Top Banner
Aikaterina -Lida Kalouli, Georg A. Kaiser & Katharina Kaiser (Universität Konstanz) Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications from a parallel text analysis of Bible translations QUESTIONS AT THE INTERFACES
30

Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

May 22, 2020

Download

Documents

dariahiddleston
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Aikaterina-Lida Kalouli, Georg A. Kaiser & Katharina Kaiser(Universität Konstanz)

Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications from a parallel text analysis of Bible translations

QUESTIONSATTHEINTERFACES

Page 2: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Diachronic research based on Bible translationsEs gibt kein besseres Mittel, sich und uns den Wandel des Sprachgebrauchs vor Augen zu führen, als den Vergleich zweier zeitlich auseinanderliegender Übersetzungen des gleichen Textes. Voraussetzung ist freilich, dais beide Übersetzungen eine gewisse „Treue" wahren und von metrischen oder sonstigen Einflüssen frei sind. Diese Bedingungen werden von den Bibelübersetzungen im allgemeinen erfüllt. (Lerch 1937:610)

1

• translations of the Bible (or parts of it) represent the earliest (comprehensive) written texts for many languages and translations have very often been retranslated at various times

• most parts of the Bible are written (and translated) in prose, which reduces the possibility that rhyme constraints influence the morphosyntax

• although the Bible is written in quite an archaic text style and has quite a register, it also contains a considerable amount of natural-sounding direct speech

• Bible translations are often easily and publicly available in electronic format, which can be converted into a digital corpus for automatic processing (without copyright restrictions)

• the Bible is traditionally divided in books and verses which helps to generate a consistent corpus for parallel text studies

− Arguments for a diachronic research based on Bible translations:

(Goyens & von Hoecke 1992, Vries 2007, Enrique-Arias 2013, Kaiser 2015)

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Page 3: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Verb-second (V2) effects in (Old and Modern) Romance interrogatives

(1) French Bible (1 Samuel 17:29): (a) Que ai fait? (Old French) (1170) what have.1SG done (b) Qu' ai-je fait de mal? (Modern French) (1997) what have-I done of bad

(2) Spanish Bible (1 Samuel 17:29): (a) Que fize yo (Old Spanish) (1270) what did I

(b) ¿Qué he hecho yo ahora? (Modern Spanish) (1997) what have done I now

‘What have I now done? ’

2

− Generative account:

(3) (a) ¿Qué hice yo? (b) *Qué yo hice?

[CP Quéi [C° hicej] [IP yo tj] [VP tk tj ti]]]

“I will call ‘residual V2’ such construction-specific manifestations of I[NFL]-to-C[OMP] movement in a language (like English and the modern Romancelanguages except Raetho-Romansch) which does not generalize the V2 order tomain declarative clauses.” (Rizzi 1996:64)

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Page 4: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Word order and word order variation in Medieval Romance interrogatives

3

(4) Middle French: (a) Vous avez ung gentil varlet,

you have a nice servant Comment il a non? Raullet? how he has name Raullet ‘You have a nice servant. What is his name? Raullet? (Kaiser 1980:61) (b) Pourquoy leurs façons sont honnestes why their ways are honest en la pointe de leurs soulliers? in the point of their shoes (Kaiser 1980:68)

− whSV order:

− whQPSV order:(5) Old French:

A qui es ce que vos parlez ? to whom is this that you speak ‘To whom do you speak? (Foulet 1921:254) (6) Middle French:

Ou est ce qu’ il tient son menage ? where is this that he holds his household ‘Where does he have his household? (Foulet 1921:257)

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Page 5: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Word order and word order variation in Modern Romance interrogatives

4

− whQPSV order:

(7) (a) Où (est-ce) que tu vas? (Modern French) (Mathieu 2009) where QUEST.PRT you go

(b) A onde (é) que você vai? (Modern Portuguese) (Mioto 1994) to where QUEST.PRT you goes

(c) O’la pa tu vas? (Dolomitic Ladin) (Hack 2012) where QUEST.PRT you go ‘Where do you go?’

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Page 6: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Word order variation in Modern Romance interrogatives

5

(8) Modern French (Ambar 2008, Mathieu 2009): (a) Où vas-tu ?

where go-you (a’) Où tu vas ? where you go (b’) Quel livre a acheté Pierre ? which book has bought Peter

(b) Quel livre Pierre a acheté ? which book Peter has bought

− whSV order:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

(9) Modern Portuguese (Ambar 2008, Mioto & Lobo 2016) (a) Onde foi você?

where went you (a’) Onde você foi? where you went

(b) Que livro comprou o João? which book bought DET John (b’) Que livro o João comprou? which book DET John bought

Page 7: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Word order variation in Modern Romance interrogatives:

6

(10) Modern Italian (Calabrese 1982, Rizzi 2006): (a) Dove è andato Gianni?

where is gone John (a’) *Dove Gianni è andato?

where John is gone (b) Perché parla Gianni?

why speaks John (b’) Perché Gianni parla?

why John speaks (c) Quale delle ragazze che abbiamo incontrato ha

which of-the girls that have.PRES.3PL encountered has conosciuto Mario in Sicilia?

known Mario in Sicily (c’) Quale delle ragazze che abbiamo incontrato Mario ha

which of-the girls that have.PRES.3PL encountered Mario has conosciuto in Sicilia?

known in Sicily

− whSV order:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Page 8: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Word order variation in Modern Romance interrogatives:

7

(11) Modern Spanish (Torrego 1984:106, Ordoñez 1997:160): (a) ¿A quién visitó tu hermana?

to who visited your sister (a’) *¿ A quién tu hermana visitó?

where your sister visited (b) ¿Por qué quiere salir Juan antes que los demás?

why wants leave John before that the other (b) ¿Por qué Juan quiere salir antes que los demás?

why John wants leave before that the other (c) ¿A cuál de las chicas que vinieron (la) había visitado

PREP which of the girls that came her has visited tu hermana? your sister

(c’) ¿A cuál de las chicas que vinieron tu hermana (la) PREP which of the girls that came your sister her había visitado? has visited

− whSV order:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Page 9: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Word order variation in Modern Romance interrogatives:

8

(12) Caribbean Spanish (Nuñez Cedeño 2003, Zimmermann 2018): (a) ¿Adónde tú vas?

where you go (b) ¿Dónde ellos están?

where they are

− whSV order:

(13) (a) Perché già hanno finito il lavoro? (Italian) why already have.PRS.3PL finished the work (Rizzi 2001) (b) ¿Qué idioma todavía estudia Pepita en su tiempo libre? which language still studies Pepita in her time free

(Spanish) (Suñer 1994:345) (c) Où, finalement, est-il allé ? (French) (Laenzlinger & Musolino 1995)

where finally is-he gone

− whXV order:

(14) (a) Quel livre Jean a-t-il acheté ? (French) (Rizzi & Roberts 1989) which book John has-he bought (b) Parcè po il fî di Jesse no esal vignût a gustâ […] (Friulian) why QP the son of Jesse not is-he come to meal neither

− whSVScl order (Complex inversion):

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Page 10: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Word order variation in Modern Romance interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 20189

(15) Modern French (Ambar & Veloso 2001, Kaiser & Quaglia 2015, Shlonsky 2017): (a) Jean a acheté quoi?

John has bought what (b) Jean a vu qui? John has seen whom (16) (Brazilian) Portuguese (Ambar & Veloso 2001, Kato 2013,

Kaiser & Quaglia 2015): (a) O João comprou o quê?

DET John bought DET what (b) O João viu quem? DET John saw whom

− wh in-situ:

Page 11: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Parallel text sources for diachronic research

10

− Creating a parallel Bible corpus:French Bibles Title Availability AbreviationOld French (1250-1254)

Bible de Saint-Jean d’Acre (Bible française abrégée)

gallica.bnf.fr fr-13c-acre

Early Modern French (1530)

Bible (français). Lefèvre d'Étaples

gallica.bnf.fr fr-16c-etap

Modern French (1997)

La Bible en français courant

bible.com fr-20c-cour

Spanish Bibles Title Availability AbreviationOld Spanish (13th -14th century)

Escorial J.ii.19 (E19) bibliamedieval.es sp-13-14c-esco

Early Modern Spanish (1569)

Biblia Sagradas Escrituras

unbound.biola.edu sp-16c-escr

Modern Spanish (1995)

Biblia Reina Valera biblegateway.com sp-20c-vale

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Portuguese Bible Title Availability Abreviation

Modern BrazilianPortuguese (2000)

Bíblia completa. Nova tradução na linguagemde hoje

sbb.org.br bp-20c-comp

Page 12: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Parallel text sources for diachronic research

11

− Creating a parallel Bible corpus:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Extract of the Bible de Saint-Jean d’Acre (Bible française abrégée), p. 2r°a

Page 13: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Parallel text sources for diachronic research

12

− Creating a subcorpus for the study of wh-interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Genesis 1 – 2 Kings 25 Abreviation Number of matrix wh-interrogatives

Old French (1250-1254) fr-13c-acre 325Early Modern French (1530) fr-16c-etap 451Modern French (1997) fr-20c-cour 413Old Spanish (13th -14th century) sp-13-14c-esco 359Early Modern Spanish (1569) sp-16c-escr 479Modern Spanish (1995) sp-20c-vale 492Modern Brazilian Portuguese (2000) bp-20c-comp 457

Page 14: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Parallel text sources for diachronic research

13

− Automatic annotation of the interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Index Word Lemma POS Morphology Head Dep Relation

1 Pourquoi pourquoi ADVWH s=int 4 mod2 as avoir V g=m|n=s|p=2|s=obj 4 aux.tps3 -tu il CLS g=m|n=s|p=2|s=suj 4 suj4 fait faire V m=ind|n=s|p=3|t=pst 0 root5 cela cela PRO g=m|n=s|p=3|s=de 4 obj6 ? ? PONCT s=w 4 ponct7 " " PONCT S=s 4 ponct

Book+Verse fr-20c-cour automaticannotation

manualannotation

<Gen 4:9> Le Seigneur répliqua : « Pourquoi as-tu fait cela ? J'entends le sang de ton frère dans le sol me réclamer vengeance. whV-VS-, 2a

<Gen 18:12> Le Seigneur demanda alors à Abraham: «Pourquoi Sara a-t-elle ri? Pourquoi se dit-elle: "C'est impossible, je suis trop vieillepour avoir un enfant"?

whV-SVSPr-, 2k,2a

1. Preprocessing with the Mate Parser (Bohnet & Nivre 2012, Bohnet & Kuhn 2012)

2. Automatic filtering of the patterns based on the parser’s output (Kalouli et alii 2017)

Page 15: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Parallel text sources for diachronic research

14

− Rules for the annotation:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

word order coding examplesautomatic manuel

in-situ 1(XP)Vwh(XP) Vwh 1a FR Tu vas où ? Le train partira quand ?(XP)VXwh(XP) Vwh 1b FR Tu vas demain où ? Le train partira demain quand ?ex-situ (VS) whV-VS 2wh(Kl)V(S) whV-VS 2a FR Où l’as-tu vu ? Quand partira le train ?

SP ¿Dónde la viste (tú)? ¿Cuándo partirá el tren?XPwhVS whV-VS 2b FR Et (toi), où vas-tu ? Et demain, quand partira le train ?

SP ¿Y tú, a dónde fuiste? ¿Y mañana, cuándo partirá el tren?ex-situ (SV/XV) 3whXPV 3a FR Où, finalement, va-ti-il ?whSNPV whV-SV 3b FR Quel livre Jean a acheté ?whSPrV whV-SV 3c FR Quel livre tu a acheté ?whSNP+SKlV 3d FR Quand le train il part ?whSNPVSKl whV-SVSPr 3k FR À quelle heure le train partira-t-il ?whPrtklV 3p FR donc, SP puesex-situ (QP) 4whESK(S)V 4a FR Quand (est-ce) que le train partira ?

PO Quando (é) que (o trem) vai sair ?whESKVS 4b PO Quando (é) que vai sair o trem ?

Page 16: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

Parallel text sources for diachronic research

15

• aligned verses, i.e. of the verses with the same ID, do not always correspond to each other

• there are a few cases where a sentence extends over a single verse in one of the translations and thus the verse alignment is also not correct

• there are misalignment cases as far as the order of the books and the books’ names and numbers is concerned

• the texts of the old translations which often lack an indicator to mark the question or even to mark the borders of the sentences

• as a consequence, it is sometimes difficult to decide whether an interrogative clause is a direct or an indirect question

− Challenges for the diachronic research based on parallel Bible texts:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

1. Challenges concerning the Bible as data base:

2. Challenges related to the automatic annotation of the questions:• automatic annotation (word order labeling) is based on the parser’s output,

any errors there will also result in erroneous labeling• questions consisting of a matrix and a subordinate clause, the automatic

labeling system could not always correctly identify the boundaries of the two clauses

Page 17: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

The analysis of a diachronic parallel Bible corpus

16

− Word order change in French and Spanish interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Gen 1 –2 Kings 25

wh ex-situ whin-

situtotalwhV(S) whSV / whXV(S) wh ex-

situ totalwh-QP-V

whV wh-QP-XV

whX/SV

French fr-13c-acre

no 0 314 3 9 325 0 326% 0,0 96,3 0,9 2,8 100 0,0 100

fr-16c-etap

no 0 434 4 13 451 0 451% 0.0 96,2 0,88 0,22 100 0,0 100

fr-20c-cour

no 0 365 9 39 413 0 413% 0.0 88,3 2,17 9,44 100 0,0 100

Spa-nish

sp-14c-esco

no 0 358 0 1 359 0 359% 0.0 99,7 0.0 0,3 100 0,0 100

sp-16c-escr

no 0 450 0 29 479 0 479% 0.0 93,9 0.0 6,05 100 0,0 100

sp-20c-vale

no 0 458 1 33 492 0 492% 0.0 93 0,2 6,7 100 0,0 100

Page 18: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

The analysis of a diachronic parallel Bible corpus

17

− Word order change in French and Spanish interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Gen 1 –2 Kings 25

wh ex-situ whin-

situtotalwhV(S) whSV / whXV(S) wh ex-

situ totalwh-QP-

V

whV wh-QP-

XV

whX/SV

French fr-13c-

acre

no 0 314 3 9 325 0 326

% 0,0 96,3 0,9 2,8 100 0,0 100

fr-16c-

etap

no 0 434 4 13 451 0 451

% 0,0 96,2 0,88 0,22 100 0,0 100

fr-20c-

cour

no 0 365 9 39 413 0 413

% 0,0 88,3 2,17 9,44 100 0,0 100

Spa-nish

sp-14c-

esco

no 0 358 0 1 359 0 359

% 0,0 99,7 0.0 0,3 100 0,0 100

sp-16c-

escr

no 0 450 0 29 479 0 479

% 0,0 93,9 0,0 6,05 100 0,0 100

sp-20c-

vale

no 0 458 1 33 492 0 492

% 0,0 93 0,2 6,7 100 0,0 100

Page 19: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

The analysis of a diachronic parallel Bible corpus

18

− Word order change in French and Spanish interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Gen 1 –

2 Kings 25

wh ex-situ whin-

situtotalwhV(S) whSV / whXV(S) wh ex-

situ totalwh-QP-V

whV wh-QP-XV

whX/SV

French fr-13c-acre

no 0 314 3 9 325 0 326% 0,0 96,3 0,9 2,8 100 0,0 100

fr-16c-etap

no 0 434 4 13 451 0 451% 0.0 96,2 0,88 0,22 100 0,0 100

fr-20c-cour

no 0 365 9 39 413 0 413% 0.0 88,3 2,17 9,44 100 0,0 100

Spa-nish

sp-14c-esco

no 0 358 0 1 359 0 359% 0.0 99,7 0.0 0,3 100 0,0 100

sp-16c-escr

no 0 450 0 29 479 0 479% 0.0 93,9 0.0 6,05 100 0,0 100

sp-20c-vale

no 0 458 1 33 492 0 492% 0.0 93 0,2 6,7 100 0,0 100

Page 20: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

The analysis of a diachronic parallel Bible corpus

19

− Word order change in French interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

fr-13c-acre fr-16c-etap fr-20c-cour English 2 Kings

1:3

[…] si lor di. Dont nest

le verai deu en

israel ? & por quei

donques ales vos

prendre conseil dou

deable daccaron.

[…] & leur diras: Ny a

il poit de Dieu eŋ

Iſrael / que vous allez

demander conſeil a

Beelzebub le dieu de

Acaroŋ?

[…] et dis-leur: "N'y a-

t-il pas de Dieu en

Israël ? Pourquoi

donc allez-vous

consulter Baal

Zeboub, le dieu

d'Écron ?"

[…] Say this to them:

‘You must think there

is no God in Israel!

That explains why

you are on your way

to seek an oracle

from Baal Zebub the

god of Ekron.

fr-13c-acre fr-16c-etap fr-20c-cour English 2 Kings 2:43

& por coi nas garde mon comandement ?

Por quoy donc nas tu point garde le ſerment du Seigneur / le cõmandement que ie tauvoie commande?

Pourquoi donc n'as-tu pas tenu la promesse faite devant le Seigneur ? Pour–quoi as-tu désobéi à l'ordre que je t'avais donné ?

Why then have you broken the oath you made before the LORD and disobeyed the order I gave you?

• whXV order:

fr-13c-acre fr-16c-etap fr-20c-cour English 2 Sam 19:23

– – […] "De quoi vous mêlez-vous, fils de Serouia ? Pourquoi en cet instant vous opposez-vous à mes intentions ? […]”

[…] “What do we have in common, you sons of Zeruiah? You are like my enemy today! […]”

Page 21: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

The analysis of a diachronic parallel Bible corpus

20

− Word order change in French interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

fr-13c-acre fr-16c-etap fr-20c-cour English 1 Kings 9:22

Le rei pharaon respondi. Que te faut ci entor mei ? por quei il te coviegne en ta terre retorner. & partir de mei ? […]

Et Pharaoŋ luy diſt: De quoy vraiement /as tu indigẽce vers moy / que tu demande deŋ aller a ta terre? […].

Mais Salomon en dispensa les Israélites : au contraire, il les enrôla dans l'armée, […].

Solomon did not assign Israelites to these work crews; the Israelites served as his soldiers, […].

fr-13c-acre fr-16c-etap fr-20c-cour English Gen 32:17

– Et cõmanda au premier: diſãt: Se tu rencontre moŋ frere Eſau / et quil te intrrogue: de qui tu es / & ou tu vas / & a qui ſont les choſes que tu enſys: tu reſponderas:

Il confia chaque troupeau séparément à ses serviteurs en leur disant: «Passez devant, et laissez un intervalle entre les troupeaux.

He instructed the servant leading the first herd, “When my brother Esau meets you and asks, ‘To whom do you belong? Where are you going? Whose herds are you driving?’

• whSV order:

fr-13c-acre fr-16c-etap fr-20c-cour English Gen 32:17 / 32:18

– Puis il donna cet ordre au premier serviteur: «Quand mon frère Ésaü te rencontrera et te demandera: "A qui appartiens-tu? Où vas-tu? A qui appartient ce troupeau qui marche devant toi?".

He instructed the servant leading the first herd, “When my brother Esau meets you and asks, ‘To whom do you belong? Where are you going? Whose herds are you driving?’

Page 22: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

The analysis of a diachronic parallel Bible corpus

21

− Word order change in French interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

fr-13c-acre fr-16c-etap fr-20c-cour English Ex 5:15 Lors uindrent a

faraon. & li dirent. Por quei es tant maus enuers ton pueple.

Et les preuoſiz des filz de Iſrael vinrent / & crierent a Pharaoŋ / diſant: Pour quoy fais tu ainſy contre tes ſeruiteurs?

Les contremaîtres vinrent se plaindre au Pharaon: «Pourquoi le Pharaon traite-t-il ainsi ses esclaves ? lui demandèrent-ils.

The Israelite foremen went and cried out to Pharaoh, “Why are you treating your servants this way?

fr-13c-acre fr-16c-etap fr-20c-cour English 1 Sam 26:18

Por coi me dechaces ensi qui sui tis sers ? Que ai ie forfait ? Quel mal as trove en moi ?

& diſt: Pour quelle cauſe pourſuit moŋ ſeigner ſoŋ ſeruiteur? Quelle choſe ay ie faict? Ou q̃l mal eſt eŋ ma maiŋ?

Et il ajouta: "Pourquoi le roi me poursuit-il? Que lui ai-je fait? Quel mal ai-je commis?

He went on to say, “Why is my lord chasing his servant? What have I done? What wrong have I done?

• whSV order:

fr-13c-acre fr-16c-etap fr-20c-cour English 2 Kings 6:6

Respondi heliseu. Ou chei le fer ? […].

Et lhome de Dieu diſt: Ou eſt elle tumbee? […].

Élisée lui demanda : "Où le fer est-il tombé ?" […].

The prophet asked, “Where did it drop in?” […].

Page 23: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

The analysis of a diachronic parallel Bible corpus

22

− Word order change in French and Spanish interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Gen 1 –

2 Kings 25

wh ex-situ whin-

situtotalwhV(S) whSV / whXV(S) wh ex-

situ totalwh-QP-V

whV wh-QP-XV

whX/SV

French fr-13c-acre

no 0 314 3 9 325 0 326% 0,0 96,3 0,9 2,8 100 0,0 100

fr-16c-etap

no 0 434 4 13 451 0 451% 0.0 96,2 0,88 0,22 100 0,0 100

fr-20c-cour

no 0 365 9 39 413 0 413% 0.0 88,3 2,17 9,44 100 0,0 100

Spa-nish

sp-14c-esco

no 0 358 0 1 359 0 359% 0.0 99,7 0.0 0,3 100 0,0 100

sp-16c-escr

no 0 450 0 29 479 0 479% 0.0 93,9 0.0 6,05 100 0,0 100

sp-20c-vale

no 0 458 1 33 492 0 492% 0.0 93 0,2 6,7 100 0,0 100

Page 24: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

The analysis of a diachronic parallel Bible corpus

23

− Word order change in Spanish interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

sp-13-14c-esco sp-16c-escr sp-20c-vale English 2 Sam 13:4

% E dixo | le por que estas tan flaco | fijo del rrey demañana % […].

Y éste le dijo: Hijo del rey, ¿por qué de día en día vas así enflaqueciendo? […].

y le dijo :-- Hijo de el rey, ¿por qué de día en día vas enflaqueciendo así? […].

He asked Amnon, “Why are you, the king’s son, so depressed every morning? […].”

• whXV order:

sp-13-14c-esco sp-16c-escr sp-20c-vale English Gen 29:25

% E fue e<n> | la mañana & era ella lja | % E dixo a lauan por que | me feziste esto % tu sabes | que por rrachel te seruj & | por que me engañaste

Y venida la mañana, he aquí que era Lea; y él dijo a Labán: ¿Qué <I>es</I> esto que me has hecho? ¿No te he servido por Raquel? ¿Por qué, pues, me has engañado?

Cuando llegó la mañana, Jacob vio que era Lea, y dijo a Labán: --¿Qué es esto que me has hecho? ¿No te he servido por Raquel? ¿Por qué, pues, me has engañado?

In the morning Jacob discovered it was Leah! So Jacob said to Laban, “What in the world have you done to me! Didn’t I work for you in exchange for Rachel? Why have you tricked me?”

Page 25: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

The analysis of a diachronic parallel Bible corpus

24

− Word order change in Spanish interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

sp-13-14c-esco sp-16c-escr sp-20c-vale English Judges 5:28

% por | la ventana cataua & rreca|taua la madre de açicra % | por el andor por que se de|tardaua la quatregua de | venjr por quese detardaua | & non suenan sus carros |

La madre de Sísara asomándose a la ventana aulla, <I>mirando</I> por entre las rejas, <I>diciendo</I> : ¿Por qué se detiene su carro, que no viene? ¿Por qué las ruedas de sus carros se tardan?

"La madre de Sísarase asoma a la ventana, y por entre las celosías dice a voces : "¿Por qué tarda su carro en venir? ¿Por qué las ruedas de sus carrosse detienen?"

Through the window she looked; Sisera’s mother cried out through the lattice: ‘Why is his chariot so slow to return? Why are the hoofbeats of his chariot-horses delayed?’

• whSV order:

sp-13-14c-esco sp-16c-escr sp-20c-vale English 2 Kings

8:12

% E dixolle hazael

por | que señor lloras […].

Entonces le dijo

Hazael: ¿Por qué

llora mi señor? […].

Entonces Hazael le

preguntó: -- ¿Por qué

llora mi señor? […]

Hazael asked, “Why

are you crying, my

master?” […].

Page 26: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

The analysis of a diachronic parallel Bible corpus

25

− Word order change in French and Spanish interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Gen 1 –

2 Kings 25

wh ex-situ whin-

situtotalwhV(S) whSV / whXV(S) wh ex-

situ totalwh-QP-V

whV wh-QP-XV

whX/SV

French fr-13c-acre

no 0 314 3 9 325 0 326% 0,0 96,3 0,9 2,8 100 0,0 100

fr-16c-etap

no 0 434 4 13 451 0 451% 0.0 96,2 0,88 0,22 100 0,0 100

fr-20c-cour

no 0 365 9 39 413 0 413% 0.0 88,3 2,17 9,44 100 0,0 100

Spa-nish

sp-14c-esco

no 0 358 0 1 359 0 359% 0.0 99,7 0.0 0,3 100 0,0 100

sp-16c-escr

no 0 450 0 29 479 0 479% 0.0 93,9 0.0 6,05 100 0,0 100

sp-20c-vale

no 0 458 1 33 492 0 492% 0.0 93 0,2 6,7 100 0,0 100

Page 27: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

The analysis of a diachronic parallel Bible corpus

26

− Word order in French, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Gen 1 –

2 Kings 25

wh ex-situ whin-

situtotalwhV(S) whSV / whXV(S) wh ex-

situ totalwh-ESK-V

whV wh-ESK-XV

whXV

French fr-13c-acre

no 0 314 3 9 325 0 325% 0,0 96,3 0,9 2,8 100 0 100

fr-16c-etap

no 0 434 4 13 451 0 451% 0.0 96,2 0,88 0,22 100 0 100

fr-20c-cour

no 0 365 9 39 413 0 413% 0.0 88,3 2,17 9,44 100 0 100

Spanish sp-14c-esco

no 0 358 0 1 359 0 359% 0.0 99,7 0.0 0,3 100 0 100

sp-16c-escr

no 0 450 0 29 479 0 479% 0.0 93,9 0.0 6,05 100 0 100

sp-20c-vale

no 0 458 1 33 492 0 492% 0.0 93 0,2 6,7 100 0 100

BrazilianPortu–guese

bpg-20c-comp

no 0 236 120 101 457 0 457% 0 51,6 26,2 22,1 100 0 100

Page 28: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

The analysis of a diachronic parallel Bible corpus

27

− Word order in French, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Gen 1 –

2 Kings 25

wh ex-situ whin-

situtotalwhV(S) whSV / whXV(S) wh ex-

situ totalwh-ESK-V

whV wh-ESK-XV

whXV

French fr-13c-acre

no 0 311 3 11 325 0 325% 0 95,6 0,92 3,3 100 0 100

fr-16c-etap

no 0 434 4 13 451 0 451% 0 96,2 0,88 0,22 100 0 100

fr-20c-cour

no 0 365 8 40 413 0 413% 0 88,3 1,93 9,68 100 0 100

Spanish sp-14c-esco

no 0 355 0 4 359 0 359% 0 98,8 0 1,11 100 0 100

sp-16c-escr

no 0 450 0 29 479 0 479% 0 93,9 0 6,05 100 0 100

sp-20c-vale

no 0 458 1 33 492 0 492% 0 93 0,2 6,7 100 0 100

BrazilianPortu–guese

bpg-20c-comp

no 0 236 120 101 457 0 457% 0 51,6 26,2 22,1 100 0 100

Page 29: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

The analysis of a diachronic parallel Bible corpus

28

− Word order in French, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese interrogatives:

A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Gen 1 –2 Kings 25

wh ex-situ whin-

situtotalwhV(S) whSV / whXV(S) wh ex-

situ totalwh-ESK-V

whV wh-ESK-XV

whXV

French fr-13c-acre

no 0 311 3 11 325 0 325% 0 95,6 0,92 3,3 100 0 100

fr-16c-etap

no 0 434 4 13 451 0 451% 0 96,2 0,88 0,22 100 0 100

fr-20c-cour

no 0 365 8 40 413 0 413% 0 88,3 1,93 9,68 100 0 100

Spanish sp-14c-esco

no 0 355 0 4 359 0 359% 0 98,8 0 1,11 100 0 100

sp-16c-escr

no 0 450 0 29 479 0 479% 0 93,9 0 6,05 100 0 100

sp-20c-vale

no 0 458 1 33 492 0 492% 0 93 0,2 6,7 100 0 100

BrazilianPortu–guese

bpg-20c-comp

no 0 236 120 101 457 0 457% 0 51,6 26,2 22,1 100 0 100

Page 30: Word order change in Romance interrogatives. Implications ... · − Creating a subcorpusfor the study of wh-interrogatives: Marburg, February 22, 2018 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser

Universität Konstanz

References

29 A.-L. Kalouli, G.A. Kaiser & K. Kaiser: Word order change in Romance interrogativesMarburg, February 22, 2018

Ambar, M. 2008. On some special adverbs, word order, and CP: Variation vs. micro-variation. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 53, 143-179.Ambar, M. & R.Veloso. 2001. On the nature of wh-phrases - word order and wh-in-situ. Evidence from Portuguese, French, Hungarian and Tetum. In: Y. D'Hulst et alii (eds.),

Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 1999. Selected Papers from 'Going Romance' 1999, Leiden, 9-11 December. Amsterda, 1-37.Bohnet, B. & J. Kuhn. 2012. The best of both worlds – A graph-based completion model for transition-based parsers. In: Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Chapter

of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL), 77–87.Bohnet, B. & J. Nivre. 2012. A transition-based system for joint part-of-speech tagging and labeled non-projective dependency parsing. In: Proceedings of the Conference on

Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL). Jeju Island, Korea, 1455–1465.Calabrese, A. 1982. Alcune ipotesi sulla struttura informazionale della frase in italiano e sul suo rapporto con la struttura fonologica. Rivista di grammatica generativa 7, 3-78.Enrique-Arias, A. 2013. On the usefulness of using parallel texts in diachronic investigations. Insights from a parallel corpus of Spanish medieval Bible translations. In: P. Bennett et

alii (eds.), New Methods in Historical Corpora. Tübingen, 105-115.Foulet, L. 1921. Comment ont évolué les formes de l'interrogation. Romania 47, 243-348.Goyens, M. & W. van Hoecke. 1992. La traduction comme témoin de l'évolution linguistique. In: R. Lorenzo (ed.), Actas do XIX Congreso Internacional de Lingüística e Filoloxía

Románicas. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 1989. V: Gramática histórica e historia da lingua. A Coruña.Hack, F.M. 2012. Die Fragesatzbildung im Fassa-Tal: Sprachwandel und syntaktische Variation. Ladinia 36, 337-372.Kaiser, E. 1980. Strukturen der Frage im Französischen. Synchronische und diachronische Untersuchungen zur direkten Frage im Französischen des 15. Jahrhunderts (1450-1500).

Tübingen.Kaiser, G.A. 2015. Zur Verwendung von Bibelübersetzungen in der (romanistischen) Sprachwissenschaft. Biblicum Jassyense 6, 5-18.Kaiser, G.A. & Stefano Quaglia. 2015. In search of wh-in-situ in Romance: An investigation in detective stories. In: E. Brandner et alii (eds.), Charting the Landscape of Linguistics. On

the Scope of Josef Bayer's Work. <http://ling.uni-konstanz.de/pages/WebschriftBayer>, 92-103.Kalouli, A.-L., L. Real, & V. de Paiva. 2017. Textual inference: getting logic from humans. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics (IWCS).Kato, M.A. 2013. Deriving 'wh-in-situ' through movement in Brazilian Portuguese. In: V. Camacho-Taboada et alii (eds.), Information Structure and Agreement. Amsterdam, 177-191.Laenzlinger, C. & J. Musolino. 1995. (Complex) inversion and triggers. Geneva Generative Papers 3, 77-96.Lapesa, R. 1992. La interpolación del sujeto en las oraciones interrogativas. In: M. Ariza (coord.), Actas del II Congreso Internacional de Historia de la lengua Española, Vol. I.

Madrid, 545-553.Lerch, E. 1937. Besprechung von: Horst Kunze, Die Bibelübersetzungen von Lefèvre d'Étaples und von P.R. Olivetan, verglichen mit ihrem Wortschatz. Leipziger Roman. Studien,

hrsg. von W. v. Wartburg, Reihe I, Heft 11. Leipzig 1935. Selbstverlag des Roman. Seminars; Paris, E. Droz. 236 S. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 57, 610-616.Mathieu, E. 2009. Les question en français : micro- et macro-variation. In: F. Martineau et alii (éds.), Le français d'ici. Études linguistiques et sociolinguistique de la variation. Toronto,

61-90.Mioto, C. 1994. As interrogativas no português brasileiro e o critério WH. Letras de hoje 96, 19-33.Mioto, C. & M. Lobo. 2016. Wh-movement: interrogatives, relatives and clefts. In: W. L. Wetzels et alii (eds.), The Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics. Chichester, 275-293Núñez Cedeño, Rafael A. 1983. Pérdida de trasposición de sujeto en interrogativas pronominales del español del Caribe. Thesavrvs. Boletin del Instituto Caro y Cuervo 38, 35-58.Ordoñez, Francisco. 1997. Word Order and Clause Structure in Spanish and Other Romance Languages. Ph.D. dissertation. New York.Rizzi, L. 1996. Residual verb second and the wh-criterion. In: A. Belletti & L. Rizzi (eds.), Parameters and Functional Heads. Essays in Comparative Syntax. New York, 63-90.Rizzi, L. 2001. On the position 'Int(errogative)' in the left periphery of the clause. In: G. Cinque & G. Salvi (eds.), Current Studies in Italian Syntax. Essays offered to Lorenzo Renzi.

Amsterdam, 287-296.Rizzi, L. 2006. Selective residual V-2 in Italian interrogatives. In: P. Brandt & E. Fuß (eds.), Form, Structure and Grammar. A Festschrift Presented to Günther Grewendorf on

Occasion of His 60th Birthday. Berlin, 229-241.Rizzi, L. & I. Roberts. 1989. Complex inversion in French. Probus 1, 1-30.Shlonsky, U. 2017. Wh in situ and critical freezing. In: E. O. Aboh et alii (eds.), Elements of Comparative Syntax. Theory and Description. Berlin, 349-369.Suñer, M. 1994. V-movement and the licensing of argumental wh-phrases in Spanish. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 12, 335-372.Torrego, E. 1984. On inversion in Spanish and some of its effects. Linguistic Inquiry 115, 103-129.Vries, L. de. 2007. Some remarks on the use of Bible translations as parallel texts in linguistic research. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 60, 148-157.Zimmermann, M. 2018. Reconsidering the syntax of interrogatoves in Caribbean Spanish. With special reference to Dominican Spanish. Ms. Konstanz: Universität Konstanz.