Wireless Communications

K.-L. Du et al

Modern WirelessCommunications

March 5, 2008

Concordia University Montreal

Preface

In the last two decades, the explosive growth of mobile and wireless com-munications has radically changed the life of people. Wireless services havemigrate from the conventional voice-centric services to data-centric services.The circuit-switched communication network is now being replaced by all-IP packet-switched network. Mobile communications have also evolved fromthe first-generation (1G) analog systems to the third-generation (3G) systemsnow being deployed , and the fourth-generation (4G) systems are now underdevelopment and are expected to be available in five years. The evolution ofwireless networking also strides rapidly during this period, from low-speedwireless local area networks (WLANs) to broadband WLANs, wireless widearea networks (WWANs), and wireless personal area networks (WPAN). Alsobroadband wireless data service has been expanded into broadcasting service,leading to satellite TV broadcasting and the wireless regional area network(WRAN) for digital TV. The data rate has also evolved from the 10 kbits/svoice communications to approximately 1 Gbits/s in the 4G wireless network.In addition, the 4G wireless network will provide ubiquitous communications.

This book gives a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of wire-less communications. Various enabling technologies for modern wireless com-munications are also included. Unlike existing books in the field, this book isorganized from a wireless system designer’s viewpoint. We give wide coverageto the techniques that are most relevant to the design of wireless communica-tion and networking systems. Due to limited space, we do not provide lengthymathematical details, but rather emphasize on the practical aspects.

This book is primarily intended as a textbook for senior undergraduateand graduate students specializing in wireless communications and telecom-munication systems. It is also a good reference book for practising engineers.The reader is expected to have a background in electrical engineering and tobe familiar with the theory of signals and systems, digital communications,and engineering mathematics. The contents are useful for mobile celluar com-munications, satellite communication, and wireless networking. We focus our-selves on the lower layers of wireless systems, since the upper layers such as

VI Preface

network layers and transport layers are very similar to that of general datacommunication systems.

The book is divided into twenty chapters. We introduce various aspects ofradio systems, including system architecture, wireless channel and radio prop-agation, diversity, cellular systems and multiple access, antennas, RF and mi-crowave design, A/D and D/C conversions, digital signal processing, channelequalization, modulation and detection, information theory, spread-spectrumcommunications, orthogonal frequency deplexing multiplexing (OFDM), ul-tra wideband (UWB) communications, speech coding, video coding, channelcoding, smart antennas, multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, and somerelated topics.

Many thanks go to ... for their helpful comments. Special thanks go toEzio Biglieri and Giorgio Taricco from Politecnico di Torino, Italy for helpfuldiscussion. K.-L. Du also would like to express his gratitude to M. Omair Ah-mad from Concordia University, Canada, Yi Shen from Huazhong Universityof Science and Technology, China, Hong Bao and Jiabin Lu from GuangdongUniversity of Technology, China, Qiang Ni from Brunel University, UK, Ay-han Altintas from Bilkent University, Turkey, for their help during the periodof writing this book.

A book of this length is certain to have some errors and omissions. Whilewe have made significant attempts to a comprehensive description of majortechniques related to modern wireless communications, there are many newemerging techniques and we may not have included them. MATLAB codesfor the examples in the book are downloadable from the book website athttp://www..../.. in the form of Example## ##.m. Feedback is welcome viaemail at [email protected] and we will try our best to reply all the messages.

Montreal, K.-L. Du et alDecember 2007

Contents

1 Introduction to Wireless Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Roadmap of Wireless/Mobile Communication Systems . . . . . . . 1

1.1.1 First-Generation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.2 Second-Generation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.1.3 Third-Generation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1.4 Fourth-Generation Systems and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.1.5 Satellite Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.1.6 Mobile Cellular Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.2 Roadmap of Wireless Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.2.1 WLANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.2.2 WPANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.2.3 WMANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161.2.4 WRAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171.2.5 Ad Hoc Wireless Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.3 Other Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.3.1 Paging Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.3.2 RF Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.4 Architecture of Radio Transceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.4.1 Super-Heterodyne Transceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.4.2 Direct-Conversion Transceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.5 Orgaization of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2 Channel and Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.1 Propagation Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.1.1 Free-space Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.1.2 Plane Earth Loss Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.1.3 The Okumura–Hata Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.1.4 COST-231–Hata Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.1.5 Other Empirical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.1.6 Physical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322.1.7 Indoor Propagation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

VIII Contents

2.1.8 Channel Models in Wireless Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.2 Channel Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

2.2.1 Log-Normal Shadowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352.2.2 Rayleigh Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372.2.3 Two-Path Model of Rayleigh Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.2.4 Ricean Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442.2.5 Other Fading Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452.2.6 Outage Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2.3 Doppler Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472.3.1 Doppler Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472.3.2 Level Crossing Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502.3.3 Average Fade Durations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

2.4 The WSSUS Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522.4.1 Delay Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542.4.2 Correlation Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552.4.3 Channel Coherent Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562.4.4 Doppler Spread and Channel Coherent Time . . . . . . . . . . 572.4.5 Angle Spread and Coherent Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

2.5 Propagation Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602.5.1 Reflection and Refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.5.2 Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632.5.3 Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

2.6 Atmosphere Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652.6.1 Troposphere Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652.6.2 Ionospheric Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

2.7 Channel Sounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

3 Cellular Systems and Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733.1 The Cellular Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3.1.1 Cell Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743.1.2 Increasing Capacity of Cellular Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763.1.3 Interference in Multiuser Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773.1.4 Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793.1.5 Channel Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793.1.6 Handoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

3.2 Multiple Access Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823.2.1 Duplexing: FDD versus TDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833.2.2 FDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843.2.3 TDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853.2.4 CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863.2.5 OFDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873.2.6 SDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

3.3 Random Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883.3.1 ALOHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883.3.2 Carrier-Sense Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Contents IX

3.3.3 Scheduling Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923.4 Erlang Capacity in Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

3.4.1 Erlang B Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943.4.2 Erlang C Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

4 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994.1 Diversity Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994.2 Combining Multiple Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

4.2.1 Selection Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034.2.2 Maximum Ratio Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064.2.3 Equal Gain Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114.2.4 Switch Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1134.2.5 Optimum Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

4.3 Transmit Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164.3.1 Open-Loop Transmit Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174.3.2 Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

4.4 Multiuser Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1184.4.1 PDF anf CDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194.4.2 Multiuser Diversity versus Classical Diversity . . . . . . . . . 120

5 Channel Estimation and Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235.1 Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5.1.1 Adaptive Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245.1.2 Blind Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

5.2 Channel Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255.2.1 Optimum Sequence Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1265.2.2 Linear Equalizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275.2.3 Decision-feedback Equalizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325.2.4 MLSE Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335.2.5 The Viterbi Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1345.2.6 Blind Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1365.2.7 Precoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

6 Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1396.1 Maxwell’s Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1396.2 Introduction to Computational Electromagnetics . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

6.2.1 The Method of Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1416.2.2 Finite Difference Time-Domain Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1426.2.3 Finite Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

6.3 Antenna Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1436.3.1 Radiation Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1446.3.2 Antenna Field Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1456.3.3 Antenna Gain and Directivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1466.3.4 Effective Area and Effective Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1476.3.5 Antenna Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

X Contents

6.3.6 Polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1486.3.7 Receiving and Transmitting Power Efficiency . . . . . . . . . 149

6.4 Antennas for Wireless Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516.4.1 Antennas for Base Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516.4.2 Antennas for Mobile Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

6.5 Wire Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1536.5.1 Dipole Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1546.5.2 Baluns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1576.5.3 Monopoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

6.6 Patched Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1586.6.1 Microscrip Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1596.6.2 Broadband Microstrip Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

6.7 Polarization-Agile Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1616.8 Antenna Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

6.8.1 Array Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1636.8.2 Mutual Coupling and Spatial Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

6.9 Wideband Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1666.9.1 Implementation of Wideband Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1666.9.2 Ultra Wideband Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

7 RF and Microwave Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1717.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

7.1.1 Receiver Performance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1717.1.2 Architecture of RF Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

7.2 RF System Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1737.2.1 Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1737.2.2 Noise Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1767.2.3 Link Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

7.3 Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1787.3.1 Fundamental Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1787.3.2 Smith Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1817.3.3 Types of Transmission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

7.4 Microwave Network Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1847.5 Impedance Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

7.5.1 Stub Tuners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1877.5.2 Quarter-Wave Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1887.5.3 Multisection Matching Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

7.6 Microwave Resonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907.6.1 RLC Resonant Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907.6.2 Transmission Line Resonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1917.6.3 Waveguide Cavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

7.7 Power Dividers and Directional Couplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1937.7.1 Three-Port Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1937.7.2 Four-Port Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

7.8 RF/Microwave Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Contents XI

7.8.1 Insertion Loss Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987.8.2 Prototyping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017.8.3 Stub Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2027.8.4 Stepped-Impedance Lowpass Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2037.8.5 Coupled-Line Bandpass Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2047.8.6 CAD for RF/Microwave Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2077.8.7 Filters for Wireless Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

7.9 Phase Shifters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2107.10 Basic Concepts in Active RF Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2127.11 Modeling of RF Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

7.11.1 Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2167.11.2 Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

7.12 Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2247.13 Attenuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2267.14 Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

7.14.1 Operation of Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2287.14.2 Types of Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

7.15 Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2317.15.1 Requirements in Wireless Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2317.15.2 Structure of Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2327.15.3 Classification of Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2337.15.4 Linearization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2377.15.5 Microwave Transistors for Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2387.15.6 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2397.15.7 Transistor Amplifier Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

7.16 Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2417.16.1 Phase Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2417.16.2 Analysis Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2437.16.3 Classification of RF Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

7.17 Frequency Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2477.17.1 Composition of Phase-Locked Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2487.17.2 Dynamics of Phase-Locked Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2517.17.3 Direct Frequency Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

7.18 Automatic Gain Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2557.19 MICs and MMICs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

7.19.1 Major MMIC Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2577.19.2 Approach to MMIC Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2577.19.3 Passive Lumped Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2597.19.4 RF CMOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2627.19.5 Impedance Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

7.20 Digital Up-Conversion and Digital Down-Conversion . . . . . . . . . 2647.20.1 Numerically Controlled Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2647.20.2 Direct Digital Frequency Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

XII Contents

8 A/D and D/A Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2698.1 Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

8.1.1 Ideal and Natural Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2698.1.2 Sampling Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2718.1.3 Aliasing and Antialiasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2718.1.4 Oversampling and Decimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2728.1.5 Bandpass Sampling Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

8.2 Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2758.2.1 Uniform Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2758.2.2 Improving Resolution by Oversampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

8.3 Analog Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2798.4 Parameters for ADCs and DACs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

8.4.1 SNR of ADCs and DACs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2818.4.2 SFDR and Dithering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

8.5 ADC Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2848.5.1 Flash ADCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2858.5.2 Successive-Approximation ADCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2868.5.3 Sigma-Delta ADCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

8.6 DAC Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2908.7 ADCs and DACs for SDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

9 Digital Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2939.1 Basic Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

9.1.1 Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2939.1.2 Laplace Transform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2949.1.3 z-Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

9.2 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2989.2.1 Windowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2999.2.2 DFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3029.2.3 FFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

9.3 Digital Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3059.3.1 FIR and IIR Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3059.3.2 Stability and Causality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3079.3.3 Inverse Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3089.3.4 Minimum-, Maximum-, and Mixed-Phase Systems . . . . . 3089.3.5 Notch and Comb Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

9.4 Digital Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3119.4.1 FIR Digital Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3129.4.2 IIR Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3159.4.3 Hardware Implementation of Digital Filters . . . . . . . . . . . 318

9.5 Adaptive Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3189.5.1 Wiener Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3199.5.2 The LMS Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3209.5.3 The RLS Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

9.6 Sampling-Rate Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Contents XIII

9.6.1 Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3219.6.2 Decimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3259.6.3 Sample Rate Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3269.6.4 Cascaded Integrator Comb (CIC) Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

9.7 The Discrete Cosine Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3299.8 The Wavelet Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

9.8.1 The Discrete Wavelet Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3349.8.2 Multiresolution Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

9.9 Filter Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3379.10 Subband Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

9.10.1 Two-Channel Perfect Reconstruction Filter Banks . . . . . 3419.10.2 The Pseudo-QMF Filter Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3449.10.3 The MDCT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

9.11 Median Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

10 Modulation and Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34710.1 Analog Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

10.1.1 Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34710.1.2 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation . . . . . . . . . 349

10.2 Introduction to Digital Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35110.2.1 Signal Space Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35210.2.2 Demodulation and Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35310.2.3 Error Probability in the Gaussian Channel . . . . . . . . . . . 354

10.3 Baseband Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35610.3.1 Line Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35610.3.2 Pulse Time Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

10.4 Pulse Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35910.5 Phase-Shift Keying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

10.5.1 BPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36410.5.2 MPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36510.5.3 QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

10.6 Frequency Shift Keying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37510.6.1 Binary FSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37510.6.2 M -ary FSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37910.6.3 Minimum Shift Keying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38110.6.4 Continuous Phase Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38510.6.5 GMSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

10.7 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38810.8 Matched Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39510.9 Pulse Shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

10.9.1 Raised Cosine Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39710.9.2 Root Raised Cosine Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

10.10Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40010.10.1Carrier Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40110.10.2Symbol Timing Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

XIV Contents

10.11Differential Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40510.12Error Probability in Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

10.12.1Slow, Flat, Rayleigh Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40610.12.2Slow, Flat, Ricean Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40910.12.3Alternative Form of the Q-function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40910.12.4Error Probability Using Moment-Generating Functions . 410

10.13Error Probabilities due to Delay Spread and FrequencyDispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

10.14Error Probability in Fading Channels with Diversity Reception 413

11 Information Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41511.1 Basic Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41511.2 Lossless Data Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

11.2.1 Source Coding Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42111.2.2 Huffman Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42111.2.3 Exponential-Golomb VLCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42411.2.4 Arithmetic Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42511.2.5 Dictionary-based Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

11.3 Rate-Distortion Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42911.4 Channel Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

11.4.1 Capacity of the AWGN Channel for GaussianDistributed Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

11.4.2 Capacity of the AWGN Channel for Discrete InputAlphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

11.4.3 Area Spectral Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43911.5 Capacity of Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

11.5.1 Capacity with CSI at Receiver Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44011.5.2 Capacity with CSI at Transmitter and Receiver . . . . . . . 44211.5.3 Capacity of Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . . . 445

11.6 Channel Capacity for Multiuser Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . 44611.6.1 AWGN Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44611.6.2 Flat Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

11.7 Estimation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

12 Source Coding I: Speech and Audio Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45112.1 Coding for Analog Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45112.2 Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

12.2.1 Scalar Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45312.2.2 Vector Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

12.3 Speech Production and Auditory Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45512.3.1 Speech Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45512.3.2 Psychoacoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

12.4 Speech/Audio Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46012.4.1 Subjective Quality Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46112.4.2 Objective Quality Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Contents XV

12.5 Speech Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46412.5.1 Logarithmic PCM Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46512.5.2 Linear Prediction Analysis and Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46612.5.3 Predictive Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47312.5.4 Frequency-Domain Waveform Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47512.5.5 Voice Activity Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47612.5.6 Linear Predictive Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47712.5.7 Pitch Period Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47912.5.8 Analysis by Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48112.5.9 CELP-Based Codecs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48512.5.10Wideband Speech Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

12.6 Audio Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49112.6.1 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49312.6.2 MPEG-4 Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

13 Source Coding II: Image and Video Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49913.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49913.2 Perception of Human Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

13.2.1 The Visual System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50113.2.2 Color Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

13.3 Quality of Image and Video Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50313.4 Predictive Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50513.5 Transform-Based Image Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50613.6 The JPEG Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

13.6.1 Four Modes of Opertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50813.6.2 Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51013.6.3 Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

13.7 Wavelet-Transform-based Image Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51313.7.1 Subband Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51413.7.2 Wavelet Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51413.7.3 Coding of Wavelet Subimages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

13.8 Wavelet-Based Image Coding Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52113.8.1 The JPEG2000 Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52113.8.2 MPEG-4 Still Image Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

13.9 Comparison of Image Coding Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52413.9.1 Comparison of Six Popular Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52413.9.2 DjVu and ABO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

13.10Video Data Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52613.10.1Frame Spatial Format and Frame Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52713.10.2Motion Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52713.10.3Basic Structure of Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53013.10.4Video Encoder/Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53113.10.5Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53313.10.6Integer DCT Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53613.10.7Shape Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

XVI Contents

13.10.8Object-Based Coding and Sprite Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53713.10.9Rate Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

13.11Introduction to Video Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

14 Channel Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54714.1 Prelimiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54714.2 Linear Block Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

14.2.1 Error Detection/Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55014.2.2 Simple Parity Check and Hamming Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . 55114.2.3 Syndrome Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

14.3 Hard/Soft Decision Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55414.4 Cyclic Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

14.4.1 Encoder and Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55714.4.2 Types of Cyclic Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

14.5 Interleaving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56214.6 Convolutional Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564

14.6.1 Encoding of Convolutional Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56514.6.2 Encoder State and Trellis Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56914.6.3 Sequence Decoders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57114.6.4 Trellis Representation of Block Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57414.6.5 Coding Gaining and Error Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57514.6.6 Convolutional Coding with Interleaving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57714.6.7 Punctured Convolutional Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57814.6.8 Trellis-Coded Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

14.7 Conventional Concatenated Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58014.8 Turbo Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

14.8.1 Turbo Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58414.8.2 Turbo Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58614.8.3 Analysis of the Turbo Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

14.9 Serially Concatenated Convolutional Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59314.9.1 Design of the SCCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59414.9.2 Decoding of the SCCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

14.10Low-Density Parity-Check Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59614.10.1The LDPC Code: A Linear Block Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59614.10.2LDPC Encoder and Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

14.11Adaptive Modulation and Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

15 Spread Spectrum Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60515.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60515.2 Spreading Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607

15.2.1 Properties of Spreading Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60715.2.2 Pseudo-Noise Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60815.2.3 Gold Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61015.2.4 Kasami Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61115.2.5 Walsh Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

Contents XVII

15.2.6 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Sequences . . . . . . 61315.2.7 Barker Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61415.2.8 Complementary Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614

15.3 Direct Sequence Spectrum Spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61515.3.1 The DS-CDMA Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61615.3.2 The Conventional Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61815.3.3 The Rake Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61915.3.4 Synchronization in CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62215.3.5 Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62315.3.6 Soft Handoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

15.4 Multiuser Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62515.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62515.4.2 Optimum Multiuser Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62615.4.3 Linear Multiuser Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62715.4.4 Serial/Parallel Interference Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62915.4.5 Combination of Linear MUD and Nonlinear SIC . . . . . . . 631

15.5 Bit Error Probability and System Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63215.6 DSSS and DS-CDMA in Wireless Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63515.7 Frequence-Hopping Spectrum Spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

15.7.1 Error Performance of FHSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64015.7.2 FHSS versus DSSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

16 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64316.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64316.2 Principle of OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64516.3 Spectrum of OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64716.4 OFDM Transceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64916.5 Cyclic Prefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65116.6 Fading Mitigation in OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65316.7 Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

16.7.1 Pilot Arrangement for Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . 65516.7.2 Pilot-Assisted Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656

16.8 Peak-to-average Power Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65716.8.1 Peak Factor Reduction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

16.9 Intercarrier Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66316.10Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664

16.10.1Influence of Freqnency Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66616.10.2Influence of Timing Synchronization Error . . . . . . . . . . . . 66716.10.3Implementation of Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

16.11OFDM-based Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67116.11.1OFDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672

16.12Case Study: IEEE 802.11a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67316.13Performance of OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673

16.13.1Phase noise effects on OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67416.14Multi-Carrier CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

XVIII Contents

16.14.1Comparison with Other Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67716.14.2Wavelet OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67816.14.3TDCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678

17 Ultra Wideband Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67917.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67917.2 TH-UWB Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683

17.2.1 Pulse Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68317.2.2 Pulse Trains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

17.3 Single-band and Multiband Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68717.4 UWB Modulation Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688

17.4.1 Multiple Access in UWB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68917.4.2 UWB Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689

17.5 Detection and Avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69017.6 Single-Band UWB Transceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691

17.6.1 Technical Bottlenecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69217.6.2 DS-UWB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692

17.7 Multiband UWB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693

18 Multiple Antennas: Smart Antenna Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69718.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69718.2 Smart Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69818.3 Direction Finding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700

18.3.1 MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classifications) . . . . . . . . . . . . 70118.4 Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

18.4.1 Blind Source Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70318.4.2 Zero-Forcing and Wiener Beamformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70418.4.3 Switched-beam Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70518.4.4 Adaptive Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705

18.5 Adaptive Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70618.5.1 DoA-based Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70618.5.2 Training-based Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70918.5.3 Blind Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71318.5.4 Beamforming for CDMA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

18.6 Wideband Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71518.6.1 Pure Delay-Line Wideband Transmitter Beamformer . . . 716

19 Multiple Antennas: MIMO Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71919.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71919.2 MIMO System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71919.3 Effect of Spatial Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72019.4 MIMO Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72219.5 MIMO Channel Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72219.6 Estimation of Channel State Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72319.7 Capacity in AWGN Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

Contents XIX

19.7.1 No CSI at the Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72619.7.2 CSI known at the Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72719.7.3 Comparison of Channel Capacities for Transmitter

with and without CSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72719.8 Capacity in Flat-fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729

19.8.1 Outage and Ergodic Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72919.8.2 Capacity Bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73419.8.3 Ricean Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73519.8.4 Frequency-Selective MIMO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736

19.9 Space–Time Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73719.9.1 Performance Analysis of Space–Time Codes . . . . . . . . . . 73819.9.2 Orthogonal Space–Time Block Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73919.9.3 Space–Time Trellis Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742

19.10Spatial Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74419.10.1Layered Space-time Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74419.10.2ST Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74719.10.3Spatial Precoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749

19.11Diversity Gain, Beamforming Gain, and Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . 75219.11.1Influence of Insufficient Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75419.11.2MIMO Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756

19.12Differential Space–Time Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75619.13Channel Estimation and Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757

19.13.1Partial CSI at the transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75719.14Space–Time Processing for Frequency-Selective Channels . . . . . 758

19.14.1Single-Carrier ST Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75819.14.2MIMO-OFDM Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75919.14.3MIMO for Time-Selective Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76119.14.4MIMO CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76119.14.5Linear Space-time Processing Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76219.14.6Zero Forcing Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76319.14.7Minimum Mean-Squared Error Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763

19.15ST-MMSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76519.15.1Signal Model and Space–Time MMSE Detection . . . . . . 76619.15.2Space–Time Matched Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76819.15.3Adaptive Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77119.15.4Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772

19.16MIMO in Wireless Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780

20 Topics on Modern Wireless Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78320.1 Software Defined Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

20.1.1 SDR Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78420.1.2 Software Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78520.1.3 Bottlenecks of Software Defined Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786

20.2 Cognitive Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78720.3 Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788

XX Contents

20.3.1 Hybrid-ARQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78920.4 Circuit Switching and Packet Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790

20.4.1 IP in Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79120.5 Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792

20.5.1 OSI Reference Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79220.5.2 Physical Layer Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79420.5.3 MAC Layer Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79720.5.4 Cross-layer Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798

20.6 Quality of Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79820.7 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80020.8 User Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801

The Q-Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805

Wirtinger-Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811

References

1. 3GPP2, “C.S0002 Physical Layer Standard for CDMA 2000 Spread SpectrumSystems,” Version 3.0, June 2001, 674–

2. 3GPP, Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network. “Spatial channelmodel for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) simulations,” 3GPP TR25.996 V6.1.0 (2003-09) Technical Report.

3. 3GPP, “Multiple-input multiple-output in UTRA,” 3GPP TSG-RAN techni-cal report, TR 25.876 Version 1.5.1, May 2004

4. N. Abramson, “The ALOHA system–Another alternative for computer com-munications,” Proc. Amer. Federation Inform. proc. Soc. Fall Joint Comput.Conf., 281–285, November 1970

5. F. Adachi, M.T. Feeney and J.d. Parsons, “Effect of correlated fading onlevel crossing rates and average fade duration with pre-detection diversityreception,” IEE Proc. Pt. F, 135(1), Feb. 1988, 11–17

6. J.P. Adoul, P. Mabilleau, M. Delprat, and S. Morissette, “Fast CELP codingbased on algebraic codes,” IEEE ICASSP, 1987, 1957–1960

7. N.P. Agarwall, G. Kumar, and K.P. Ray, “Wide-band Planar monopole anten-nas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, vol. 46, no. 2, 1998, 294–295

8. B.G. Agee, S.V. Schell, W.A. Gardner, “Spectral Self-coherence restoral: Anew approach to blind adaptive signal extraction using antenna arrays,” Proc.the IEEE, vol. 78, no.4, 1990, 753–766

9. N. Ahmed, T. Natarajan, and K.R. Rao, “Discrete cosine transform”. IEEETrans. on Computers., vol. 23, 1974, 90–93

10. S.M. Alamouti, “A Simple Transmit Diversity Technique for Wireless Com-munications,” IEEE JSAC, vol. 16, Oct. 1998, 1451-58

11. A. Algans, K.I. Pedersen, P.E. Mogensen, “Experimental Analysis of the JointStatistical Properties of Azimuth Spread, Delay Spread, and Shadow Fading,”IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Communi., vol. 20, pp. ???

12. G.D. alley, “Interdigital capacitors and their application to lumped-elementmicrowave integrated circuits,” IEEE Trans. MTT, vol. 18, Dec .1970, 1028–1033

13. M.-S. Alouini and A.J. Goldsmith, “Area spectral efficiency of cellular mobileradio systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech., 48(4), July 1999, 1047–1066

14. R.G. Alves, P. L. 0sorio, M. N. S. Swamy, “General FFT Pruning Algorithm,”Proc 43rd IEEE Widwest Symp. on Circuits and Systems, Lansing MI, Aug.2000, 1192–1195

812 References

15. A.I. Amayreh and A.K. Farraj, “Minimum Autocorrelation Spreading Codes”,vol. 40, no. 1, January 2007, 107–115

16. M.J. Ammann, and Z.N. Chen, “Wideband monopole antennas for multi-bandwireless systems,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 45(2), April2003, 146–150

17. R. R. Anderson and J. Salz, “Spectra of digital FM,” Bell System TechnicalJournal, 44, July–August 1965, 1165–1189

18. J.G. Andrews, A. Ghosh, and R. Muhamed, Fundamentals of WiMAX: Un-derstanding Broadband Wireless Networking, Prentice Hall, 2007

19. S.L. Ariyavisitakul, “Turbo space-time processing to improve wireless channelcapacity,” IEEE Trans. Commun, vol. 48, 2000, 1347–1359

20. A.G. Armada, “Understanding the Effects of Phase Noise in Orthogonal Fre-quency Division Multiplexing (OFDM),” IEEE Trans. Broadcasting, 47(2),June 2001, 153–159

21. J. Armstrong, “Peak-to-average power reduction for OFDM by repeated clip-ping and frequency domain filtering,” Electronics Letters, 38(8), Feb. 2002,246–247

22. H.W. Arnold and W.F. Boatman, “Switched-diversity FSK in frequency se-lective Rayleigh fading,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech., 33, 1984, 156–163

23. P.M. Asbeck, L. Larson, Z. Popovic, T. Itoh, “Power Amplifier Approachesfor High Efficiency and Linearity,” in. T. Itoh, G. Haddad, J. Harvey (editors)RF Technologies for Low Power Wireless Communications, Wiley, 2001, pp.189–227

24. N. Askar, “General Atomics Call For Proposals Presentation,” IEEE 802.15-03/105r1, March 2003

25. N.K. Askar, S.C. Lin, and D.S. Furuno, “Spectral keyingTM : A novel mod-ulation scheme for UWB systems,” in R. Aiello and A. Batra (eds) UltraWideband Systems, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2006, 191–210

26. B.S. Atal and J.R. Remde, “A new method of LPC excitation for producingnatural-sounding speech at low bit rates,” IEEE ICASSP, 1982, 614–617

27. T. Aulin, N. Rydbeck, and C.-E. Sundberg, “Continuous phase modulation–Part II: Partial response signaling,” IEEE Trans. Comm., vol. 29, no. 3, March1981, 210–225

28. M.D. Austin and G.L. Stuber, “Velocity adaptive handoff algorithms for mi-crocellular systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 43, no. 3, August 1994,549–561

29. P.M. Azizi, H.V. Sorensen, J. Van der Spiegel, “An Overview of Sigma-DeltaConverters”, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol 13 (1), Jan 1996, 61—84

30. A.R.S. Bahai, M. Singh, A.J. Goldsmith, B.R. Saltzberg, “A new approachfor evaluating clipping distortion in multicarrier systems,” IEEE Journal onSelected Areas in Communications, 20(5), June 2002, 1037–1046

31. L. Bahl, J. Cocke, F. Jelinek, and J. Raviv, “Optimal decoding of linearcodes for minimizing symbol error rate,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.20, March 1974, 284–287

32. I.J. Bahl and R. Garg, “Simple and accurate formulas for microstrip withfinite strip thickness,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 65, 1977, 1611–1612

33. H.R. Bahrami, T. Le-Ngoc, A.M.N. Nasrabadi, and S.H. Jamali, “Precoderdesign based on correlation matrices for MIMO systems Communications”,ICC’2005, May 2005, Vol 3, 2001-2005

References 813

34. J. Balakrishnan and A. Batra, “Multiband OFDM,” in in R. Aiello and A.Batra (eds) Ultra Wideband Systems, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2006, 211–247

35. C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition, John Wiley& Sons, New York, 1997

36. A. Barabell, “Improviing the resolution of eigenstructure-based direction-finding algorithms,” Proc. of ICASSP, Boston, MA, 1983, 336–339

37. S. Barbarossa and A. Scaglione, “Time-varying Fading Channels,”, in G.B.Giannakis, Y. Hua, P. Stoica, and L. Tong (eds), Signal Processing Advancesin Wireless & Mobile Communications: vol. 2: Trends in Single- and Multi-User Systems, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2001

38. B.B. Barrow, “Diversity combination of fading signals with unequal meanstrengths,” IRE Trans. on Commun. Syst., 11, March 1963, 73–78

39. J. R. Barry, A. Kavcic, S. W. McLaughlin, A. Nayak, and W. Zeng, “Iter-ative Timing Recovery: Methods for Implementing Timing Recovery in Co-operation with Iterative Error-Control Decoding,” IEEE Signal ProcessingMagazine, Jan 2004, 89–102

40. P.A. Bello, “Characterization of randomly time-variant linear channels,”IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, vol.11, no. 4, Dec. 1963, 360–393

41. S. Benedetto and G. Montorsi, “Unveiling Turbo codes: some results on par-allel concatenated coding schemes,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 42, no.2, March 1996, 409–428

42. S. Benedetto and G. Montorsi, “Design of parallel concatenated convolutionalcodes,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 44, no.5, May 1996, 591–600

43. S. Benedetto, D. Divsalar, G. Montorsi, and F. Pollara, “Serial concatenationof interleaved codes: Performance analysis, design, and iterative decoding,”IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 44, no. 3, May 1998, 909–926

44. J. -P. Berenger, “A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromag-netic waves,” J. Comput. Physics, vol. 114, Oct 1994, 185–200

45. C. Berrou, A. Glavieux, and P. Thitimajshima, “Near Shannon Limit Error-Correcting Coding and Decoding: Turbo-codes,” Proc. ICC’93, Geneva,Switzerland, May 1993, pp. 1064-70

46. C. Berrou and M. Jezequel, “Non binary convolutional codes and turbo cod-ing,” Electronics Letters, 35(1), Jan. 1999, 39–40

47. B. Bhatt, D. Birks, D. Hermreck, “Digital television: making it work”, IEEESpectrum, Vol. 34, No. 10, Oct. 1997, 19–28

48. G. Bi and Y. Q. Chen, “Fast DFT algorithms for length N = q ∗ 2m,” IEEETrans. Circuits Syst. II–Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 45(6), June1998, 685-C690

49. D.W. Bliss, K.W. Forsythe, A.O. Hero, III, and A. F. Yegulalp, “Environ-mental issues for MIMO capacities,” IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, 50(9),2002, 2128–2142

50. E. Biglieri and G. Taricco, “Fundamentals of MIMO channel capacity,” in H.Bolcskei, D. Gesbert, C.B. Papadias, and A.-J. van der Veen (eds), Space-Time Wireless Systems: From Array Processing to MIMO Communications,Cambridge University Press, 2006, 66–86

51. J.J. Blanz and A. Papathanassiou, M. Haardt, I. Furio, and P.W. Baier,“Smart antennas for combined DOA and joint channel estimation in time-slotted CDMA mobile radio systems with joint detection,” IEEE Trans. Ve-hicular Technology, 49(2), March 2000, 293–306

814 References

52. V.M. Bogachev and I.G. Kiselev, “Optimum combining of signals in space di-versity reception,” Telecommunication and Radio Engineering, vol 34/35(10),Oct. 1980, 83–85

53. H. Bolcskei ad A.J. Paulraj, “Space-frequency coded broadband OFDMsystems,” in Proc. IEEE Wireless Networking and Communications Conf.,Chicago, Sep. 2000, 1–6

54. H. Bolcskei, D. Gesbert, and A.J. Paulraj, “On the capacity of OFDM basedspatial multiplexing systems,” IEEE Trans. Comm., vol. 50, no. 2, Feb 2002,225–234

55. H. Bolcskei, R.W. Heath, Jr., and A.J. Paulraj, “Blind channel identificationand equalization in OFDM-based multiantenna systems,” IEEE Trans. SignlProcessing, 50(1), Jan. 2002, 96–108

56. M. Bosi and R.E. Goldberg, Introducion to Digital Audio Coding and Stan-dards, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, 2003

57. S. Bouguezel, M.O. Ahmad, M.N.S. Swamy, “Efficient Pruning Algorithms forthe DFT Computation for a Subset of Output Samples,” Proc. IEEE ISCAS,2003, vol. 4, 97–100

58. S. Bouguezel, M.O. Ahmad, M.N.S. Swamy, “A New Radix-2/8 FFT Algo-rithm for Length-q × 2m DFTs,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems I, 51(9),September 2004, 1723–1732

59. S. Bouguezel, M.O. Ahmad, M.N.S. Swamy, “New Radix-(2×2×2)/(4×4×4)and Radix-(2 × 2× 2)/(8× 8 × 8) DIF FFT Algorithms for 3-D DFT,” IEEETrans. Circuits and Systems I, 53(2), Feb. 2006, 306–315

60. S. Bouguezel, M.O. Ahmad, M.N.S. Swamy, “A General Class of Split-RadixFFT Algorithms for the Computation of the DFT of Length-2m,” IEEE Trans.Signal Processing, 55(8), Aug. 2007, 4127–4138

61. A.O. Boukalov and S.-G. Haggman, “System aspects of smart-antenna tech-nology in cellular wireless communications–an overview,” IEEE Trans. onMicrowave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 48, no. 6, June 2000, 919–929

62. R.N. Bracewell, “The fast Hatley transform,” Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 72,1010–1018

63. P.T. Brady, “A Statistical Analysis of On-Off Patterns in 16 Conversations,”Bell System Tech. J., vol. 47, 73–91

64. N. Brady, “MPEG-4 Standardized methods for the compression of arbitrar-ily shaped video objects,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, vol. 9, no. December 1999, 1170–1189

65. V. Britanak and K.R. Rao, “An Efficient Implementation of theForward andInverse MDCT in MPEG Audio Coding,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters,8(2), February 2001, 48–51.

66. E.R. Brown, “RF MEMS switches for reconfigurable integrated circuits,”IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 46, 1998, 1868–1880

67. E. R. Brown and J. F. Harvey, “System Characteristics of Quasi-OpticalPower Amplifiers,” IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, vol 1, no. 4, 2001,22– 36

68. P. Burns, Software Defined Radio for 3G, Artech House, Boston, 200369. J. Butler and R. Lowe, “Beam-forming matrix simplifies design of electrically

scanned antennas,” Electronic Design, April 196170. G. Caire, G. Taricco, and E. Biglieri, “Bit-interleaved coded modulation,”

IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, May 1998, 927–946

References 815

71. M. Caulton, S.P. Knight, and D.A. Daly, “Hybrid integrated lumped-elementmicrowave amplifiers,” IEEE Trans. MTT, vol. 16, July 1968, 397–404

72. S.J. Campanella, G.S. Robinson, “A comparison of orthogonal transforma-tions for digital speech processing,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 19, Decem-ber, 1971, 1045–1049

73. J. Capon, R. Greenfield and R. Kolker, “Multidimensional maximum likeli-hood processing of a large aperture seismic array,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 55, no.2, Feb 1967, 192–211

74. J. Capon, “High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis,” Proc.IEEE, vol. 57, no. 8, August 1969, 1408–1418

75. K.R. Carver and J.W. Mink, “Microstrip Antenna Thchnology,” IEEE Trans.Antennas Propagation, vol. 29, 1981, 2–24

76. D. Cassioli, M.Z. Win and A.F. Molische, “The Ultra-wide Bandwith IndoorChannel: From Statistical Model to Simulations,” IEEE J. on Selected Areasin Commun., vol. 20, no.6, 2002, 1247–1257

77. R.W. Chang, “Synthesis of band-limited orthogonal signals for multichanneldata transmission,” Bell Systems Technical Journal, vol. 46, Dec 1966, 1775–1796

78. K. Chapman, P. Hardy, A. Miller, and M. George, “CDMA Matched FilterImplementation in Virtex Devices,” Xilinx XAPP212 (v1.0), 2000

79. W.-H. Chen, C.H. Smith, and S.C. Fralick, “A fast computational algorithmfor the discrete cosin transform,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 25, 1977, 1004–1009

80. W.-H. Chen and W.K. Pratt, “Scene adaptive coder,” IEEE Trans. on Com-mun., vol. 32, March 1984, 225–232

81. J.-H. Chen, R. V. Cox, Y.-C. Lin, N. Jayant, M.J. Melchner, “A low-delayCELP coder for CCITT 16 kbs/s speech coding standard,” IEEE J. on Se-lected Areas in Communications, 10(5), June 1992, 830–847

82. D.C.-H. Chen, B.J. Sheu, W.C. Young, “A CDMA Communication Detectorwith Robust Near-CFar Resistance Using Paralleled Array Processors,” IEEETrans. Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 7(4), August 1997, 654–662

83. H.H. Chen, J.F. Yeh, and N. Seuhiro, “A multi-carrier CDMA architecturebased on orthogonal complementary codes for new generations of widebandwireless communications,” IEEE Commun. Magazine, 39(10), Oct. 2001, 126–135

84. H.-H. Chen and M. Guizani, Next Generation Wireless Systems and Networks,Wiley, Chichester, 2006

85. C. Chien, M.B. Srivastava, R. Jain, P. Lettieri, V. Aggarwal, R. Sternowski,“Adaptive radio for multimedia wireless links,” IEEE Journal on SelectedAreas in Communications, Vol 17, no 5, May 1999, 793–813

86. D.F. Chiper, M.N.S. Swamy, M.O. Ahmad, and T. Stouraitis, “A SystolicArray Architecture for the Discrete Sine Transform,” IEEE Trans. SignalProcessing, 50(9), September 2002, 2347–2354

87. D.F. Chiper, M.N.S. Swamy, M.O. Ahmad, and T. Stouraitis, “Systolic algo-rithms and a memory-based design approach for a unified architecture for thecomputation of DCT/DST/IDCT/IDST,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and SystemsI, 52(6), June 2005, 1125–1137

88. D.F. Chiper, M.N.S. Swamy, and M.O. Ahmad, “An Efficient Unified Frame-work for Implementation of a Prime-Length DCT/IDCTWith High Through-put,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, 55(6), June 2007, 2925–2936

816 References

89. D. Chizhik, G. J. Foschini, M.J. Gans, and R.A. Valenzuela, “Keyhole, corre-lations, and capacities of multielement transmit and receive antennas,” IEEETrans. on Wireless Communications, vol. 1, no. 2, April 2002, 361–368

90. Kyongkuk Cho and Dongweon Yoon, “On the general BER expression of one-and two-dimensional amplitude modulations,” IEEE Trans. Commun., 50(7),July 2002, 1074–1080

91. S. Choi and T.K. Sarkar, “Adaptive antenna array utilizing the conjugategradient method for multipath mobile communications,” Signal Processing,vol. 29, 1992, 319–333

92. W.C. Chu, Speech Coding Algorithms: Foundation and Evolution of Stan-dardized Coders, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2003

93. W. Chu, M.O. Ahmad, and M.N.S. Swamy, “Modified Silence SuppressionAlgorithms and their Performance Tests,” Proc. IEEE 48th Midwest Sympo-sium on Circuits and Systems, 2005, vol. 1, 436–439

94. J. Chuang, “The effects of time delay spread on portable radio communica-tions channels with digital modulation,” IEEE J. Selected Areas in Commun.,vol. 5, no. 5, June 1987

95. J.M. Cioffi, G.P. Dudevoir, M.V. Eyuboglu, G.D. Forney, “MMSE decisionfeedback equalizers and coding – Part I: Equalization results,” IEEE Trans.Commun., vol. 43, Oct. 1995, 2582–2594

96. C.M. Coleman, E.J. Rothwe, J.E. Ross, and L.L. Nagy, “Self-Structuring An-tennas,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 44, No. 3, June2002, 11–22

97. A. Conti, M. Z. Win, and M. Chiani, “Invertible Bounds forM-QAM inRayleigh Fading,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., 4(5), Sept. 2005, 1994–2000

98. J.W. Cooley and J.W. Tukey, “An alorithm for the machine computationof complex Fourier series,” Math. Computation, vol. 19, no.2, April 1965,297–301

99. L. Cordesses, “Direct Digital Synthesis: A Tool for Periodic Wave Generation(Part 1); (Part 2), ” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, July 2004, 50–54;September 2004, 110–112,117

100. COST 207 TD(86)51-REV 3 (WG1), “Proposal on channel transfer functionsto be used in GSM tests late 1986,” September 1986

101. COST 231 Final Report, Digital Mobile Radio Toward Future GenerationSystems, European Commission, Brussels, 1999

102. M.H.N. Costa, “Writing on dirty paper,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory,29(3), May 1983, 439–441

103. J.P. Costas, “Synchronous commuications,” Proc. IRE, vol. 44, Dec 1956,1713–1718

104. A. Coulson, “Maximum likelihood synchronization for OFDM using a pilotsymbol: algorithm,” IEEE J. Selected Areas in Commun., vol. 19, Dec 2001,2486–2494

105. A. Coulson, “Maximum likelihood synchronization for OFDM using a pilotsymbol: analysis,” IEEE J. Selected Areas in Commun., vol. 19, Dec 2001,2495–2503

106. T.M. Cover and J.A. Thomas, Elements of Information Theory, Wiley, NewYork, 1991

References 817

107. T.M. Cover and M. Chiang, “Duality between channel capacity and rate dis-tortion with two-sided state information,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory,48(6), June 2002, 1629–1638

108. D.C. Cox, “Linear amplification with nonlinear components,” IEEE Trans.Comm., vol. 22, December 1974, 1942–1945

109. S.C. Cripps, Advanced Techniques in RF Power Amplifier Design, ArtechHouse, Boston, 2002

110. S.C. Cripps, RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communications, 2nd edn,Artech House, Boston, 2006

111. R.E. Crochiere, S.A. Weber, and J.L. Flanagan, “Digital coding of speech insub-bands,” Bell Syst. Tech. J., October 1976, vol. 55 (8), 1069–1085

112. R.E. Crochiere and L. R. Rabiner, Multirate Digital Signal Processing, Pren-tice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1983

113. A. Croisier, D. Esteban, and C. Galand, “Perfect channel splitting by useof interpolation, decimation, and tree decomposition techniques,” Proc. Int.conf. Information. Sci. Syst., Patras Greece, August 1976, 443–446

114. J. Cui and A.U.H. Sheih, “Outage probability of cellular radio systems usingmaximal ratio combining in the presence of multiple interferers,” IEEE Trans.on Commun., 47(8), Aug. 1999, 1121–1124

115. CWTS-SWG2 LAS-CDMA, “Physical layer aspects of TD-LAS high speedpacket technology,” LAS TR 25.951, v1.0.0, July 2001

116. D. Dardari, V. Tralli, and A. Vaccari, “A theoretcal characterization of non-linear distortion effects in OFDM systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun., 48(10),Oct. 2000, 1755–1764

117. I. Daubechies, “Orthonormal Bases of Compactly Supported Wavelets,” Com-mun. Pure and Applied Math., vol. 41, 1988, 909–996

118. I. Daubechies, “The wavelet transform, time frequency localization and signalanalysis”, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 1990, 36(5), 961–1005

119. D.B. Davidson, Computational Electromagnetics for RF and Microwave En-gineering, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2005

120. K. Davies and E. K. Smith, “Ionospheric Effects on Satellite Land Mobile Sys-tems,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Val. 44, NO. 6. December2002, 24–31

121. Q. V. Davis and D.J.R. Martin, R.W. Haining, “Microwave radio in minesand tunnels,” Proc. IEEE Veh. Tech. Conf., 1984, 31–36

122. J. Davis, and J. Jedwab, “Peak-to-mean power contol in OFDM, Golay com-plementary sequences, and Reed-Muller codes,” IEEE Trans. on InformationTheory, vol. 45, no. 7, Nov. 1999, 2397–2417

123. J. R. Deller, Jr., J. H.L. Hansen, and J. G. Proakis, Discrete-Time Processingof Speech Signals, IEEE and Wiley, New York, 2000

124. H.J. De Los Santos, RF MEMS Circuit Design for Wireless Communications,Artech House, Boston, 2002

125. Y. Ding and R. Harjani, High-Linearity CMOS RF Front-End Circuits,Springer, New York, 2005

126. P.S.R. Diniz, E.A.B. da Silva, and S. L. Netto, Digital Signal Processing:System Analysis and Design, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2002

127. M.C. Dogan and J.M. Mendel, “Cumulant-based blind optimum beamform-ing,” IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic systems, 30(3), July 1994, 722–741

818 References

128. K. -L. Du, “Pattern analysis of uniform circular array”, IEEE Trans. on An-tennas and Propagation, vol. 52, no. 4, April 2004, 1125–1129

129. K.-L. Du, A.K.Y. Lai, K.K.M. Cheng, M.N.S. Swamy, “Neural methods forantenna array signal processing: a review”, Signal Processing 82 (2002) 547–561

130. K.-L. Du and M.N.S. Swamy, “Performance of multiuser detection schemesfor CDMA systems using antenna arrays,” Proc. World Wireless Congress2004 (WWC’04), San Francisco, May 2004, 433–438

131. K. -L. Du and M.N.S. Swamy, Neural Networks in a Softcomputing Frame-work, Springer, London, 2006

132. K.-L. Du and M.N.S. Swamy, “A Space-Time Multiuser Detection Algorithmfor CDMA systems”, IEEE WiCom2006, Wuhan, China, September 20–22

133. K. -L. Du and M.N.S. Swamy, “A Class of Blind Adaptive CyclostationaryBeamforming Algorithms,” Circuits, Systems, & Signal Processing

134. C.J. Duanmu, M.O. Ahmad, M.N.S. Swamy, “A vector based fast block mo-tion estimation algorithm for implementation on SIMD architectures,” Proc.IEEE ISCAS, 2002, vol. 4, 337–340

135. P. Duhamel. “Implemetation of split-radix FFT algorithms for complex, real,and real-symmetric data,” IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Pro-cessing, vol. 34, no. 2, April 1986, 285–295.

136. P. Duhamel, Y. Mahieux, and J.P. Petit, “A Fast Algorithm for the Imple-mentation of Filter Banks Based on Time - Domain Aliasing Cancellation,”Proc. IEEE International Conf. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing ’91,Toronto, Canada, May 1991, 2209–2212

137. M.L. Edwards and J.H. Sinksy, “A New Criteria for Linear 2-Port StabilityUsing a Single Geometrically Derived Parameter,” IEEE Trans. MicrowaveTheory and Techniques, vol. 40, December 1992, 2803–2811

138. W.E. Egan, Phase-Lock Basics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998139. W. Ellersick, C.K. K. Yang, W. Horowitz, and W. Dally, “Glad: A 12gs/s

CMOS 4-bit A/D converter for an Equalized Multi-level Link,” In Symposiumon VLSI Circuits, Digest of Technical Papers, 1999

140. H.O. Elwan, T.B. Tarim, and M. Ismail, “Digitally Programmable dB-LinearCMOS AGC for Mixed-Signal Applications,” IEEE Circuits & Devices Mag-azine, vol. 14, no. 4, July 1998, 8–11

141. V. Erceg, L.J. Greenstein, S.Y. Tjandra, S.R. Parkoff, A. Gupta, B. Kulic,A.A. Julius, R. Bianchi, “An empirically based pathloss model for wirelesschannels in suburban environments,” IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Commu-nications, 17(7), July 1999, 1205–1211

142. U. Erez, S. Shamai, and R. Zamir, “Capacity and lattice strategies for can-celling known interference,” Proc. IEEE Int. Symposium Information TheoryAppl., November 2000, 681–684

143. C. Ergun and K. Hacioglu, “Multiuser Detection Using a Genetic Algorithmin CDMA Communications Systems,” IEEE Trans. on Communications, vol.48, no.8, August 2000, 1374–1383

144. L.M. Ericsson, “Mapping the PESQ algorithm’s score on the subjective scale,”ITU-T SG12 Contribution, Nov. 2002

145. R. Esmailzadeh and M. Nakagawa, “Prerake diversity combination for di-rect sequence spread spectrum mobile communication systems,” IEICE Trans.Comm., E76-B (8), August 1993, 1008–1015

References 819

146. D. Falconer, “Spatial-Temporal Signal Processing for Broadband WirelessSystems,” in M. Shafi, S. Ogose, and T. Hattori (eds), Wireless Communica-tions in the 21st Century, IEEE Press, 2002

147. R.M. Fano, A heuristic discussion of probabilistic decoding. IEEE Trans. onInformation Theory, vol. 9, no. 4, 1963, 64–74

148. K. Fazel, S. Kaiser, P. Robertson and M.J. Ruf, “A concept of digital ter-restrial television broadcasting,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 2,no.1/2, March 1995, 9–27

149. U. Fincke and M. Pohst, “Improved methods for calculating vectors of shortlength in a lattice, including a complexity ananlysis,” Mathematics of Com-putation, vol. 44, April 1985, 463–471

150. R.F. H. Fischer and , “MIMO precoding for decentralized receivers,” in Proc.IEEE Int symp. Inf. Theory, 2002, 496

151. R. F.H. Fischer, Precoding and Signal Shaping for Digital Transmission,IEEE-Wiley Press, New York, 2002

152. B.H. Fleury, “First- and second-order Characterization of Direction Disper-sion and Space Selectivity in the Radio Channel,” IEEE Trans. InformationTheory, vol. 46, 2000, 2027–2044

153. J.R. Foerster, Channel Modeling Sub-committee Final Report, IEEE P802.15-02/368r5-SG3a, IEEE P802.15 Working Group for WPAN, 2002.

154. G. Forney, Conctenated Codes. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1966155. G.D. Forney, Jr., “Coding and Its Application in Space Communications,”

IEEE Spectrum, vol. 7, June 1970, 47–58156. G.D. Forney, Jr., “Maximum likelihood sequence estimation of digital se-

quence in the presence of intersymbol interference,” IEEE Trans Inform. The-ory, vol. 18, May 1972, 363–378

157. G.D. Forney, Jr., “Convolutional codes II: Maximum likelihood decoding,”Info. Control, vol. 25, July 1974, 222–266

158. G.D. Forney, Jr., and L.F. Wei, “Multidimensional Constellations–Part I: In-troduction, Figures of Merit, and Generalized Cross Constellations,” IEEE J.Selected Areas Commun., August 1989, 877–892

159. G.J. Foschini and M.J. Gans, “Layered space-time architecture for wirelesscommunication in a fading environment when using multiple antennas,” BellLaboratories Technical Journal, vol. 1(2), 1996, 41–59

160. G.J. Foschini and M.J. Gans, “On Limits of Wireless Communications ina Fading Environment when Using Multiple Antennas,” Wireless PersonalCommunications, vol. 6(3), 1998, 311–335

161. P.K. Frenger, and N.A.B. Svensson, “Decision-directed coherent detection inmulticarrier systems on Rayleigh fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech.,vol. 49, March 1999, 490–498

162. R. Gallager, “Low-Density Parity-Check Codes,” IRE Trans. Info. Theory,vol. 7, Jan 1962, 21–28

163. G. Ganesan and P. Stoica, “Differential modulation using space-time blockcodes,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 9, Feb. 2002, 57–60

164. S. Gao, A. Sambell, and S.S. Zhong, “Polarization-Agile Antennas,” IEEEAntennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 48, no. 3, June 2006, 28–

165. W.A. Gardner, “Exploitation of Spectral Redundancy in cyclostationary Sig-nals,” IEEE SP Magazine, April 1991, 14–39

820 References

166. R. Garello, P. Pierleni, and S. Benedetto, “Computing the free distance ofturbo codes and serially concatenated codes with interleavers: Algorithmsand applications,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 19, no. 5, May 1995,800–812

167. D. Garrett, L. Davis., S. ten Brink, B. Hochwald, and G. Knagge, “Siliconcomplexity for maximum likelihood MIMO detection using spherical decod-ing,” IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 39, no. 9, Sept. 2004, 1544–1552

168. D. Gesbert, H. Bolcskei, D.A. Gore, and A.J. Paulraj, “Outdoor MIMO wire-less channels: Models and performance prediction,” IEEE Trans. Commun.,50 (12), 2002, 1926–1934

169. I.A. Gerson and M.A. Jasiuk, “Vector sum excited linear prediction (VSELP)speech coding at 8kbps.” In Proc. ICASSP, Albuquerque, NM, April 1990,vol. 1, 461–464

170. M. Ghanbari, Standard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Cod-ing, The Institute of Electrical Engineers, London, UK, 2003

171. S.S. Ghassemzadeh, R. Jana, C.W. Rice, W. Turin, and V. Tarokh, “A Sta-tistical Path Loss Model for In-home UWB Channels,” IEEE Conf. on UltraWideband Systems and Technologies, 21–23 May 2002, 71–74

172. M. Ghavami, L.B. Michael, R. Kohno, Ultra Wideband: Signals and Systemsin Communication Engineering. Wiley, Chichester, 2004

173. G.B. Giannakis, Z. Liu, X. Ma, and S. Zhou. Space-Time Coding for Broad-band Wireless Communications, Hoboken, NJ, Wiley, 2007

174. J. P. Gianviffwb and Y. Rahmat-Samii, “Fractal Antennas: A Novel AntennaMiniaturization Technique, and Applications, ” IEEE Antennas and Propa-gation Magazine, Vol. 44, No. 1, February 2002, 20–36

175. K.S. Gilhousen, I.M. Jacobs, R. Padovani, A.J. Viterbi, L.A. Weaver, Jr.,and C.E. Wheatley III, “On the capacity of a cellular CDMA system,” IEEETrans. Veh. Tech., May 1991, 303–312

176. G. Ginis, and J. Cioffi, “On the relation between V-BLAST and the GDFE,”IEEE Comm. Lett., vol. 15, no. 9, Sep 2001, 364–366

177. R.D. Gitlin and S.B. Weinstein, “Fractionally-spaced equalization: an im-proved digital transversal equalizer,” Bell System Tech J, vol. 60, Feb 1981,275–296

178. S. Glisic, Advanced Wireless Communications: 4G Technologies, IEEE–Wiley,Chichester, England, 2004

179. L.C. Godara, “Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications,Part II: beam-forming and direction-of-arrival considerations”, Proc. IEEE85 (8)(1997) 1195-1245

180. R. Gold, “Optimum Binary sequences for spread-spectrum multiplexing,”IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, October 1967, 619–621

181. A. Goldsmith, S. A. Jafar, N. Jindal, and S. Vishwanath, “Capacity limits ofMIMO channels,” IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Commun., 21(5), June 2003,684–702

182. A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2005183. G.D. Golden, G.J. Foschini, R.A. Valenzuela, and P.W. Wolbiansky, “Detec-

tion algorithm and initial laboratory results using the V-BLAST space-timecommunication architecture,” Electronics Letters, vol. 35, no.1, Jan. 7, 1999,14–16

184. S. W. Golomb, “Run-length encoding,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory,12, 1966, 399–401

References 821

185. S. W. Golomb, Shift Register Sequences, Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1967186. G. Golub and C. van Loan, Matrix Computations, 3rd edn, The John Hopkins

University Press, London, 1996187. D.J. Goodman, R.A. Valenzuela, K.T. Gayliard, and B. Ramamurthi, “Packet

researvation multiple access for local wireless communications,” IEEE Trans.Commun., August 1989, 885–890

188. A. Grebennikov, RF and Microwave Power Amplifier Design, McGraw-Hill,New York, 2005

189. F. Gross, Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications, McGraw-Hill, NewYork, 2005

190. M. Guo, M. O. Ahmad, M. N. S. Swamy, C. Wang, “FPGA Design and Imple-mentation of a Low-Power Systolic Array-Based Adaptive Viterbi Decoder,”IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems—I, 52(2) Feb. 2005, 350–365

191. J. Hagenauer, “Rate compatible punctured convolutional codes and their ap-plications,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 36, April 1988, 389–400

192. J. Hagenauer and P. Hoeher, “A Viterbi algorithm with soft-decision outputsand its applications,” Proc. of IEEE GLOBALCOM, November 1989, Dallas,TX, 1989, 1680–1686

193. J. Hagenauer, E. Offer, and L. Papke, “Iterative decoding of binary blockand convolutional codes,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 42, no. 2, March1996, 429–445

194. E.O. Hammerstard, “Equations for micostrip circuit design,” in Proc. of theEuropean Microwave Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 1975, 268–272

195. R.W. Hamming, “Error detecting and error correcting codes,” Bell SystemsTech. Journal, 29, 1950, 147–160

196. R. Hamming, Digital Filters, 3rd ed., Mineola, NY: Dover, 1998, 140–145197. M. Hammoud, P. Poey, F. Colombel, “Matching the input impedance of a

broadband disc monopole,” Electronics Letters, vol. 29, no. 4, Feb. 1993,406–407

198. S.H. Han, J. H. Lee, “An overview of peak-to-average power ratio reductiontechniques for multicarrier transmission,” IEEE Wireless Communications,April 2005, 56–65

199. L. Hanzo, F. C.A. Somerville, and J. P. Woodard. Voice Compression andCommunications: Principles and Applications for Fixed and Wireless Chan-nels, IEEE, New York, 2001

200. L. Hanzo, M. Munster, B.J. Choi, T. Keller. OFDM and MC-CDMA forBroadband Multi-User Communications, WLANs and Broadcasting. Wiley-IEEE, 2003

201. R.F. Harringdon, Field Computation by Moment Methods, Macmillian, NewYork, 1968

202. F.J. Harris, “On the use of windows for Harmonic analysis with the discreteFourier transform,” Proc. the IEEE, vol. 66, no. 1, January 1978, 51–84

203. J. Harvey, E.R. Brown, D.B. Rutledge, R.A. York, “Spatial Power Combiningfor high-Power Transmitters”, IEEE Microwave Magazine, December 2000,48–59

204. F. Hasegawa, J. Luo, K.R. Pattipati, P. Willett, and D. Pham, “Speed andaccuracy comparison of techniques for multiuser detection in synchronousCDMA,” IEEE Trans. Commun., 52(4), April 2004, 540–545

205. B. Hassibi, “An efficient square-root algorithm for BLAST,” Proc. IEEEICASSP’2000, vol. 2, Istanbul, June 2000, 737–740,

822 References

206. B. Hassibi and H. Vikalo, “On the expected complexity of sphere decod-ing,” Proc. Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems and Computers, vol. 2, PacificGrove, CA, 2001, 1051–1055

207. B. Hassibi and B. Hochwald, “High rate codes that are linear in space andtime,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, 48(7), 1804–1824

208. M. Hata, “Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile RadioServices,” IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technoogy, vol. 29, no.3, 1980, 317–325

209. S. Haykin, Adaptive Filter Theory, 4th edn, Prentice Hall, Upper SaddleRiver, N Jersey, 2002

210. R. Heath and A. Paulraj, “Linear dispersion codes for MIMO systems basedon frame eheory,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, 50(10), 2429–2441

211. P.N. Heller, T. Karp, T. Q. Nguyen, “A general formulation of modulatedfilter banks,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, 47(4), April 1999, 986–1002

212. T. Hentschel and G. Fettweis, “Software radio receivers,” in F. Swarts, P. vanRooyen, I. Oppermann, and M.P. Lotter (ed), CDMA Technologies for ThirdGeneration Mobile Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1999,257–283

213. N. Hill and S. Cornbleet, “Microwave Transmission Through a Series of In-clined Gratings,” Proc. IEE, 120, 4, April 1973, 407–412.

214. B. Hochwald and W. Sweldens, “Differential unitary space-time modulation,”IEEE Trans. on Communications, 48(12), Dec. 2000, 2040–2052

215. B. Hochwald, T. Marzetta, and C. Papadias. “A transmitter diversity schemefor wideband CDMA systems based on space-time spreading,” IEEE J. Sel.Areas Comm., 19(1), Jan 2001, 48–60

216. B.M. Hochwald and S. ten Brink, “Achieving near-capacity on a multiple-antenna channel,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 51, no. 3, Mar. 2003, 389–399

217. T. Hoholdt, and J. Justesen, “Ternary sequences with perfect periodic auto-correlation,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, vol. 29, no. 4, July 1983,597–600

218. J.M. Holtzman, “A simple, accurate method to calculate spread-spectrummultiple-access error probabilities,” IEEE Trans Communications, 40(3),1992, 461–464

219. K. Homayounfar, “Rate Adaptive Speech Coding for Universal MultimediaAccess”, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, March 2003, 30–39

220. J.-S. Hong and M.J. Lancaster, Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Appli-cations, John Wiley & Sons, 2001

221. A. Hottinen, O. Tirkkonen, and R. Wichman, Multi-antenna TransceiverTechniques for 3G and Beyond, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 2003

222. X.H. Huang, K.-L. Du, A.K.Y. Lai, and K.K.M. Cheng, “A Unified SoftwareRadio Architecture,” Proc. 3rd IEEE Signal Processing Workshop on Sig-nal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC-01), Taoyuan,Taiwan, March 2001, 330–333

223. D.A. Huffman, “A method for the construction of minimum redundancycodes,” Proc. IRE, vol. 40, Sept. 1952, 1098–1101

224. B.L. Hughes, “Differential space-time modulation,” IEEE Trans. on Informa-tion Theory, 46(7), Nov. 2000, 2567–2578

225. IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group, “Channel modelsfor fixed wireless applications,” Rev. 4.0, IEEE802.16.3c-01/29r4, July 2001

226. E.C. Ifeachor and B. W. Jervis, Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Ap-proach, 2nd edn, Prentice Hall, Harlow, England, 2002

References 823

227. F. Ikegami, T. Takeuchi, and S. Yoshida, “Theoretical prediction of meanfield strength for urban mobile radio,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation,vol. 39(3), 1991, 299–302

228. P. Ioannides and C. A. Balanis, “Uniform Circular Arrays for Smart Anten-nas,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 47, no. 4, August 2005,192–206

229. V. P. Ipatov, “Ternary sequences with ideal autocorrelation properties,” RadioEng. Electron. Phys. vol. 24, Oct. 1979, 75–79

230. TIA/EIA/IS-727, “TDMA Cellular/PCS —Radio Interface—Minimum Per-formance Standards for Discontinuous Transmission Operation of Mobile Sta-tions,” June 1998.

231. A. Ismail and A. Abidi, “A 310-GHz Low-Noise Amplifier with WidebandLC-Ladder Matching Network,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 39, no. 12,2004, 2269-77.

232. ITU-R, Rec. ITU-R BT.601-5, “Studio encoding parmeters of digital tele-vision for standard 4:3 and wide-screen 16:9 aspect ratios,” InternationalTelecommunications Union, Geneva, 1995

233. ITU-R, Rec. ITU-R P.531-8, Ionospheric propagation data and predictionmethods required for the design of satellite services and systems, InternationalTelecommunications Union, Geneva 2005

234. ITU-R, Rec. ITU-R P.676-6, Attenuation by atmospheric gases, InternationalTelecommunications Union, Geneva 2005

235. ITU-R, Rec. ITU-R P.838-3, Specific attenuation model for rain for use inprediction methods, International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, 2005

236. H. Jafarkhani, “A quasi-orthogonal space-time block code,” IEEE Communi-cations Letters, vol. 49, no. 1, Jan 2001, 1–4

237. W.C. Jakes, Jr. (Ed.), Microwave Mobile Communications, Wiley, New York,1974

238. A. Jamin, P. Mahonen, and Z. Shelby, “Software radio implementability ofwireless LANs,” in E. Del Re (Ed) Software Radio: Technologies and Services,Springer, London, 2001

239. H. Jasik (ed), Antenna Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961240. A.J. Jerri,“The Shannon sampling theorem–Its various extensions and appli-

cations: A tutorial review,” Proc. IEEE, Nov 1977, 1565–1596241. Y. Jiang, Y. Tang, Y. Wang, M.N.S. Swamy, “A trace-back-free Viterbi de-

coder using a new survival path amnagement algorithm,” Proc. IEEE Int.Symp. Circuits Syst., vol. 1, May 2002, 261–264

242. J. Jin, The Finite Element Method in Electromagnetics, 2nd edn, John Wiley& Sons, New York, 2002

243. J.F. Kaiser and R.W. Schafer, “On the use of the I0-sinh window for spectrumanalysis,” IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, 28, 1980, 105–

244. S. Kallel, “Analysis of Memory and incremental redundancy ARQ schemesover a nonstationary channel,” IEEE Trans. Commun., September 1992,1474–1480

245. P.Y. Kam,“Tight bounds on the bit-error probabilities of 2DPSK and 4DPSKin nonselective Rician fading,” IEEE Trans. Commun., Feb 1991, 220–224

246. M. Kang and M.S. Alouini, “Capacity of correlated MIMO Rician channels,”IEEE Trans, Wireless Communications, vol. 1, no. 5, Jan 2006, 143–155

247. M. Kang and M.S. Alouini, “Capacity of MIMO Rician channels,” IEEETrans, Wireless Communications, vol. 1, no. 5, Jan 2006, 112–122

824 References

248. T. Kasami, “Weight distribution of Bose-chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes,” inCombinatorial Mathematics and its Applications, Uiversity of North CarolinaPress, Chapel Hill, NC, 1967, 335–357

249. R. Kattenbach, “Characterization of Time-variant Indoor Radio Channels byMeans of their System and Correlation Functions”, Doctoral dissertation, theUniversity of Kassel (in German), Shaker Verlag, Aachen, 1997, ISBN 3-8265-2872-7

250. G.I. Kechriotis and E.S. Manolako, “Hopfield neural network implementationof the Optimal CDMA multiuser detector,” IEEE Trans. Neural Networks,7(1), Jan. 1996, 131–141

251. A. Kerkhoff and H. Ling, “A parametric study of band-notched UWB planarmonopole antennas,” Proc. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Inter-national Symposium, June 2004, vol. 2, 1768– 1771

252. J.P. Kermoal, L. Schumacher, K.I. Pedersen, P.E. Mogensen, and F. Fred-eriksen, “A Stochastic MIMO radio Channel with experimental Validation,”IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Commun., vol. 20, 2002, 1211–1226

253. J.M. Khoury, “On the design of constant settling time AGC circuits,” IEEETrans. Circuits and Systems, II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, vol 45,no. 3, March 1998, 283–294

254. R. Kimura and E Adachi, “Comparison of OFDM and multicode MC-CDMAin frequency selective fading channel,” Electronics Letters, 39(3), February2003, 317–318

255. L. Kleinroch and F. A. Tobagi, “Packet switching in radio channels: Part I—Carrier sense multiple-access modes and their throughput-delay characteris-tics,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 23, Dec 1975, 1400–1416

256. R. Knopp, and P. Humblet, “Information capacity and power control in single-cell multiuser communications,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., June 1995,331–335

257. T. Koga, K. Iinuma, A. Hirano, Y. Iijima, and T. Ishiguro, “Motion-compensated interframe coding for video conferencing,”. Proceedings of Na-tional Telecommunications Conf (NTC’81), New Orleans, LA, Dec. 1981,G5.3.1–G5.3.5,

258. R. Kohno, H. Imai, M. Hatori, and S. Pasupathy, “Combination of an Adap-tive Array Antenna and a Canceller of Interference for Direct-SequenceSpread-Spectrum Multiple-Access System,” IEEE J. Selected Areas Com-mun., vol. 8, no. 4, May 1990, 675–682

259. R. Kohno, “Interference Cancellation and Multiuser Detection,” in M. Shafi,S. Ogose, and T. Hattori (eds), Wireless Communications in the 21st Century,IEEE Press, 2002

260. Z. Kostic, S. Seetharaman, “Digital signal processors in cellular radio com-munications,” Dec 1997, Vol 35, no. 12, 22–35

261. K. A. Kouznetsov, and R.G. Meyer, “Phase noise in LC oscillators,” IEEEJournal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 35, August 2000, 1244–1248

262. J.D. Kraus and R.J. Marhefka, Antennas: For All Applications, 3rd ed, Mc-Graw Hill, 2002

263. F.R. Kschischang, B.J. Frey, and H.A. Loeliger, “Factor graphs and the sum-product algorithm,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 47, no. 2, Feb. 2001,498-519

264. V. Kuhn, Wireless Communications over MIMO Channels: Applications toCDMA and Multiple Antenna Systems, Wiley, Chichester, 2006

References 825

265. G. Kumar and K.P. Ray, Broadband Microstrip Antennas, Artech House,Norwood, MA, 2003

266. K.-C. Lai, R. chandrasekaran, R.E. Cagley, J.J. Shynk, “Multistage Interfer-ence Cancellation algorithms for DS/CDMA Signals,” in G.B. Giannakis, Y.Hua, P. Stoica, L. Tong (eds), Signal Processing in Wireless & Mobile Com-munications: Trends in Single- and Multi-user Systems, vol. 2, Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River, NJ, 267–314

267. G. G. Langdon, “An introduction to arithmetic coding,” IBM J. Res. Dev.,1984, 28(2), 135–149

268. D. Lao and A.M. Haimovich, “Exact closed-form performance analysis ofoptimum combining with multiple cochannel interferers and Rayleigh fading,”IEEE Trans. Commun., 51(6), Jun 2003, 995–1003

269. E.G. Larsson and P. Stoica, Space–Time Block Coding for Wireless Commu-nications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

270. N. Lashkarian, and S. Kiaei, “Class of cyclic-based estimators for frequency-offset estimation of OFDM systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 48, Dec2000, 2139–2149

271. V. K.N. Lau and Y.-K. R. Kwok, Channel Adaptive Technologies and CrossLayer Designs for Wireless Systems with Multiple Antennas: Theory and Ap-plications, Wiley, New Jersey, 2006

272. B. Le, T. W. Rondeau, J. H. Reed, and C. W. Bostian, “Analog-to-digitalconverters, ” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 22(6), Nov. 2005, 69–77

273. T. H. Lee, The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, Cam-bridge University Press, 2nd edn, 2004

274. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunications: Analog and Digital Sys-tems, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2nd edn, 1995

275. W.C.Y. Lee, “Mobile radio performance for two-branch equal-gain combiningreceiver with correlated signals at the land site,” IEEE Trans. on Veh. Tech.,27, 1978, 239–243

276. D.B. Leeson, “A simple model of feedback oscillator noise spectrum,” Proc.IEEE, 54, Feb 1966, 329–30

277. B. Levine, R. R. Taylor, H. Schmit, “Implementation of near Shannon limiterror-correcting codes using reconfigurable hardware,” Proc. IEEE Conf. ???,2000, 217–226

278. K. Li, M. N. S. Swamy, and M. O. Ahmad, “An Improved Voice ActivityDetection Using Higher Order Statistics,” IEEE Trans. Speech and audioProcessing, 13(5), September 2005, 965–974

279. J. Liberti and T. Rappaport. Smart Antenna for Wireless Communications,Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999 ???

280. J. Lin and D.J. Costello, Jr., Error Control Coding: Fundamentals and Ap-plications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983

281. A.R. Lindsey, “Wavelet packet modulation for orthogonally transmultiplexedcommunication,” IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, vol. 45, no. 5, May 1997,1336–1339

282. C.L. Liu and K. Feher, “π/4-QPSK modems for satellite sound/data broad-cast systems,” IEEE Trans. Broadcasting, March 1991

283. Z. Liu, G.B. Giannakis, S. Barbarossa, and A. Scaglione, “Transmit-antennaespace-time block coding for generalized OFDM in the presence of unknownmultipath,” IEEE J on Selected Areas in Commun., 19(7), July 2001, 1352–1364

826 References

284. J.N. Livingston, and C. Tung, “Bandwidth efficient PAM signaling usingwavelets,” IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. 44, Dec 1996, 1996, 1629–1631

285. Y.T. Lo, D. Solomon, and W.F. Richards, “Theory and Experiment on Mi-crostrip Antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation, vol. 27, 1979, 137–145

286. T. Lo, “Maximal Ratio Transmission,” IEEE Trans. Comm., 47(10), October1999, 1458–1461

287. E.M. Long and A.M. Bush, “Decision-aided sequential sequence estimationfor intersymbol interference channels,” Proc. IEEE Int conf on Commun.,Boston, MA, June 1989, 26.1.1–26.1.5

288. S. Loyka and G. Tsoulos, “Estimating MIMO system performance using thecorrelation matrix approach,” IEEE Commun. Letters, 6(1), Jan. 2002, 19–21

289. A. Lozano, A.M. Tulino, and S. Verdu, “Multiantenna capacity: myths andrealities,” in H. Bolcskei, D. Gesbert, C.B. Papadias, and A.-J. van der Veen(eds), Space-Time Wireless Systems: From Array Processing to MIMO Com-munications, Cambridge University Press, 2006, 87–107

290. J. Lu, K.B. Letaief, J.C.-I. Chuang, and M.L. Liou. “M-PSK and M-QAMBER computation using signal-space concepts”, IEEE Trans. Communica-tions, vol. 47, no. 2, Feb 1999, 181–184

291. B. Lu, X. Wang, and K. Narayanan, “LDPC-based space-time coded OFDMsystems over correlated fading channels: Performance analysis and receiverdesign,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, no. 1, Jan. 2002, 74–88

292. H.F. Lu and P.V. Kumar, “Rate-diversity trade-off of space-time codes withfixed alphabet and optimal constructions for PSK modulation,” IEEE Trans.Information Theory, 49 (10), Oct. 2003, 2747–2752

293. M.G. Luby, M. Mitzenmacher, M.A. Shokrollahi, and D.A. Spielman, “Im-proved low-density parity-check codes using irregular graphs,” IEEE Trans.Information Theory, vol. 47, no. 2, 2001, 585–598

294. R.W. Lucky, “Techniques for adative equalization of digital communicationsystems,” Bell Sys. Tech. J., vol. 45, Feb 1966, 255–286

295. R. Lupas, and S. Verdu, “Linear multi-user detectors for synchronous code-division multiple-access channels,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory, 35(1),Jan. 1989, 123–136

296. A. Luthra, G. J. Sullivan, and T. Wiegand (Eds.), Special issue on the“H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard,” IEEE Trans. Circuits & Sys. for VideoTech., vol. 13, no. 7, July 2003.

297. J.-F. Luy, T. Mueller, T. Mack, and A. Terzis, “Configurable RF ReceiverArchitectures,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, March 2004, 75–82

298. J.G. Ma, “Design of CMOS RF ICs for Wireless Applications: System-LevelCompromised Considerations,” in J.G. Ma (Ed.), Third Generation Com-munication Systems: Future Developments and Advanced Topics, Springer,Berlin, 2004, pp. 199–236

299. V.H. MacDonald, “The cellular concept.” Bell Systems Tech. J., vol. 58(1),Jan. 1979, 15–41

300. D.J. C. MacKay and R.M. Neal, “Near Shannon limit performance of lowdensity parity check codes,” IEEE Electron. Lett., vol.32, no. 18, August1996, 1645–1646

301. D.J. C. MacKay and R.M. Neal, “Good error-correcting codes based on verysparse matrices,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 45, no. 2, March 1999,399–431

References 827

302. U. Madhow and M.L. Honing, “MMSE interference suppression for Direct Se-quence Spread-spectrum CDMA,” IEEE Trans. on Commun., 42 (12), 3178–3188

303. S. Mallat, “A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the waveletrepresentation,” IEEE Pattern Anal. and Machine Intell., 11(7), 1989, 674–693

304. K. Mano, F. Moriya, S. Mild, H. Ohmuro, K. Ikeda, and J. Ikedo. “Designof a pitch synchronous innovation CELP coder for mobile communications,”IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 13, no. 1, 1995, 31–41

305. R.R. Mansour, “Filter Technologies for Wireless Base Stations,” IEEE Mi-crowave Magazine, March 2004, 68–74

306. M. Marcus, and Bruno Pattan, “Millimeter Wave Propagation: spectrumManagement Implications, ” IEEE Microwave Magazine, June 2005, 54–62

307. J.L. Massey, “Fundations and methods of channel coding,” Proc. Int. Conf.Information Theory and Systems, NTG-Fachberichte, vol. 65, 1978, 148–157

308. G.L. Matthaei, L. Young, and E.M.T. Jones, Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures, Dedham, Mass: Artech House,1980

309. J. Max, “Quantization for minimum distortion,” IRE Trans. on InformationTheory. vol. 6, March 1960, 7–12

310. J.H. McClellan, and T.W. Parks, “A unified approach to the design of op-timum FIR linear-phase digital filters,” IEEE Trans. on Circuit Theory, vol.20, 1973, 190–196

311. J.H. McClellan, T.W. Parks, and L.R. Rabiner, ‘A computer program fordesigning optimum FIR linear-phase filters,” IEEE Trans. Electroacoustics,vol. 21, 1973, 506–526

312. A.V. McCree and T.P. Barnwell III, “A mixed excitation LPC vocoder modelfor low bit rate speech coding,” IEEE Trans. on Speech and Audio Processing,vol. 3, no. 4, July 1995, 242–250

313. R.J. McEliece, D.J. C. MacKay, and J.-F. Cheng, “Turbo decoding as aninstance of Pearl’s ‘belief propagation’ algorithm,” IEEE J. Selected AreasCommun., vol. 16, Feb 1998, 140–152

314. J.A. McNeill, “Jitter in Ring Oscillators,” IEEE J. solid-State Circuits, vol.32, no. 6, June 1997, 870–879

315. P.K. Meher and M.N.S. Swamy, “New Systolic Algorithm and Array Archi-tecture for Prime-Length Discrete Sine Transform,” IEEE Trans. Circuits andSystems—II, 54(3), March 2007, 262–266

316. D.J. G. Mestdagh, P. Spruyt, and B. Biran, “Analysis of clipping effect inDMT-based ADSL systems,” IEEE Int Conf. Communi., 1994, 293–300

317. D. Middleton, “Statistical-physical models of electromagnetic interference,”IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility, 19, August 1977, 106–127

318. S. Miller and S. Schwartz, “Integrated spatial-temporal detectors for asyn-chronous Gaussian multiple-access channels,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.43, Feb./Mar./Apr. 1995, 396–C411

319. F. Mintzer, “On half-band, third-band and Nth band FIR filters and theirdesign,” IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Proc., vol. 30, Oct. 1982, 734–738

320. J. Mitola, “The Software Radio Architecture,” IEEE Communications Mag-azine, vol. 33, no. 5, 26–38, May 1995

828 References

321. J. Mitola III, “Cognitive Radio: An Integrated Agent Architecture for Soft-ware Defined Radio,” Ph.D. Thesis, KTH Royal Inst. Technology, Stockholm,Sweden, 2000.

322. M. Moeneclaey, “The effect of synchronization errors on the performance oforthogonal frequency-division multiplexed (OFDM) systems,” Proc. COST254 (Emergent Techniques for Communication Terminals), Toulouse, France,July 1997.

323. A.F. Molisch, M. Steinbauer, M. Toeltsch, E. Bonek, and R.S. Thoma, “Ca-pacity of MIMO Systems based on Measured Wireless Channels,” IEEE J. onSelected Areas in Commun., vol. 20, 2002, 561–569

324. A. F. Molisch, J. R. Foerster, and M. Pendergrass, “Channel models for ul-trawideband personal area networks,” IEEE Wireless Communications, 10(6),2003, 14–21

325. A.F. Molisch, Wireless Communications, Wiley, Chichester, 2005326. R. K. Morrow, Jr. and J. S. Lehnert, “Bit-to-bit error dependence in slotted

DS/SSMA packet systems with random signature sequences,” IEEE Trans.Commun., vol. 37(10), Oct. 1989, 1052–1061,

327. Markus Muck, Member, IEEE, Marc de Courville, Member, IEEE, and PierreDuhamel, “A pseudorandom postfix OFDM modulator—Semi-blind channelestimation and equalization,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, 54(3), March2006, 1005–1017

328. K. Murota, and K. Hirade, “GMSK modulation for digital mobile telephony,”IEEE Trans. on Commun., 29(7), July 1981, 1044–1050

329. B. Muquet, Z. Wang, G. B. Giannakis, M. de Courville, and P. Duhamel,“Cyclic prefixing or zero padding for wireless multicarrier transmissions?,”IEEE Trans. Commun., 50(12), Dec. 2002, 2136–2148

330. M. Nagatsuka and R. Kohno, “A spatially and temporally optimal multiuserreceiver using an antenna array for DS/CDMA,” IEICE Trans. Commun.,vol. E78-B, Nov. 1995, 1489-C1497

331. A. Naguib, N. Seshadri, and A. R. Calderbank, “Space-time coding and Sig-nal Processing for High Data Tate Wireless Communications,” IEEE SignalProcessing Magazine, May 2000, 76–92

332. M. Nakagami, “The m-distribution: A general formula of intensity distribu-tion of rapid fading”, in W.C. Hoffman (ed), Statistical Methods in RadioWave Propagation, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1960, 3–36

333. M. Nelson, The Data Compression Book, M&T Books, New York, NY 1992334. E.H. Newman and P. Tulyathan, “Analysis of microstrip antennas using

method of moments,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation, vol. 29, Jan 1981,47–53

335. R. Nilsson, O. Edfors, M. Sandell, P.O. Borjesson, “An Analysis of Two-dimensional Pilot-symbol Assisted Modulation for OFDM,” Proc. IEEE Int.Conf. on Personal Wireless Communications, Bombay, December, 1997, 71–74[???, to read]

336. M. Nishiguchi, A. Inoue, Y. Maeda, and J. Matsumoto, “Parametric speechcoding—HVXC at 2.0–4.0 kbps”, IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding, June1999

337. S.R. Norsworthy, R. Schreier, and G.C. Temes (eds). Delta-Sigma Data Con-verters: Theory, Design, and Simulation. IEEE Press, New York, 1997

338. H. Ochiai and H. Imai, “Performance analysis of deliberately clipped OFDMsignals,” IEEE Trans. Commun., 50(1), Jan. 2002, 89–101

References 829

339. M. Oerder and H. Meyr, “Digital Filter and Square Timing Recovery,” IEEETrans. on Commun., vol. 36, May 1988, 605–612 [???]

340. Y. Okumura, E. Ohmori, T. Kawano, and K. Fukuda, “Field strength and itsvariability in VHF and UHF land mobile radio service,” Rev. Electr. Commun.Lab, vol. 16, 1968, 825–873

341. J. Ollikainen, O. Kivekas, A Toropainen, and P. Vainikainen, “Internal Dual-Band Patch Antenna for Mobile Phones,” Proc. Millenium Conf. Antennasand Propagation (AP2000), paper no. 1111, 2000

342. R.L. Olsen, B. Segal, “New Techniques for Predicting the Multipath FadingDistribution on VHF/UHF/SHF Terrestrial Line-of-Sight Links in Canada,”Canadian Journal of Electrical and computer Engineering, vol. 17, no. 1, 1992,11–23

343. E. Ordentlich and Y. Shoham, “Low-delay code-excited linear-predictive cod-ing of wideband speech at 32 kbps.” in Proc. ICASSP’91, Toronto, Ontario,Canada, May 1991, 9–12

344. S.J. Orfanidis, Introduction to Signal Processing, Prentice Hall, 1995345. J.F. Ossana, “A model for mobile radio fading due to buding reflections: Theo-

retical and experimental fading waveform power spectra,” Bell Sys. TechnicalJ., 43, Nov. 1964, 2935–2971

346. C.B. Papadias and H. Huang, “Linear space-time multiuser detection for mul-tipath CDMA channels,” IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Communications,19(2), Feb 2001, 254–265

347. J. H. Park, Jr., “On binary DPSK detection,” IEEE Trans. Commun., 26(4),April 1978, 484–486

348. A. Patnaik and R.K. Mishra, “ANN techniques in microwave engineering,”IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 1, no. 1, March 2000, 55–60

349. A. Paulraj, R. Nabar, and D. Gore. Introduction to Space–Time WirelessCommunications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2003

350. J. Pearl, “Fusion, propagation, and structuring in belief networks,” ArtificialIntell., vol. 29, 1986, 241–288

351. K. Pedersen, P. Mogensen, and B. Fleury, “A Stochastic model of the temporaland azimuthal dispersion seen at the base station in outdoor propagationenvironments,” IEEE Trans, on Vehicular Technology, vol. 49, no. 2, March2000

352. K.I. Pedersen, P.E. Mogensen, J. Ramiro-Moreno, “Application and Perfor-mance of Downlink Beamforming Techniques in UMTS,” IEEE Communica-tions Magazine, October 2003, 134–143

353. K.I. Pedersen, and P.E. Mogensen,“Performance of WCDMA HSDPA in abeamforming environment under code constraints,” Proc. IEEE VehicularTechnology Conf., October, 2003

354. Programmable Modular Communications System (PMCS) Guidance Docu-ment, Washington DC, US Department of Defense, July 31, 1997

355. B.M. Popovic, “Synthesis of power efficient multitone signals with flat ampli-tude spectrum,” IEEE Transactions on Commun., vol. 39, no. 7, July 1991,1031–1033

356. B.M. Popovic, “Spreading sequences for multicarrier CDMA systems,” IEEETransactions on Commun., vol. 47, no. 6, 1999, 918–926

357. M.W. Pospieszalski, “Extrememly low-noise amplification with cryogenicFETs and HFETs: 1970–2004,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, September 2005,62–75

830 References

358. D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3nd edition, Wiley, New York, 2005359. D.M. Pozar, Microwave and RF Wireless Systems, Wiley, New York, 2001360. R. Price and P.E. Green, Jr, “A Communication Technique for Multipath

Channels,” Proc. IRE, vol. 46, 555–570361. J.P. Princen and A.B. Bradley, “Analysis/Synthesis Filter Bank design based

on time domain aliasing cancellation,” IEEE Trans. on Acoustic, Speech, andSignal Processing, vol. 34, no. 5, October 1986, 1153–1161

362. J.? Princen, A? Johnson, and A.B. Bradley, “Subband/Transform coding us-ing filter bank designs based on time domain aliasing cancellation,” Proc. ofthe ICASSP, 1987,??, 2161–2164

363. J.G. Proakis, Digital Communications, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,2000

364. J.G. Proakis and D.G. Manolakis. Digital Signal Processing: Principle, Al-gorithms, and Applications. 4th edn, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper SaddleRiver, NJ, 2007

365. H. Purnhagen and N. Meine, “HILN:The MPEG-4 parametric audio coding-tools,” Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Geneva,2000

366. M. Pursley, “Performance evaluation for phase-coded spread-spectrummultiple-access communication – Part I: System analysis,” IEEE Trans. Com-mun, 795–759, August 1977

367. R.M. Pyndiah, “Near optimum decoding of product codes: Block turbocodes,”IEEE Trans. Comun., vol. 46, no. 6, August 1998, 1003–1010

368. R.C. Qiu, “Ultra-Wideband for Multiple Access Communications,” IEEECommunications Magazin, February 2005, 80–87

369. N. Rama Murthy and M. N. S. Swamy, “On the Algorithms for the Compu-tation of Even Discrete Cosine Transform-2 (EDCT-2) of Real Sequences,”IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems, 37(5), May 1990, 625–627

370. N. Rama Murthy and M. N. S. Swamy, “On the computation of runningdiscrete cosine and sine transforms,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, 40(6),June 1992, 1430–1437

371. N. Rama Murthy and M. N. S. Swamy, “On the hardware implementation ofthe lapped orthogonl transform and the modulated lapped transform,” Proc.IEEE ISCAS’92, San Diego, May 1992, vol. 1, 145–148

372. N. Rama Murthy and M. N. S. Swamy, “On a novel decomposition of theDCT and its application,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, 41(1), Jan. 1993,480–485

373. N. Rama Murthy and M. N. S. Swamy, “On the real-time computation of DFTand DCT through systolic architectures,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,42(4), April. 1994, 988–991

374. N. Rama Murthy and M. N. S. Swamy, “On the on-line computation of DCT-IV and DST-IV transforms,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, 43(5), May 1995,1249–1251

375. N. Rama Murthy and M. N. S. Swamy, “A Paralle/Pipelined Algorithm forthe Computation of MDCT and IMDCT,” Proc. IEEE ISCAS, 2003, vol. 4,540–543

376. J. Ramiro-Moreno, K.I. Pedersen, and P.E. Mogensen, “Network performanceof transmit and receive antenna diversity in HSPDA under differet packetscheduling strategies,” Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., April 2003

References 831

377. T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles & Practice, UpperSaddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall PTR, 1996

378. B. Razavi, “Design Consideration for direct-conversion receiver,” IEEE Trans.Circuits and Systems – Part II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, vol. 44,no. 6, June 1997, 428–435

379. B. Razavi, RF Microelectronics, Pretice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1998380. G.M. Rebeiz, J.B. Muldavin, “RF MEMS Switches and Switch Circuits,”

IEEE Microwave magazine, December 2001, 59–71381. D.O. Reudink and M.F. Wazowicz, “Some propagation experiments relating

foliage loss and diffraction loss at X-band at UHF frequency,” IEEE Trans.on Vehicular Technology, 22(4), Nov. 1973, 1198–1206

382. X. Reves, A. Gelonch, and F. Casadevall, “Software Radio Implementation ofa DS-CDMA Indoor Subsystem Based on FPGA Devices,” Proc. 12th IEEEInt. Symp. on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2001, vol.1, D-86–D-90

383. P. Reynaert and M. Steyaert, RF Power Amplifiers for Mobile Communica-tions, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2006

384. W. Rhee and J.M. Cioffi, “Increase in capacity of multiuser OFDM systemusing dynamic subchannel allocation,” in Proc. IEEE Vehicular TechnologyConf., Tokyo, May 2000, 1085–1089

385. J.D. Rhodes, “A lowpass prototype network for microwave linear phase fil-ters,” IEEE Trans. MTT, vol 18, June 1970, 290–301

386. S.O. Rice, “Statistical properties of a sine wave plus random noise,” BellSystems Technical Journal, vol. 27, January 1948, 109–157

387. R. J. Richards and H. J. De Los Santos, “MEMS for RF/Microwave WirelessApplications: The Next Wave,” Microwave J., vol. 44, no. 3, Mar. 2001, 20-26.

388. T. J. Richardson, A. Shokrollahi, and R. Urbanke, “Design of capacity-approaching irregular low-density parity-check codes,” IEEE Trans. Inform.Theory, Feb 2001, 619–637

389. T. J. Richardson and R. Urbanke, “Efficient encoding of low-density parity-check codes,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, Feb 2001, 638–656

390. J.J. Rissanen, “Generalized Kraft inequality and arithmetic coding,” IBM J.of Research and Development, 20(3), 1976, 198–203

391. R. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman, “A method for obtaining digital sig-natures and public-key cryptosystems,” Communications of the ACM, 21(2),Feb. 1978, 120–126

392. P. Robertson, P. Hoeher, and E. Villebrun, “Optimal and sub-optimal Max-imum a posteriori algorithms suitable for turbo-decoding” European Trans.on Telecommunications, 8(2), 1997, 119–125

393. P. Robertson, E. Villebrun, and P. Hoeher, “A comparison of optimal andsub-optimal MAP decoding algorithms operating in the log-domain,” IEEEProc. of ICC, Seattle, WA, 1995, 1009–1013

394. I.D. Robertson and S. Lucyszyn, ed., RFIC and MMIC Design and Technol-ogy, IEE, London, UK, 2001

395. U.L. Rodhe, Microwave and Wireless synthesizers: Theory and Design, WileyInterscience, New York, 1997

396. J. Rollett, “Stability and power gain invariants of linear two-ports”, IRETrans. on Circuit Theory, vol. 9, 1962, 29–32

832 References

397. R. Roy and T. Kailath, “ESPRIT–estimation of signal paramters via rota-tional invariance techniques,” IEEE Trans. on Acoustics Speech and SignalProcessing, vol 37, no. 7, 984–995

398. M.L. Rubio, A. Garcia-Armada, R.P. Torres and J.L. Garcia, “Channels Mod-elling and Characteristic at 17 GHz for Indoor Broadband WLAN,” IEEE J.on Selected Areas in Commun., vol. 20, 2002

399. C.C.W. Ruppel, L. Reindl, R. Weigel, “SAW Devices and Their WirelessCommunications Applications,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, June 2002, 65–71

400. D. Saha, and T.G. Birdsall, “Quadature-quadrature phase-shift keying,”IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 37, no. 5, May 1989, 437–448

401. A. Said and W.A. Pearlman, “A new, fast and efficient image codec basedon set partitioning in hierarchical trees,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. VideoTechnology, 1996, 6(3), 243–250

402. A.A.M. Saleh and R.A. Valenzuela, “A statistical model for indoor multipathpropagation,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., 5(2), 1987, 128C-137

403. C. Samori, S. Levantino, and A.L. Lacaita, “Integrated LC Oscillators forFrequency Synthesis in Wireless Applications,” IEEE Communications Mag-azine, May 2002, 166–171

404. H. Sampath, P. Stoica, and A. Paulraj, “Generalized Linear Precoder andDecoder Design for MIMO Channel Using the Weighted MMSE Criterion,”IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 49, no. 12, Dec. 2001, 2198–2206

405. S. Sandberg, and M. Tzannes, “Overlapped discrete multitone modulation forhigh speed copper wire communications,” IEEE J. Selected Areas in Com-mun., vol. 13, no. 9, Dec 1995, 1571–1585

406. S. Sandhu, and A. Paulraj, “Space-time block codes: A capacity perspective,”IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 4, no. 12, Dec. 2000, 384–386

407. D. Santa-Cruz, R. Grosbois, Touradj Ebrahimi, “JPEG 2000 performanceevaluation and assessment,” Signal Processing: Image Communication, 17,2002, 113–130

408. S.V. Sarwate and M.B. Pursley, “Crosscorrelation Properties of Pseudrandomand Related Sequences,” Proc. of IEEE, vol. 68, 593–613

409. S.R. Saunders, Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Sys-tems, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, 1999

410. A. Sayeed and V. Veeravalli, “The essential degrees of freedom in space-timefading channels,” Proc. IEEE PIMRC, Lisbon, Portugal, September 2002

411. A. H. Sayed, A. Tarighat, and N. Khajehnouri, “Network-based wireless lo-cation,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, July 2005, 24–40

412. K. Sayood, “Introduction to Data Compression, Morgan Kaufmann Publish-ers, San Mateo, CA, 2n edn, 2000

413. K. Sayood, ed, Lossless Compression Handbook, Academic Press, San Diego,CA, 2003

414. A. Scaglione, G.B. Giannakis, and S. Barbarossa, “Redundant Filterbank Pre-coders and Equalizers. I: Unification and Optimal Designs; II: Blind ChannelEstimation, Synchronization, and Direct Equalization,” IEEE Trans. Signal.Proc., July 1999, 1988–2006 and 2007–2022

415. S.V. Schell, “Performance analysis of the cyclic MUSIC method of directionestimation for cyclostationary signals,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol.42, no. 11, November 1994, 3043–3050

References 833

416. C.B. Schlegel, L.C. Perez, Trellis and Turbo Coding, IEEE Press, Piscataway,NJ, 2004

417. T.M. Schmidl, and D.C. Cox, “Robust frequency and timing synchronizationfor OFDM,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 45, no. 12, Dec. 1997, 1613–1621

418. R. Schmidt, “Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation,”IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, vol. 34, no. 2, March 1986, 276–280

419. R. A. Scholtz, “Multiple access with time-hopping impulse modulation,” Proc.IEEE Conf. Milcom, Bedford, MA, 1993

420. M.R. Schroeder and B.S. Atal, “Code-excited lin-ear prediction (CELP):High-quality speech at very low bit rates,” Proc ICASSP85, Mar. 1985, 937–940.

421. M. Schwartz, W.R. Bennet and S. Stein, Communication Systems and Tech-niques, McGraw-Hill, 1966

422. S.Y. Seidel, T. Rapport, S.Jain, M. Lord, R. Singh, “Path loss, scatteringand multipath delay statistics in four European cities for digital cellular andmicrocellular radiotelephone,” IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, 40(4), Nov.1990, 721–730

423. I. Sever, S. Lo, S.-P. Ma, P. Jang, A. Zou, C. Arnott, K. Ghatak, A. Schwartz,L. Huynh, and T. Nguyen, “A Dual-Antenna Phase-Array Ultra-WidebandCMOS Transceiver,” IEEE Communications Magazine, August 2006, 102–110

424. A. K. Shackelford, K.-F. Lee, and K.M. Luk, “Design of small-size wide-bandwidth microstrip-patch antennas,” IEEE Antennas and PropagationMagazine, 45(1), Feb. 2003, 75–83

425. A. Shah and A.M. Haimovich, “Performance analysis of optimum combiningin wireless communications with rayleigh fading and cochannel interference,”IEEE Trans. Commun., 46(4), April 1998, 473–479

426. A. Shah and A.M. Haimovich, “Performance analysis of maximal ratio com-bining and comparison with optimum combining for mobile radio communica-tions with cochannel interference,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech., 49(4), July 2000,1454–1463

427. C.E. Shannon, “A mathematical theory of communication,” Bell System Tech-nical Journal, vol. 27, 379–423 and 623–656, July and October 1948

428. C.E. Shannon, “Coding theorems for a discrete source with a fidelity crite-rion,” IRE National Convention Record, vol. 4, 142–163, 1959

429. J. M. Shapiro, “Embedded image coding using zero-trees of wavelet coeffi-cients,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, 1993, vol 4, no. 12, 3445-3462

430. A. U.H. Sheikh, Wireless Communications: Theory and Techniques, KluwerAcademc Publishers, Boston, 2004

431. Z. Shen, J.G. Andrews, and B. L. Evans, “Adaptive resource allocation formultiuser OFDM with constraint fairness,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.,4(6), Nov. 2005, 2726–2737

432. H. Shin and J.H. Lee, “Capacity of Multiple-Antenna Fading Channels: Spa-tial Fading Correlation, Double Scattering, and Keyhole,” IEEE Trans. Infor-mation Theory, 49(10), Oct. 2003, 2636–2647

433. D.-S. Shiu, G. J. Foschini, M. J. Gans, and J.M. Kahn, “Fading correlationand its effect on the capacity of multielement antenna system,” IEEE Trans.Commnun., vol. 48(3), March 2000, 502–513

434. O. Simeone, Y. Bar-Ness and U. Spagnolini, “Linear and nonlinear preequal-ization/equalization for MIMO systems with long-term channel state infor-

834 References

mation at the transmitter”, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., March 2004,Vol.3, no.2, 373–377

435. M.K. Simon and M.-S. Alouini, Digital Communications over Fading Chan-nels: A Unified Approach to Performance Analysis, Wiley, New York, 2000

436. B. Sklar, “A primer on turbo code concepts,” IEEE Communications Maga-zine, vol. 35, no. 12, 1997, 94–102

437. B. Sklar, Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd ed.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 2001.

438. Skyworks, “Design With PIN Diodes,” Application Note APN1002, 200312Rev. A, July 2005

439. M.J.T. Smith, T.P. Barnwell III, “Exact reconstruction for tree-structuredsub-band coders,” IEEE Trans. on Acoustic, Speech, and Signal Processing,vol. 34, no. 3, June 1986, 431–441

440. R.A. Soni and R.M. Buehrer, “On the performance of open loop transmitdiversity systems for IS-2000 systems: A comparative study,” IEEE Trans.Wireless Commun., 3(5), 2004, 1602–1615

441. C. Soras, M. Karaboikis, G Tsachtsiris, and V. Makios, “Analysis and Desigof an Inverted-F Antenna Printed on a PCMCIA Card for the 2.4 GHz ISMBand,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 44, No. 1, February2002, 37–44

442. H.V. Sorensen, C.S. Burrus,“Efficient computation of the DFT with only asubset of input or output points”, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 41,no.3, March 1993, 1184–1200

443. A.S. Spanias, “Speech coding: A tutorial review,” Proceedings of the IEEE,vol. 82, no. 10, Oct. 1994, 1541–1582

444. Q.H. Spencer, J.W. Wallace, C.B. Peel, T. Svantesson, A.L. Swindlehurst, H.Lee, and A. Gumalla, “Performance of multi-user spatial multiplexing withmeasured channel data,” in G. Tsoulos (ed), MIMO System Technology forWireless Communications, CRC Press, 2006, 175–205

445. M. Stojnic, H. Vikalo, and B. Hassibi, “Rate maximization in multi-antennabroadcast channels with linear preprocessing,” in Proc. IEEE GlobeCom, Nov.2004, 3957–3961

446. G. Strang and T. Nguyen, Wavelets and Filter Banks. Wellesley-CambridgePress, Wellesley, MA, 1997

447. D. Stranneby and W. Walker, Digital Signal Processing and Applications, 2ndedn, Elsevier, London, 2004

448. T. Strohmer and S. Beaver, “Optimal OFDM design for timeCfrequency dis-persive channels,” IEEE Trans. Commun., 51(7), July 2003, 1111–1122

449. G. L. Stuber, Principles of Mobile Communication, 2nd edn, Kluwer AcademicPublishers, Boston, 2001

450. G.L. Stuber, J.R. Barry, S.W. McLaughlin, Y.G. Li, M.A. Ingram, T.G. Pratt,“Broadband MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications,” Proceedings of theIEEE, vol. 92, no. 2, Feb 2004, 271–294

451. A. Suarez and T. Fernandez, “RF devices: Characteristics and modelling,”in I.A. Glover, S.R. Pennock, P.R. Shepherd (eds), Microwave Devices, Cir-cuits and Subsystems for Communications Engineering, Wiley, Chichester,England, 2005

452. N. Suehiro and M. Hatori, “N-Shift Cross-Orthogonal Sequence,” IEEE Trans.Info. Theory, vol. 34, no. 1, Jan 1988, 143-46.

References 835

453. H. Sun, C. Wang, M. O. Ahmad and M.N.S. Swamy, “An 8 kbit/s low delayCELP speech coder,” Proc. 7th IEEE Int. Conf. on Electronics, Circuits andSystems, Dec. 2000, vol. 1, 286–289

454. C. Sun, A. Hirata, T. Ohira, and N. C. Karmakar, “Fast Beamforming ofElectronically Steerable Parasitic Array Radiator Antennas: Theory and Ex-periment,” IEEE Trans on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 52, no. 7, July2004, 1819–1832

455. D. Sundararajan, M. O. Ahmad, and M. N. S. Swamy, “Fast Computation ofthe Discrete Fourier Transform of Real Data,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,45(8), August 1997, 2010–2022

456. D. Sundararajan, M. O. Ahmad, and M. N. S. Swamy, “Vector Computationof the Discrete Fourier Transform,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems—II:Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 45(4), April 1998, 449–461

457. H. Suzuki, “A Statistical Model for Urban Radio Propagation,” IEEE Trans-actions on Communications, COM-25, 1977, 673–680.

458. P.J. Swackhammer, M.A. Temple, R.A. Raines, “Performance simulation ofa transform domain communication system for multiple access applications,”Proc. IEEE MILCOM, 1999, vol.2, 1055–1059

459. L. Szczecinski, S. Aissa, C. Gonzalez, and M. Bacic, “Exact evaluation of bit-and symbol-error rates for arbitrary 2-D modulation and nonuniform signalingin AWGN channel,” IEEE Trans. Commun., 54(6), June 2006, 1049–1056

460. A. Taflove and S.C. Hagness, “Computational Electrodynamics: the FiniteDifference Time Domain Method, 3nd edn., Artech House, Boston, MA, 2005

461. J. Takada, J. Fu, H. Zhu and T. Kabayashi, “Spatio-temporal Channel Char-acterization in a Suburban Non Line-of-sight Microcellular Environment,”IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Commun., vol. 20, no.3, 2002, 532–538

462. R.M. Tanner, “A recursive approach to low complexity codes,” IEEE Trans.Inform. Theory, vol. vol. 27, no. 5, Sept. 1981, 533-5547

463. V. Tarokh, N. Seshadri and R.A. Calderbank, “Space-time codes for high datarate wireless communication: Performance criterion and code construction, ”IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 44(2), March 1998, 744–765

464. V. Tarokh, II Jafarkhani, and R.A. Calderbank, “Space-time block codes fromorthogonal designs, ” IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 45(5), July 1999, 1456–1467

465. V. Tarokh and H. Jafarkhani, “A differential detection scheme for transmitdiversity,” IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 18, no.7, July2000, 1169–1174

466. H. Taub and D.L. Schillings, Principles of Communications Systems, 2nd ed,McGraw-Hill, New York, 1986

467. D. Taubman and A. Zakhor, “Multirate 3-D subband coding with motioncompensation,” IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, vol.3, September 1994,572–588

468. D. Taubman, “High Performance Scalable Image Compression with EBCOT”,IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 9, no. 7, July 2000, 1158 – 1170

469. I.E. Telatar, “Capacity of multi-antenna Guassian channels,” EuropeanTrans. Telecom., vol. 10, no. 6, Nov/Dec. 1999, 585–595

470. S. ten Brink, “Rate one-half code for approaching the Shannon limit by 0.1dB,” IEEE Electron. Lett., vol. 36, no. 15, July. 2000, 1293–1294

471. S. ten Brink, “Convergence behavior of iteratively decoded parallel concate-nated codes,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 49, no. 10, Oct. 2001

836 References

472. J. Teuhola, “A compression method for clustered bitvectors,” InformationProcessing Letters, 7(6), Oct. 1978, 308–311

473. M. Thamsirianunt and T.A. Kwasniewski, “CMOS VCO’s for PLL FrequencySynthesis in GHz Digital Mobile Radio Communications,” IEEE J. Solid-StateCircuits, vol. 32, no. 10, October 1997, 1511–1524

474. C. Thomas, M.A. Bickerstaff, L.M. Davis, T. Prokop, B. Widdup, G. Zhou, D.Garrett, and C. Nicol, “Integrated circuits for Channel Coding in 3G CellularMobile Wireless Systems, ” IEEE Communications Magazine, August 2003,150–159

475. J.S. Thompson, P.M. Grant, and B Mulgrew, “Smart Antenna arrays forCDMA Systems,” IEEE Personal Communications, October 1996, 16–25

476. E. Tiirola and J. Ylitalo, “Compariso of beamforming and diversity techniquesin terms of UTRA FDD uplink capacity,” Proc. Nordic Radio Symposium,Aug. 2004

477. M. Toeltsch, J. Laurila, K. Kalliola, A.F. Molische, P. Vainikainen, and E.Bonek, “Statistical Characterization of Urban Spatial Ratio Channels,” IEEEJ. on Selected Areas in Commun., vol. 20, no.3, 2002, 539–549

478. Y. Tokgoz, B.D. Rao, M. Wengler, and B. Judson, “Performance analysis ofoptimum combining in antenna array systems with multiple interferers in flatrayleigh fading,” IEEE Trans. Commun., 52(7), July 2004, 1047–1050

479. R.J. Trew, “Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Transistors for Microwave PowerAmplifiers,” Microwave, March 2000, 46–54

480. R.J. Trew, G.L. Bilbro, W. Kuang, Y. Liu, and H. Yin, “Microwave Al-GaN/GaN HFETs,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, March 2005, 56–66

481. J.M. Tribolet and R.E. Crochiere, “Frequency domain coding of speech,”IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 27(5), Oct. 1979, 512–530

482. D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communications, Cam-bridge University Press, 2005

483. K. Tsunekawa and K. Kagoshima, “Analysis of a Correlation Coefficient ofBuilt-in Diversity Antennas for a Portable Telephone,” Proc. IEEE AP-S Int’lSymp., vol 1, Dallas, TX, May 1990, 543–46

484. A.M.D. Turkmani, A.A. Arowojolu, P.A. Jefford, and C.J. Kellett, “An exper-imental evaluation of the performance of two-branch space and polarizationdiversity schemes at 1800 MHz,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech., 44 (2), 1995, 318–326

485. T. Turlett, H.J. Bentzen, and D. Tennenhouse, “Toward the software realiza-tion of a GSM base station,” IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Commun., 17 (4),1999, 603–612

486. C.S. Turner, “Recursive Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Oscillators,” IEEE SignalProcessing Magazine, May 2003, 103–111

487. G. Ungerboeck, “Channel coding with multi-level/phase signals,” IEEETrans. Information Theory, Jan 1982, 55–67

488. P.P. Vaidyanathan, “Multirate Digital Filters, Filter Banks, PolyphaseNet-works, and Applications: A Tutorial,” Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 78, no. 10,January 1990, 56–93

489. J. Valls, T. Sansaloni, A. Perez-Pascual, V. Torres, and V. Almenar, “The Useof CORDIC in Software Defined Radios: A Tutorial,” IEEE CommunicationsMagazine, September 2006, 46–50

References 837

490. R. van Nee and A. de Wild, “Reducing the peak-to-average power ratio ofOFDM,” Proc. 48th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 98), Ottawa,Canada, May 1998, vol. 3, 2072–2076

491. J.-J. van de Beek, M. Sandell, and P. Borjesson, “ML estimation of time andfrequency offset in OFDM systems,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 45,no. 7, July 1997, 1800–1805

492. V.K. Varadan, K.J. Vinoy, K.A. Jose, “RF MEMS and Their Applications,”John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2003

493. S.V. Vaseghi, Advanced Signal Processing and Digital Noise Reduction, Wiley& Teubner, Chichester, 1996

494. R.G. Vaughan, N.L. Scott, and D.R. White, “The theory of bandpass sam-pling,” IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, 39(9), Sept. 1991, 1973–1984

495. S. Verdu, Multiuser Detection, Cambridge University Press, 1998496. S. Verdu and S. Shamai, Spectral efficiency of CDMA with random spread-

ing,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory, 45(2), 1999, 622–640497. E. Villier, “Performance analysis of optimum combining with multiple in-

terferers in flat rayleigh fading,” IEEE Trans. Commun., 47(10), Oct. 1999,1503–1510

498. P. Vishwanath, D.N.C. Tse, and R. Laroia, “Opportunistic beamforming usingdumb antennas,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, June 2002, 1277–1294

499. P. Viswanath, “Opportunistic communication: a system view,” in in H.Bolcskei, D. Gesbert, C.B. Papadias, and A.-J. van der Veen (eds), Space-Time Wireless Systems: From Array Processing to MIMO Communications,Cambridge University Press, 2006, 426–442

500. S. Vishwanath, N. Jindal, A. Goldsmith, “Duality, achievable rates, and sum-rate capacity of Gaussian MIMO broadcast channels,” IEEE Trans. Informa-tion Theory, 49(10), Oct. 2003, 2658–2668

501. A.J. Viterbi, “Error Bounds for Convolutional Codes and an AsympoticallyOptimum Decoding Algorithm,” IEEE Trans. Infor. Theory, vol. 13, Apr.1967, 260–69.

502. A.J. Viterbi, “Very low rate convolutional codes for maximum theoreticalperformance of spread-spectrum multiple-access channels,” IEEE J. Sel. AreasCommun., May 1990, 641–649

503. A.J. Viterbi, A.M. Viterbi, K. Gilhousen, and E. Zehavi, “Soft Handoff ex-tends CDMA cell coverage and increases reverses channel capacity,” IEEE J.Selected Areas Commun., vol. 12, Oct. 1994, 1281–1288

504. A.J. Viterbi1995, Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1995

505. A.J. Viterbi, “An intuitive justification and simplified implementation of theMAP decoder for convolutional codes,” IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Com-munications, Vol. 16(2), Feb 1998, 260–264

506. J. E. Volder, “The CORDIC Trigonometric Computing Technique,” IRETrans. Electronics and Computers, vol. 8, no. 3, 1959, 330–334.

507. M. Vu, “Precoding design,” in E. Biglieri, R. Calderbank, A. Constantinides,A. Goldsmith, A. Paulraj, and H. V. Poor (eds), MIMO Wireless Communi-cations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2007, 88–139

508. J. Walfisch and H.L. Bertoni, “A theoretical model of UHF propagation inurban environments,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation, vol. 36, no. 12,1988, 1788–1796

838 References

509. E.H. Walker, “Penetration of radio signals into buildings in the cellular radioenvironment” Bell System Technical Journal, 26(9), 1983, 2719–2734

510. X. Wang, T.T. Tjhung, and C.S. Ng, “Reduction of peak-to-average power ra-tio of OFDM system using a companding technique,” IEEE Trans. on Broad-casting, vol. 45, no. 3, September 1999, 303–307

511. X. Wang and H.V. Poor, “Space-time multiuser detection in multipath CDMAchannels,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, 47(9), Sep. 1999, 2356–2374

512. Z. Wang and G.B. Giannakis, “Block Spreading for Multipath-resilient Gen-eralized Multi-carrier CDMA,” in G.B. Giannakis, Y. Hua, P. Stoica, L. Tong(eds), Signal Processing in Wireless & Mobile Communications: Trends inSingle- and Multi-user Systems, vol. 2, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,NJ, 223–266

513. Z. Wang and G.B. Giannakis, “Outage mutual information of space-timeMIMO channels,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, vol. 50, no. 4, Apr.2004, 657–662

514. S. Weinstein and P. Ebert, “Data transmission by frequency division multi-plexing using the discrete Fourier transform,” IEEE Trans. Commun., 19(10),1971, 628–634

515. M. Welborn, M. M. Laughlin and R. Kohno, “DS-CDMA proposal for IEEE802.15.3a,” IEEE P802.15-03/334r3-TG3a, IEEE P802.15 Working Group forWireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), May 2003

516. T.A. Welch, “A technique for high-performance data compression,” IEEEComputer, Jan 1984, 8–19

517. D.H. Werner and S. Ganguly, “An Overview of Fractal Antenna Engineer-ing Research,” IEEE Anlennas and Propagation Magazine. Vol. 45, NO. 1 ,February 2003, 38–57

518. B. Widrow, J.M. McCool, M.G. Larimore, and J.C.R. Johnson, “Adaptiveswitching circuits,” in Proc. IRE WESCON Conv., Los Angelos, CA, 1960,96–104

519. M. Wien, “Variable block-size transforms for H.264/AVC,” IEEE Trans. onCircuits and Systems for Video Technlogy, 13(7), July 2003, 604–613

520. T.A. Wilkinson and A.E. Jones, “Minimization of the Peak-to-Mean EnvelopePower Ratio of Multi-Carrier Transmission Schemes by Block Coding,” Proc.IEEE VTC, Chicago, IL, July 1995, 825–29

521. T.J. Willink, P.H. Wittke, “Optimization and performance evaluation ofmulti-carrier transmission,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol. 43, Mar1997, 426–440

522. J.H. Winters,“Switched diversity with feedback for DPSK mobile radio sys-tems,” IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, 32(1), Feb. 1983, 134–150

523. J.H. Winters, “Optimum combining in digital mobile radio with cochannelinterference,” IEEE J. Selected Areas in Commun., 2(4), July 1984, 528–539

524. J.H. Winters, J. Salz, and R.D. Gitlin, “The Impact of Antenna Diversity onthe Capacity of Wireless Communication Systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun.,vol. 42, no.2/3/4, Feb/March/April 1994, 1740–1750

525. J.H. Winters, J. Salz, “Upper bounds on the bit-error rate of optimum com-bining in wireless systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun., 46(12), Dec. 1998, 1619–1624

526. J.K. Wolf, “Efficient maximum-likelihood decoding of linear block codes usinga trellis,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol. 24, no. 1, Jan 1978, 76–80

References 839

527. K.T. Wong, S. L.A Chan, and R.P. Torres, “Fast-Polarization-Hopping Trans-mission Diversity to Mitigate Prolonged Deep Fades in Indoor Wireless Com-munications,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 48, no. 3, June2006, 20–27

528. G.W. Wornell, and A.V. Oppenheim, “Wavelet based representations for aclass of self-similar signals with application to fractal modulation,” IEEETras. Info. Theory, vol. 38, no. 2, March 1992, 785–800

529. Qiang Wu and Kon Max Wong, “Blind adaptive beamforming for cyclosta-tionary signals”, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 44, no. 11,November 1996

530. Y.C. Wu, S.-C. Chan, and E. Serpedin, “Symbol-timing estimation in space-time coding systems based on orthogonal training sequences,” IEEE Trans.on Wireless communications, vol. 4, no. 2, March 20005, 603–613

531. W. Xiang, T. Pratt, X. Wang, “A Software Radio Testbed for Two-Transmitter Two-Receiver Space-Time Coding OFDM Wireless LAN,” IEEERadio Communications, June 2004, S20–S28

532. F. Xiong, “M-ary amplitude shift keying OFDM system,” IEEE Trans. onCommunications, vol. 51, no. 10, Oct 2003, 1638–1642

533. F. Xiong. Digital Modulation Techniques. 2nd edn. Artech House, Boston,MA, 2006

534. H. Xu, V. Kukshya and T.S. Rappaport, “Spatial and Temporal Character-istics of 60 GHz Indoor Channels,” IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Commun.,vol. 20, no.3, 2002, 620–630

535. Y. YangC. Wang, M. O. Ahmad, and M. N. S. Swamy,“An On-Line CORDICBased 2-D IDCT Implementation using Distributed Arithmetic,” Proc.Int. Symposium on Signal Processing and its Applications (ISSPA), KualaLumpur, Malaysia, August, 2001, 296–299

536. Y. YangC. Wang, M. O. Ahmad, and M. N. S. Swamy,“An FPGA implemen-tation of an on-line radix-4 CORDIC 2-D IDCT core,” Proc. IEEE ISCAS,2002, vol. 4, 763–766

537. F. Yang and Y. Rahmat-Samii, “Patch Antennas with Switchable Slots(PASS) in Wireless Communications: Concepts, Designs, and Applications,”IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 47, No. 2, April 2005, 13–29

538. K. Y. Yazdandoost, R. Kohno, “Ultra Wideband Antenna,” IEEE Radio Com-munications, June 2004, S29–32

539. K. Yee, “Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involvingMaxwell’s equation in isotropic media,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation,vol. 14, May 1966, 302–307

540. N. Yee, J.-P. Linnartz, and G. Fettweis, “Multicarrier CDMA in indoor wire-less radio networks, ” in PIMRC’93, 1993, 109–113

541. K. Yen, L. Hanzo, “Genetic-Algorithm-Assisted Multiuser Detection in Asyn-chronous CDMA Communications,” IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, vol.53, no. 5, Sept. 2004, 1413–1422

542. H. Yoon, H. Kim, K. Chang, Y.J. Yoon, and Y.H. Kim, “A study on theUWB antenna with band-rejection characteristic,” Proc. IEEE Antennas andPropagation Society International Symposium, June 2004, vol. 2, 1784– 1787

543. W. Yu, W. Rhee, S. Boyd, and John M. Cioffi, “Iterative water-filling forGaussian vector multiple-access channels,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory,52(1), Jan. 2004, 145–152

840 References

544. J. Zan, M. O. Ahmad, and M. N. S. Swamy, “New techniques for multi-resolution motion estimation,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, 12(9), Sep. 2006, 793–802

545. J. Zan, M. O. Ahmad, and M. N. S. Swamy, “Pyramidal Motion EstimationTechniques Exploiting Intra-Level Motion Correlation,” IEEE Trans. Circuitsand systems—II, 50(2), Feb. 2003, 83–93

546. J. Zan, M. O. Ahmad, and M. N. S. Swamy, “A multiresolution motion es-timation technique with indexing,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems forVideo Technology, 16(2), Feb. 2006, 157–165

547. A. van Zelst and J.S. Hammerschmidt, “A single coefficient spatial correlationmodels for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radio channels,” in Proc.URSI 27th General Assembly, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Aug. 2002, 657–660

548. Y.-Q. Zhang and S. Zafar, “Motion-compensated wavelet transform coding forcolor video compression,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., 2(3),Sep. 1992, 285–296

549. J. Zhang, M. O. Ahmad and M.N.S. Swamy, “Feature-bit-plane matchingtechnique for estimation of motion vectors,” Electronics Letters, 34(11), May1998, 1090–1091

550. J. Zhang, M. O. Ahmad and M.N.S. Swamy, “Quadtree structured region-wise motion compensation for video compression,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.Video Technol., 9(5), Aug. 1999, 808–822

551. Y.J. Zhang and K.B. Letaief, “Multiuser adaptive subcarrier-and-bit alloca-tion with adaptive cell selection for OFDM systems,” IEEE Trans. WirelessCommun., 3(4), Sep. 2004, 1566–1575

552. Y. Zhao and M.N.S. Swamy, “New technique for designing nearly orthogonalwavelet filter banks with linear phase,” IEE Proc.-Vis. Image Signal Process.,147(6), December 2000, 527–533

553. X. Zhao, J. Kivinen, P. Vainikainen and K. Skog, “Propagation Characteristicsfor Wideband Outdoor Mobile Communications at 5.3 GHz,” IEEE J. onSelected Areas in Commun., vol. 20, 2002, 507–514

554. L. Zheng and D.L.C. Tse, “Diversity and Multiplexing: A Fundamental Trade-off in Multiple-antenna Channel,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, vol.49, 2003, 1073–1096

555. J. Ziv and A. Lempel, “Compression of individual sequences via vriable-ratecoding,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol. 24, no. 5, September 1978,530–536

556. E. Zwicker and H. Fastl, Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models, Springer-Verlag,Berlin 1990