurance costs to the net value of merchandise costs to the net value of merchandise goods imports.goods imports.

Calculated at the origin of US ports and is Calculated at the origin of US ports and is reported as a percentage of import value.reported as a percentage of import value.

Includes all shipment through air, maritime Includes all shipment through air, maritime and land freights but excludes domestic and land freights but excludes domestic transportation costs between cities.transportation costs between cities.

Page 44: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Total Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Total Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Top 10 countries - Lowest Frequent ChargesTop 10 countries - Lowest Frequent Charges

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2006

 Singapore 4.19

 Netherlands 4.18

 Germany 4.1

 Sweden 4.08

 Austria 4.06

 Japan 4.02

 Switzerland 4.02

 Hong Kong, China 4

 United Kingdom 3.99

 Canada 3.92

Page 45: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Total Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Total Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Bottom 10 countries – Highest Frequent ChargesBottom 10 countries – Highest Frequent Charges

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2006

 Guyana 2.05

 Chad 1.98

 Niger 1.97

 Sierra Leone 1.95

 Djibouti 1.94

 Tajikistan 1.93

 Myanmar 1.86

 Rwanda 1.77

 Timor-Leste 1.71

 Afghanistan 1.21

Page 46: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

SourceSource: US Department of Commerce, US : US Department of Commerce, US Census Bureau. Us Imports of MerchandiseCensus Bureau. Us Imports of Merchandise

Air Freight Cost to US (% of import Air Freight Cost to US (% of import value)value)

Ratio of total air freight charges and insurance Ratio of total air freight charges and insurance costs to the net value of merchandise goods costs to the net value of merchandise goods imports.imports.

Calculated at the origin of US gateways, and is Calculated at the origin of US gateways, and is reported as a percentage of import value.reported as a percentage of import value.

Average Air Freight Rate reflects the costs of Average Air Freight Rate reflects the costs of transport from the US main ports to the foreign transport from the US main ports to the foreign coutnries at the US customs procedure.coutnries at the US customs procedure.

Page 47: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Air Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Air Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Top 10 countries - Lowest Frequent ChargesTop 10 countries - Lowest Frequent Charges

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2007

 Angola 0.107

 Botswana 0.111

 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.123

 Cuba 0.272

 Ireland 0.301

 Central African Republic 0.388

 Djibouti 0.454

 Qatar 0.469

 Bhutan 0.487

 Niger 0.491

Page 48: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Air Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Air Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Bottom 10 countries - Highest Frequent ChargesBottom 10 countries - Highest Frequent Charges

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2007

 Burundi 27.41

 Marshall Islands 43.03

 Samoa 47.06

 Faeroe Islands 57.35

 Solomon Islands 60.94

 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 62.49

 Tonga 69.53

 Fiji 72.47

 Maldives 92.14

 Palau 143.8

Page 49: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

SourceSource:DHL Published Tariff Guide on Domestic :DHL Published Tariff Guide on Domestic and Internaitonal Shipping Servicesand Internaitonal Shipping Services

Air Freight Cost from US (US$)Air Freight Cost from US (US$)

Reflects the DHL international United States Reflects the DHL international United States outbound worldwide priority express rate for a 1 outbound worldwide priority express rate for a 1 pound rate packages in current US dollars. pound rate packages in current US dollars.

Additional service charges, shipment value Additional service charges, shipment value protection, and other surcharges are excluded.protection, and other surcharges are excluded.

Page 50: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Air Freight Costs from US (US $)Air Freight Costs from US (US $)Top countries – Lowest costsTop countries – Lowest costs

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2008

 Canada 44.55

 Mexico 47.35

 Hong Kong, China 53.7

 Singapore 53.7

 Taiwan, China 53.7

 Japan 54.75

 Belgium 55.15

 France 55.15

Page 51: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Air Freight Costs from US (US $)Air Freight Costs from US (US $)Bottom 10 countries – Highest costsBottom 10 countries – Highest costs

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2008

 Somalia 115

 South Africa 115

 Sudan 115

 Swaziland 115

 Tanzania 115

 Togo 115

 Tunisia 115

 Uganda 115

 Zambia 115

 Zimbabwe 115

Page 52: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Pump Price of Diesel Fuel Pump Price of Diesel Fuel (US $ per Liter)(US $ per Liter)

Reflects the prices at the pump for the most Reflects the prices at the pump for the most widely sold diesel fuel within the country.widely sold diesel fuel within the country.

Prices have been converted from the local Prices have been converted from the local currency to US dollars.currency to US dollars.

SourceSource: International Fuel prices 2005 or World Bank WDI database: International Fuel prices 2005 or World Bank WDI database

Page 53: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

UNCTAD Liner Connectivity IndexUNCTAD Liner Connectivity IndexTop 10 countries (lowest prices) Top 10 countries (lowest prices)

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2006

 Turkmenistan 0.02

 Venezuela, RB 0.03

 Iran, Islamic Rep. 0.09

 Libya 0.13

 Saudi Arabia 0.16

 Kuwait 0.22

 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.3

 Yemen, Rep. 0.3

 Oman 0.31

 Algeria 0.32

Page 54: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Electricity Cost for Industry Electricity Cost for Industry (US $ per kilowatt hour)(US $ per kilowatt hour)

Based on the information posted by the Energy Based on the information posted by the Energy Information Administration of the US Department Information Administration of the US Department of Energy on the industry electricity prices per of Energy on the industry electricity prices per kilowatt-hour from 1997 to 2005 (in US Dollars). kilowatt-hour from 1997 to 2005 (in US Dollars). The per kilowatt-hour prices are based on the The per kilowatt-hour prices are based on the energy end-use prices including taxes, and are energy end-use prices including taxes, and are converted into US Dollars using the average converted into US Dollars using the average exchange rate for the given years. exchange rate for the given years.

SourceSource: International Energy Agency for all years, and the Energy : International Energy Agency for all years, and the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy for some Information Administration of the US Department of Energy for some additional countries in 2004.additional countries in 2004.

Page 55: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Electricity Cost for Industry (US $ per kilowatt Electricity Cost for Industry (US $ per kilowatt hour)hour)

Top 10 countries (Lowest cost) Top 10 countries (Lowest cost)

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2007

 Kazakhstan 0.03

 Russian Federation 0.04

 Norway 0.05

 France 0.06

 Taiwan, China 0.06

 United States 0.06

 New Zealand 0.07

 Korea, Rep. 0.07

 Finland 0.08

 Poland 0.08

Page 56: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Telephones (fixed and mobile) per 100 Telephones (fixed and mobile) per 100 inhabitants (%) inhabitants (%)

SourceSource: World Bank WDI database or International Communication : World Bank WDI database or International Communication Union (ITU) databaseUnion (ITU) database

Total number of fixed telephone mainlines Total number of fixed telephone mainlines connecting a subscriber to the telephone connecting a subscriber to the telephone exchange equipment and cellular mobile phone exchange equipment and cellular mobile phone subscribers to a public mobile telephone service subscribers to a public mobile telephone service using cellular technology, measured per 1000 using cellular technology, measured per 1000 people. people.

Page 57: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Telephones (fixed and mobile) per 100 Telephones (fixed and mobile) per 100 inhabitants (%)inhabitants (%)

- Top 10 countries (highest numbers)- Top 10 countries (highest numbers)

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2007

 Hong Kong, China 208

 United Arab Emirates 206

 Macao, China 203

 Estonia 185

 Germany 183

 Qatar 180

 Luxembourg 178

 Switzerland 174

 United Kingdom 173

 Iceland 172

Page 58: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Average Cost of a 3 Minute Call to US Average Cost of a 3 Minute Call to US (US$)(US$)

SourceSource: World Bank WDI database or International Communication : World Bank WDI database or International Communication Union (ITU) databaseUnion (ITU) database

Average cost of a peak rate 3-minute with the Average cost of a peak rate 3-minute with the fixed line call from the country to the United fixed line call from the country to the United States, in current US Dollars. States, in current US Dollars.

Page 59: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Average Cost of a 3 Minute Call to US (US$)Average Cost of a 3 Minute Call to US (US$)Top 10 countries (Lowest cost)Top 10 countries (Lowest cost)

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2005

 Switzerland 0.32

 Afghanistan 0.39

 Mexico 0.83

 Suriname 1.33

 Poland 1.35

 Lithuania 1.55

 Mauritius 1.59

 Japan 1.63

 Morocco 1.69

 Gabon 2.77

Page 60: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Personal Computers per 100 inhabitants Personal Computers per 100 inhabitants (%) (%)

SourceSource: World Bank WDI database or International Communication : World Bank WDI database or International Communication Union (ITU) databaseUnion (ITU) database

Number of self-contained computers designed Number of self-contained computers designed for individuals users, measured per 1000 people. for individuals users, measured per 1000 people.

Page 61: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Personal Computers per 100 inhabitants (%) – Personal Computers per 100 inhabitants (%) – Top 10 countries (Highest numbers)Top 10 countries (Highest numbers)

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2006

 Canada 94.3

 Netherlands 91.2

 Switzerland 88.6

 Sweden 88.1

 San Marino 85.5

 United States 80.3

 United Kingdom 80.2

 Denmark 72.9

 Singapore 72.3

 Luxembourg 68

Page 62: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Internet Users per 100 inhabitants (%) Internet Users per 100 inhabitants (%)

SourceSource: World Bank WDI database or International Communication : World Bank WDI database or International Communication Union (ITU) databaseUnion (ITU) database

Number of people with access to the worldwide Number of people with access to the worldwide network through a dial-up, leased, or broadband network through a dial-up, leased, or broadband connection, measured per 1000 people. connection, measured per 1000 people.

Page 63: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Internet Users per 100 inhabitants (%) – Top 10 Internet Users per 100 inhabitants (%) – Top 10 countries (highest numbers)countries (highest numbers)

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2007

 Barbados 95.3

 Greenland 91.6

 Netherlands 91.6

 Andorra 87.6

 Canada 84.9

 Norway 80.7

 New Zealand 79.5

 Sweden 76.5

 Bermuda 75

 Japan 73.6

Page 64: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Secondary School Enrollment (%, gross)Secondary School Enrollment (%, gross)

SourceSource:World Bank WDI database:World Bank WDI database

Ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to Ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level fo education shown.corresponds to the level fo education shown.

Page 65: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Secondary School Enrollment (%, gross) – Top Secondary School Enrollment (%, gross) – Top 10 countries (Highest ratios)10 countries (Highest ratios)

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2006

 Australia 150

 New Zealand 120

 Denmark 120

 Spain 119

 Netherlands 118

 France 114

 Norway 113

 Finland 112

 Ireland 112

 Iceland 110

Page 66: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Tertiary School Enrollment (%, gross)Tertiary School Enrollment (%, gross)

SourceSource:World Bank WDI database:World Bank WDI database

Ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to Ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level fo education shown.corresponds to the level fo education shown.

Tertiary education, whether or not to an Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally advanced research qualification, normally requires as a minimum condition of admission, requires as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the the successful completion of education at the secondary level. secondary level.

Page 67: World Trade Indicators 2008   Ravindra A. Yatawara May 18 th - May 19 th to 2009 Geneva,

Tertiary School Enrollment (%, gross) – Top 10 Tertiary School Enrollment (%, gross) – Top 10 countries (Highest ratios)countries (Highest ratios)

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

Country 2006

 Greece 94.9

 Finland 93.2

 Korea, Rep. 91

 Cuba 87.9

 Slovenia 83

 United States 81.8

 Denmark 79.9

 New Zealand 79.7

 Sweden 79

 Norway 77.5