Word formation

WORD WORD FORMATIONFORMATION

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 Word formation is the creation of a new word

I

t is s a branch of science of the language, which

studies the patterns on which a language forms new

lexical items (new unities, new words)

I

t’s a process of forming words by combining root

and affixal morphemes.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF WORD FORMATION:

T

here are 2 ways of word formation: productive and non-

productive ways.

P

roductive ways includes affixation, word composition,

conversion, abbreviation.

N

on-productive way includes sound interchange, stress

interchange, sound imitation, blending, back formation.

PRODUCTIVE WAY. PRODUCTIVE WAY. AFFIXATION.AFFIXATION.

I

t consists of adding an affix to the stem of a definit part of speech.

The main function of suffixation is to form one part of speech from

another.

T

he secondary function is to change the lexical meaning of the same

part of speech.

A

ffixation is devided into suffixation and prefixation.

PREFIXATION

A

prefix is an affixation process that includes adding a

morpheme at the beginning of the word. There are

different types: negative prefixes(unfair, non-stop),

pejorative prefixes(to misbehave), prefixes of place

(Locative prefixes)(midway, transatlantic), prefixes of

size, degree and status(micro-, macro-, mini-, co-, vice-),

prefixes of time and order(ex-wife, midnight, preview),

prefixes of number (mono-, poly-, semi-, tri-) and others.

SUFFIXATION

It is a formation of new words by adding suffixes to the stem.

There are 5 groups of suffixation:

- Noun-forming –er, -dom, -ism- Adjective-forming –able, -less, -ous- Verb-forming  -ize, -ify, -en- Adverb-forming –ly, -ward, -wise- Numeral-forming –teen, -ty, -fold

COMPOUNDINGCOMPOUNDING

It refers to the joining of two separate words to produce a single word. The two words don’t lose their individual sounds.

• Bookcase• Fingerprint• Sunburn• Doorknob• Basketball

CONVERSIONCONVERSION

T

his is the change of the function of the word.

For example when a noun comes to be used as

a verb.Bag – to bagBack – to back Bottle – to bottle

ABBREVIATIONABBREVIATION

Word groups can be shortened.

Examples:

professor-prof. Fantasy-fancy.

Abbriviation can be graphical (a.m.- in the morning, i.e.- that is) and Initial (J.V.- joint venture, BBC, UK, UNESCO)

Abbreviation of words consists in clipping a part of a word.

CLIPPINGCLIPPING

Clipping a synonym of reduction. In this process a word that has more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form

• Brassiere (bra)• Fanatic (fan)• Situation Comedy (sitcom)

NON-PRODUCTIVE WAY. NON-PRODUCTIVE WAY. BLENDING.BLENDING.

N

ew words are formed from a word group or two

synonyms by clipping the end of the first component

and the beginning of the second component medical + care = medicare

Spanish + English = Spanglish Spanish + English = Spanglish

Modulator + demodulator = ModemModulator + demodulator = Modem

BACKFORMATIONBACKFORMATION

o

r Negative derivation.

A

complex word exists first, the non-affixed form is derived later, e.g.

–baby-sitter to baby-sit

–editor to edit

SOUND IMITATION SOUND IMITATION O

ther terms for sound imitation are onomatopoeia and echoism.W

ords coined by this type of word building are made by imitating different kinds of sounds that may be produced by animals, birds, human beings and inanimate objects.

Dogs – bark

cocks – cock-a-doodle-doo

ducks – quack

cats – mew (miaow, meow)

cows – moo (low).

STRESS INTERCHANGESTRESS INTERCHANGE

i

s one of the ways of word building, based on a shift of stress

 'conduct – to con'duct

'present – to pre'sent

'frequent - to fre'quent