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World Geography World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study Geography involves the study of places: their locations, of places: their locations, their characteristics, and their characteristics, and how humans use and move how humans use and move around them. around them.
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World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

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Page 1: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

World Geography Chapter 1 World Geography Chapter 1 NotesNotes

Physical GeographyPhysical GeographyLooking at the EarthLooking at the EarthGeography involves the study of Geography involves the study of

places: their locations, their places: their locations, their characteristics, and how humans use characteristics, and how humans use

and move around them.and move around them.

Page 2: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Section 1Section 1

The Five Themes of GeographyThe Five Themes of Geography

Page 3: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

GeographyGeography

Geography Geography is the study of Earth and the is the study of Earth and the ways people work & live on it ways people work & live on it

- It focuses on the study of the distribution - It focuses on the study of the distribution and interaction of physical features human and interaction of physical features human features on Earthfeatures on Earth

GeographersGeographers – people who study the – people who study the earth. earth.

Page 4: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

GeographyGeography

Geographers look at:Geographers look at:

- use of space on Earth- use of space on Earth

- interactions that take place there- interactions that take place there

- patterns and connections between - patterns and connections between people and Landpeople and Land

Page 5: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

GeographyGeography

Geographers use a Geographers use a variety of tools:variety of tools:

- maps - maps

- photographs- photographs

- charts, graphs, - charts, graphs, tablestables

- scale models- scale models

- five themes of - five themes of geography geography

Page 6: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Theme: LocationTheme: Location Where is it? Where is it? Two types of locationTwo types of location

(Absolute & Relative) (Absolute & Relative) Absolute LocationAbsolute Location – a – a

places precise position on places precise position on the globethe globe

Latitude lines run east to Latitude lines run east to west parallel to the west parallel to the equator and circle the equator and circle the earth (measured north earth (measured north and south from zero to 90 and south from zero to 90 degrees)degrees)

Page 7: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,
Page 8: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Theme: LocationTheme: Location

EquatorEquator is zero is zero degrees latitude and degrees latitude and divides the world into divides the world into two halvestwo halves

- Northern and - Northern and southern southern hemisphereshemispheres

Page 9: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Theme: LocationTheme: Location

Earth is tilted at 23 ½ Earth is tilted at 23 ½ degrees (tropics degrees (tropics receive the most heat receive the most heat from the sun)from the sun)

- 23 ½ degrees south - 23 ½ degrees south Tropic of CapricornTropic of Capricorn

- 23 ½ degrees north - 23 ½ degrees north Tropic of CancerTropic of Cancer

Page 10: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Theme: LocationTheme: Location Longitude lines Longitude lines or or MeridiansMeridians

run north to south & go over run north to south & go over the poles the poles - measured east and west from - measured east and west from zero to 180 degreeszero to 180 degrees

Prime MeridianPrime Meridian is zero is zero degrees longitudedegrees longitude- Divides the world into - Divides the world into Eastern & Western Eastern & Western hemispheres hemispheres - It runs through - It runs through Greenwich, Greenwich, EnglandEngland

Longitude & Latitude Lines Longitude & Latitude Lines Intersect to form a Intersect to form a Grid Grid System System

Page 11: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Theme: LocationTheme: Location

Relative LocationRelative Location - - where something is in where something is in relation to other relation to other placesplaces

- How we give - How we give directionsdirections

Page 12: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,
Page 13: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Theme: PlaceTheme: Place What is it Like?What is it Like? Place includes physical Place includes physical

features and cultural features and cultural characteristicscharacteristics- physical features - physical features include climate, include climate, landforms, vegetationlandforms, vegetation- cultural characteristics - cultural characteristics include dams, highways, include dams, highways, houses customs, houses customs, religions, foods, & religions, foods, & activities that take place activities that take place therethere

Page 14: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Theme: RegionTheme: Region

How are Places Similar or Different?How are Places Similar or Different? A region is an area united by similar A region is an area united by similar

characteristicscharacteristics Unifying characteristics—physical, political, Unifying characteristics—physical, political,

economic, culturaleconomic, cultural Three types of regions:Three types of regions:

- formal- formal

- functional- functional

- perceptual- perceptual

Page 15: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Theme: RegionTheme: Region Formal RegionsFormal Regions - Defined by a limited number of - Defined by a limited number of

related characteristicsrelated characteristics Formal regions of the world:Formal regions of the world:

- The United States and Canada- The United States and Canada- Latin America- Latin America- Europe- Europe- Russia and the Republics- Russia and the Republics- Africa- Africa- Southwest Asia- Southwest Asia- South Asia- South Asia- East Asia- East Asia- Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica- Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica

Page 16: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Theme: RegionTheme: Region

Functional RegionsFunctional Regions - Organized around - Organized around interactions and connections between placesinteractions and connections between places- Example: a city and its suburbs are connected - Example: a city and its suburbs are connected through human movementthrough human movement

Perceptual RegionsPerceptual Regions - Region with - Region with characteristics people perceive in much the characteristics people perceive in much the same waysame way- Example: the American Midwest - Example: the American Midwest - Sometimes perceptions differ: Does Midwest - Sometimes perceptions differ: Does Midwest begin in Ohio or Illinois?begin in Ohio or Illinois?

Page 17: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Theme: Human-Environment Theme: Human-Environment InteractionInteraction

How Do People Relate to the Physical World?How Do People Relate to the Physical World? A relationship exists between people and their A relationship exists between people and their

environmentenvironment People use and change the environment to meet People use and change the environment to meet

their needstheir needs People adapt to environmental conditions they People adapt to environmental conditions they

cannot changecannot change Often, people in similar environments adapt in Often, people in similar environments adapt in

different waysdifferent ways- Using hot climates near water for recreational - Using hot climates near water for recreational activities or farming activities or farming

Page 18: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Theme: MovementTheme: Movement

How Do People, Goods, How Do People, Goods, and Ideas Get from One and Ideas Get from One Place to Another?Place to Another?

The movement of goods, The movement of goods, information, and ideasinformation, and ideas

Geographers use three Geographers use three types of distance to types of distance to analyze movementanalyze movement

- linear distance, time - linear distance, time distance, & psychological distance, & psychological distancedistance

Page 19: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Theme: MovementTheme: Movement

Linear distanceLinear distance - how far a person, product, or - how far a person, product, or idea travelsidea travels

Time distanceTime distance -how long it takes for person, -how long it takes for person, product, idea to travelproduct, idea to travel

Psychological DistancePsychological Distance - Refers to the way - Refers to the way people perceive distancepeople perceive distance- Example: unfamiliar places may seem farther - Example: unfamiliar places may seem farther away than familiar onesaway than familiar ones

InterdependentInterdependent - where people rely on each - where people rely on each other for goods, services , and ideasother for goods, services , and ideas

Page 20: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Section 2Section 2

The Geographer’s ToolsThe Geographer’s Tools

Page 21: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Maps and GlobesMaps and Globes

Geographers tools include maps, globes, Geographers tools include maps, globes, & data that can be displayed in a variety of & data that can be displayed in a variety of waysways

Oldest known map: Babylonian clay tablet, Oldest known map: Babylonian clay tablet, circa 500 B.C.circa 500 B.C.

Maps show locations of places, landforms, Maps show locations of places, landforms, bodies of waterbodies of water

Page 22: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Two or Three DimensionsTwo or Three Dimensions

GlobeGlobe—a—a three-dimensional three-dimensional representation (a sphere) of Earthrepresentation (a sphere) of EarthMost accurate replication of EarthMost accurate replication of EarthGlobes can show the "Great Circle Route" - Globes can show the "Great Circle Route" -

the shortest distance between any two points the shortest distance between any two points on the earth's surface on the earth's surface

Page 23: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Two or Three DimensionsTwo or Three Dimensions

MapMap—a two-dimensional graphic —a two-dimensional graphic representation of Earth’s surface representation of Earth’s surface

CartographerCartographer (mapmaker) tries to (mapmaker) tries to accurately reflect earth’s surfaceaccurately reflect earth’s surface

Map projectionMap projection way of showing Earth’s way of showing Earth’s curved surface on a flat mapcurved surface on a flat mapRobinsonRobinsonConicalConical

Page 24: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Parts of a MapParts of a Map KeyKey - explains the symbol used on a map - explains the symbol used on a map

- Star - capital city- Star - capital city- Airplane – airport- Airplane – airport

Compass RoseCompass Rose - shows the cardinal directions (north, - shows the cardinal directions (north, east, west, south)east, west, south)- May also show the intermediate directions (northwest, - May also show the intermediate directions (northwest, northeast, southeast, southwest)northeast, southeast, southwest)- May only show one direction (Location of the other - May only show one direction (Location of the other directions can be located in relation to the given directions can be located in relation to the given direction)direction)

ScaleScale - means that a certain measurement on a map - means that a certain measurement on a map represents a certain measurement on the earth's represents a certain measurement on the earth's surface.surface.

Page 25: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Types of Maps Types of Maps

Three types of maps: general Three types of maps: general reference, thematic, reference, thematic, navigationalnavigational

General reference mapsGeneral reference maps- - Political mapPolitical map - Shows the - Shows the political boundaries of political boundaries of countries and often smaller countries and often smaller units such as statesunits such as states- - Physical mapPhysical map - shows the - shows the relief or difference in elevation relief or difference in elevation or height of or height of

landforms in an arealandforms in an area- Topographic map- Topographic map—shows —shows natural and man-made natural and man-made features of earthfeatures of earth

Page 26: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Types of MapsTypes of Maps

Thematic mapThematic map or or Special Purpose Special Purpose mapmap - shows specific - shows specific data such as data such as

- - ClimateClimate

-- Population density Population density

- Road maps- Road maps

- Natural resource - Natural resource mapsmaps

Page 27: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Satellite image of Africa, Europe, Satellite image of Africa, Europe, Asia, and AustraliaAsia, and Australia

Page 28: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

The Science of MapmakingThe Science of Mapmaking

Surveyors Surveyors observe, measure, record what observe, measure, record what they see in a specific area they see in a specific area

Remote sensing, gathering geographic Remote sensing, gathering geographic data from a distance, includes:data from a distance, includes:

- aerial photography- aerial photography

- satellite imaging- satellite imaging

Page 29: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

The Science of MapmakingThe Science of Mapmaking

Best known satellites are Best known satellites are LandsatLandsat and and GOESGOES

Landsat Landsat is a series of satellites; can scan is a series of satellites; can scan entire planet in 16 daysentire planet in 16 days

Geostationary Operational Environment Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Satellite (GOES)::- orbits in sync with Earth’s rotation- orbits in sync with Earth’s rotation- gathers images of atmospheric - gathers images of atmospheric conditionsconditions

Page 30: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

The Science of MapmakingThe Science of Mapmaking

Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems (GIS)Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

is a digital geographic databaseis a digital geographic database

- Combines and displays information from - Combines and displays information from many sourcesmany sources

Page 31: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

The Science of MapmakingThe Science of Mapmaking

Global Positioning System (GPS)Global Positioning System (GPS)

- Uses series of 24 Navstar satellites to - Uses series of 24 Navstar satellites to beam information to Earthbeam information to Earth

- Hand-held GPS receivers on Earth - Hand-held GPS receivers on Earth display exact positiondisplay exact position

- GPS used by explorers, sailors, drivers; - GPS used by explorers, sailors, drivers; also used to track animalsalso used to track animals

Page 32: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Geography and Other SubjectsGeography and Other Subjects

Science Science and and technologytechnology Geographers observe, hypothesize, and collect data Geographers observe, hypothesize, and collect data They also use technological tools such as satellite They also use technological tools such as satellite

computers and high tech Camerascomputers and high tech Cameras HistoryHistory and and PoliticsPolitics

- Geographers use history to help understand - Geographers use history to help understand how places looked in the past how places looked in the past - Political science focuses on places boundaries - Political science focuses on places boundaries are formed and changedare formed and changed- Natural environment affects political decisions- Natural environment affects political decisions

Page 33: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Geography and Other SubjectsGeography and Other Subjects

SociologySociology and and AnthropologyAnthropology- Sociology helps geographers - Sociology helps geographers understand cultures understand cultures throughout the worldthroughout the world- Study relationships between - Study relationships between a places physical environment a places physical environment and its inhabitants social and its inhabitants social structurestructure- Anthropology helps - Anthropology helps geographers gain insight into geographers gain insight into different cultures throughout different cultures throughout the worldthe world

Page 34: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,

Geography and Other SubjectsGeography and Other Subjects

EconomicsEconomics

- How the location of resources affects the - How the location of resources affects the way people transport, and use goods way people transport, and use goods

- Concerned with how and where services - Concerned with how and where services are provided are provided

- Geographers are interested in how - Geographers are interested in how locations are chosen for farming, mining, locations are chosen for farming, mining, manufacturing, and sellingmanufacturing, and selling

Page 35: World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics,