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Music workstation - Third generation music workstations 1
Although many music workstations have a keyboard, this is not
always the case. In the 1990s, Yamaha, and then Roland, released a
series of portable music workstations (starting with the Yamaha
QY10). These are sometimes called walkstations.
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Slide 3
Music workstation - Third generation music workstations 1 Akai
developed and refined the idea of the keyboard-less workstation,
with the Music Production Center series of sampler workstations.
The MPC breed of sampler freed the composer from the rigidity of
step sequencing which was a limitation of earlier grooveboxes.
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Slide 4
Music workstation - Modern music workstations 1 Since the
display is one of the most expensive components of these
workstations, Roland and Yamaha initially chose to keep costs down
by not using a touch screen or high-resolution display, but have
added such in later models.
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Slide 5
Music workstation - Modern music workstations 1 Another path of
music product development that started with the feature set of
music workstations is to provide entirely software-based products,
using virtual instruments. This is the concept of the digital audio
workstation, and many of these products have emulated the
multitrack recording metaphors of sequencers first developed in the
music workstations.
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Slide 6
Workstation - Decline of workstations 1 Another goal was to
bring the price for such a system down under a 'M'egapenny, that
is, less than $10,000; this was not achieved until the late 1980s,
although many workstations, particularly mid-range or high-end
still cost anywhere from $15,000 to $100,000 and over throughout
the early to mid-1990s.
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Slide 7
Workstation - Decline of workstations 1 64-bit workstations and
servers supporting an address range far beyond 4GB have been
available since the early 1990s, a technology just beginning to
appear in the PC desktop and server market in the mid-2000s.
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Slide 8
Workstation - Decline of workstations 1 * Operating System:
early workstations ran the Unix Operating System (OS) or a Unix-
like variant or equivalent such as OpenVMS|VMS. The PC CPUs of the
time had limitations in memory capacity and protected mode|memory
access protection, making them unsuitable to run OSes of this
sophistication, but this, too, began to change in the late 1980s as
PCs with the 32-bit 80386 with integrated paged Memory management
unit|MMUs became widely affordable.
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Slide 9
Workstation - Decline of workstations 1 * High-speed computer
network|networking (10Mbit/s or better): 10Mbit/s network
interfaces were commonly available for PCs by the early 1990s,
although by that time workstations were pursuing even higher
networking speeds, moving to 100Mbit/s, 1Gbit/s, and 10Gbit/s.
However, economies of scale and the demand for high- speed
networking in even non-technical areas has dramatically decreased
the time it takes for newer networking technologies to reach
commodity price points.
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Slide 10
Workstation - Decline of workstations 1 * High performance/high
capacity data storage: early workstations tended to use proprietary
disk interfaces until the emergence of the SCSI standard in the
mid-1980s
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Slide 11
Workstation - Decline of workstations 1 For this reason, almost
no workstations are built by the customer themselves but rather
purchased from a vendor such as Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Sun
Microsystems, Silicon Graphics|SGI, Apple Inc|Apple, or Dell.
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Slide 12
Workstation - Decline of workstations 1 Higher-end workstations
still use more sophisticated CPUs such as the modern iterations of
the Intel Xeon, AMD Opteron, IBM POWER microprocessors|IBM POWER,
or Sun UltraSPARC CPUs, and typically run a variant of Unix, often
allowing these machines to still focus on one area of expertise
extensively
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Slide 13
Workstation - Decline of workstations 1 Although both the
consumer desktop and the workstation benefit from CPUs designed
around the multicore concept (essentially, multiple processors on a
die (integrated circuit)|die, the application of which IBM's POWER4
was a pioneer), modern workstations typically use multiple
multicore CPUs, error correcting memory and much larger on-die
caches than those found on consumer-level CPUs
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Slide 14
Workstation - Decline of workstations 1 Some workstations are
designed for use with only one specific application such as
AutoCAD, Avid Xpress Studio HD, 3D Studio Max, etc. To ensure
compatibility with the software, purchasers usually ask for a
certificate from the software vendor. The certification process
makes the workstation's price jump several notches but for
professional purposes, reliability is more important than the
initial purchase cost.
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Slide 15
Classes of computers - Workstations 1 Workstations are
computers that are intended to serve one user and may contain
special hardware enhancements not found on a personal computer.
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Slide 16
Midi - Workstations and hardware sequencers 1 Music
workstations combine controller keyboards with an internal sound
generator and a sequencer
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Slide 17
Silicon Graphics - SGI Visual Workstations 1 Another attempt by
SGI in the late 1990s to introduce its own family of Intel-based
workstations running Windows NT or Red Hat Linux (see also SGI
Visual Workstation) proved to be a financial disaster, and shook
customer confidence in SGIs commitment to its own MIPS- based line.
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Slide 18
Workstations 1 Workstations were the first segment of the
computer market to present advanced accessories and
videoconferencing|collaboration tools.
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Slide 19
Workstations 1 However by the late 2000s this difference
disappeared, as workstations now use highly
Commoditization|commoditized hardware dominated by large PC
vendors, such as Dell and Hewlett-Packard|HP, selling Microsoft
Windows or GNU/Linux systems running on x86-64 architecture such as
Intel Xeon or AMD Opteron CPUs.
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Slide 20
Workstations - Origins and development 1 Early examples of
workstations were generally dedicated minicomputers; a system
designed to support a number of users would instead be reserved
exclusively for one person. A notable example was the PDP-8 from
Digital Equipment Corporation, regarded to be the first commercial
minicomputer.
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Slide 21
Workstations - Origins and development 1 Other early
workstations include the Terak 8510/a (1977), Three Rivers PERQ
(1979) and the later Xerox Star (1981).
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Slide 22
Workstations - Workstation definition 1 A significant segment
of the desktop market are computers expected to perform as
workstations, but using PC operating systems and components
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Slide 23
Total Worker Health - Sit-stand workstations 1 With the
implementation of sit-stand workstations, individuals will be able
to reduce sedentary time while at work, thereby improving health
outcomes, and possibly improving work productivity.
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Slide 24
Total Worker Health - Sit-stand workstations 1 While the
individual results of the studies varied, the researchers found
that sit- stand workstations resulted in an overall improvement in
health outcomes of workers who switched to these workstations, in
addition to the reduced sitting time
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Slide 25
Office Workstations Ltd 1 'Office Workstations Limited' ('OWL')
was a United Kingdom|British software company based in Edinburgh.
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Slide 26
Office Workstations Ltd - Ownership 1 OWL was bought for over
7m in 1989 by Matsushita Electric Industrial (MEI) of Japan and
became 'Panasonic Office Workstations Ltd.'. They subsequently
developed software to support next generation consumer
electronics., including DVD technology, Digital television, next
generation mobile communications, Internet delivery of multimedia
and 3D car navigation systems.
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Slide 27
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