Windows- Boot Process & More

WINDOWS XP - BOOT PROCESS & SIMPLE TROUBLESHOOTING

This is the (simplified) boot sequence for Windows NT, 2000, XP and 2003:

BIOS: performs Power On Self Test (POST)BIOS: loads MBR from the boot device specified/selected by the BIOS

MBR: contains a small amount of code that reads the partition table, the first partition marked as active is determined to be the system volumeMBR: loads the boot sector from the system volume

BOOT SECTOR: reads the root directory of the system volume at loads NTLDR

NTLDR: reads BOOT.INI from the system volume to determine the boot drive (presenting a menu if more than 1 entry is defined)NTLDR: loads and executes NTDETECT.COM from the system volume to perform BIOS hardware detectionNTLDR: loads NTOSKRNL.EXE, HAL.DLL, BOOTVID.DLL (and KDCOM.DLL for XP upwards) from the boot (Windows) volumeNTLDR: loads \WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\CONFIG\SYSTEM which becomes the system hive HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SystemNTLDR: loads drivers flagged as "boot" defined in the system hive, then passes control to NTOSKRNL.EXE

NTOSKRNL.EXE: brings up the loading splash screen and initializes the kernel subsystemNTOSKRNL.EXE: starts the boot-start drivers and then loads & starts the system-start driversNTOSKRNL.EXE: creates the Session Manager process (SMSS.EXE)

SMSS.EXE: runs any programs specified in BootExecute (e.g. AUTOCHK, the native API version of CHKDSK)SMSS.EXE: processes any delayed move/rename operations from hotfixes/service packs replacing in-use system filesSMSS.EXE: initializes the paging file(s) and the remaining registry hives** before this step completes, bugchecks will not result in a memory dump as we need a working page file on the boot (Windows) volume **SMSS.EXE: starts the kernel-mode portion of the Win32 subsystem (WIN32K.SYS)SMSS.EXE: starts the user-mode portion of the Win32 subsystem (CSRSS.EXE)SMSS.EXE: starts WINLOGON.EXE

WINLOGON.EXE: starts the Local Security Authority (LSASS.EXE)WINLOGON.EXE: loads the Graphical User Identification and Authentication DLL (MSGINA.DLL by default)WINLOGON.EXE: displays the logon windowWINLOGON.EXE: starts the services controller (SERVICES.EXE)** at this point users can logon **

SERVICES.EXE: starts all services markes as automatic

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WINDOWS 2008/R2, SEVEN, VISTA – BOOT PROCESS.

Here’s the brief description of Windows Server 2008 Boot process.

1. System is powered on 2. The CMOS loads the BIOS and then runs POST

3. Looks for the MBR on the bootable device 4. Through the MBR the boot sector is located and the BOOTMGR is loaded 5. BOOTMGR looks for active partition 6. BOOTMGR reads the BCD file from the \boot directory on the active

partition

7. The BCD (boot configuration database) contains various configuration parameters( this information was previously stored in the boot.ini)

8. BOOTMGR transfer control to the Windows Loader (winload.exe) or winresume.exe in case the system was hibernated.

9. Winloader loads drivers that are set to start at boot and then transfers the control to the windows kernel.

Here’re some articles for your reference. Boot Process and BCDEdit

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee221031(WS.10).aspx

Server 2008 Boot Process – Making a boot diskhttp://www.slickit.ca/2009/03/server-2008-boot-process-making-boot.html Windows Server 2008: Startup Processes and Delayed Automatic Start

http://www.ditii.com/2008/02/02/windows-server-2008-startup-processes-and-delayed-automatic-start/************************

NOTES:The SYSTEM volume is the partition from which the boot process starts, containing the MBR, boot sector, NTLDR, NTDETECT.COM & BOOT.INI

The BOOT volume is the partition which contains the Windows folder - this can be a logical partition

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http://www.ditii.com/2008/02/02/windows-server-2008-startup-processes-and-delayed-automatic-start/

http://www.ditii.com/2008/02/02/windows-server-2008-startup-processes-and-delayed-automatic-start/

http://www.slickit.ca/2009/03/server-2008-boot-process-making-boot.html

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee221031(WS.10).aspx

Example 1:2 hard disks, 0 and 1Disk 0, partition 0 is the SYSTEM volumeWindows is installed to "D:" which is disk 1, partition 0 [even if disk 0 has an extended & logical partitions] - this is the BOOT volume- if either disk fails or is removed, Windows cannot boot

Example 2:1 hard disk, 2 partitionsDisk 0, partition 0 is the SYSTEM volumeDisk 0, partition 1 is the BOOT volume [D:]- add another disk to the system and create a partition on it, this becomes D: and Windows will not boot [disk 0, partition 1 now becomes E:]

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Boot problems and their possible causes & resolutions:

Symptoms:Black screen"Invalid Partition Table""Error loading operating system""Missing operating system"

Cause:Corrupt Master Boot Record (MBR)

Resolution:Boot into Recovery Console and run "fixmbr" to repair the MBR

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Symptoms:"A disk read error occurred""NTLDR is missing""NTLDR is compressed"

Cause:Corrupt boot sector

Resolution:Boot into Recovery Console and run "fixboot" to repair the boot sector

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Symptoms:"BOOT.INI is missing or corrupt""Boot device inaccessible""Windows could not start because the following file is missing or corrupt:<Windows root>\system32\hal.dll"

Cause:BOOT.INI missing, corrupt or out of date as a partition has been inserted

Resolution:Boot into Recovery Console and run "bootcfg /rebuild" to repair the BOOT.INI

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Symptoms:"Windows could not start not start because the following file is missing or corrupt:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\CONFIG\SYSTEM"

Cause:Corrupt/missing system hive

Resolution:1. Boot into Recovery Console and run "chkdsk C: /f" to check the system disk for errors and fix them, then reboot.2. If the error continues and System Restore is enabled, copy the system hive from the last restore point into \WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\CONFIG3. If the error continues, copy the system hive from \WINDOWS\REPAIR into \WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\CONFIG4. If the error continues, perform a repair installation by booting from the Windows installation media

--

Symptoms:"Windows could not start because of a computer disk hardware configuration problem.Could not read from the selected boot disk, Check boot path and disk hardware."

Cause:Boot volume (with Windows folder) is not accessible as defined in BOOT.INI

Resolution:Check the boot volume is accessible

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Symptoms:Dual-boot 32-bit Windows and 64-bit Windows system reports "NTOSKRNL.EXE is corrupt" trying to boot into 64-bit Windows

Cause:System volume contains an older boot loader than the boot volume requires - e.g. XP SP2 installed after XP x64

Resolution:Copy NTDETECT.COM and NTLDR from XP x64 installation media to the root of the system volume

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Notes:Not all of the above applies to Windows Vista/Longhorn, there are a few differences:

- the boot loader is different, and if the machine has a TPM 1.2 chip then BitLocker

might be involved right at the start to decrypt & validate the boot code

- the boot drive will become "C:" regardless of which partition it might be (so any bootable Vista volume will refer to itself as C: even in a multi-boot environment)

- WINLOGON.EXE no longer launches SERVICES.EXE, this is handled by a separate process WININIT.EXE, as session 0 is now solely the system area and not combined with the console desktop (the first interactive logon session becomes session 1)

- the recovery options are more automated via wizards by booting from the installation DVD, common faults can be checked for automatically

How to find the ip address of the computer form without using any software.

1.ping hostname2tracert –d hostname3ipconfig4In taskbar right click the LAN icon and click on show status than click on support.5netstat -r6arp -a7winipcfg (if win 98)8nbtstat –a hostname9route print

What is Global Catalogue?The global catalogue holds a partial replica of domain data directory partitions forall domains in the forest. By default, the partial set of attributes stored in the globalcatalog includes those attributes most frequently used in search operations, because oneof the primary functions of the global catalogue is to support clients querying thedirectory.

How to take backup?StartProgramsAccessoriesSystem tools backup click on backup tabThere you can select the required one.The system state backup includes the following files Boot files Com+ class registration database RegistryIf the system is domain controller then apart from above files it takes backup of thefollowing files also.

Active directory Sys volNote: If you want to restore the system state backup on a domain controller you have torestart the computer in Directory Services restore mode, because you are restoring ActiveDirectory when it is in active. If you want to restore Active Directory it should not be inactive. If you restart the computer in Directory services restore mode the Active directoryis not in active, so you can restore the Active directory.You can restore Active Directory in two waysAuthoritative restoreNon Authoritative restoreNon Authoritative restoreRestart the computerPress F8 to select Directory services restore modeStart Programs Accessories system tools Backup Click on restoretab Select the restore file Click on restore nowRestart the computerAuthoritative Restore modeRestart the computerPress F8 to select Directory services restore modeStart Programs Accessories system tools Backup Click on restoretab Select the restore file Click on restore nowOpen command promptType ntdsutilType authoritative restoreNote: Here you can restore authoritatively entire database or a particular OU. But youcannot restore a particular object.Type restore sub tree distinguished name of OUEx: research is a OU under yahoo.com, then you have to type distinguished name likeou=research, dc=yahoo, dc=com

How to restore deleted user accounts and their group memberships in Active Directory

You can use three methods to restore deleted user accounts, computer accounts, and security groups. These objects are known collectively as security

principals. In all three methods, you authoritatively restore the deleted objects, and then you restore group membership information for the deleted security principals. When you restore a deleted object, you must restore the former values of the member and memberOf attributes in the affected security principal. The three methods are:

Method 1: Restore the deleted user accounts, and then add the restored users back to their groups by using the Ntdsutil.exe command-line tool (Microsoft Windows Server 2003 with Service Pack 1 [SP1] only)

Method 2: Restore the deleted user accounts, and then add the restored users back to their groups

Method 3: Authoritatively restore the deleted user accounts and the deleted users' security groups two times

Note: This KB article does not cover details of the AD Recycle Bin feature included in Windows Server 2008 R2; please examine the the References section for more details on this feature.

Methods 1 and 2 provide a better experience for domain users and administrators because they preserve the additions to security groups that were made between the time of the last system state backup and the time the deletion occurred. In method 3, instead of making individual adjustments to security principals, you roll back security group memberships to their state at the time of the last backup.

If you do not have a valid backup of the system state, and the domain where the deletion occurred contains Windows Server 2003-based domain controllers, you can manually or programmatically recover the deleted objects. You can also use the Repadmin utility to determine when and where a user was deleted.

Most large-scale deletions are accidental. Microsoft recommends that you take several steps to prevent others from deleting objects in bulk.

Note To prevent the accidental deletion or movement of objects (especially organizational units), two Deny access control entries (ACEs) can be added to the security descriptor of each object (DENY "DELETE" & "DELETE TREE") and one Deny access control entries (ACEs) can be added to the security descriptor of the PARENT of each object (DENY "DELETE CHILD"). To do this in Windows 2000 Server and in Windows Server 2003, use Active Directory Users and Computers, ADSIEdit, LDP, or the DSACLS command-line tool. You can also change the default permissions in the AD schema for organizational units so that these ACEs are included by default.

For example, to protect the organization unit that is called Users in the AD domain that is called CONTOSO.COM from accidentally being moved or deleted out of its parent organizational unit that is called MyCompany, make the following configuration:

For the MyCompany organizational unit, add DENY ACE for Everyone to DELETE CHILD with the This object only scope:DSACLS "OU=MyCompany,DC=CONTOSO,DC=COM" /D "EVERYONE:DC"

For the Users organizational unit, add DENY ACE for Everyone to DELETE and DELETE TREE with the This object only scope:DSACLS "OU=Users,OU=MyCompany,DC=CONTOSO,DC=COM" /D "EVERYONE:SDDT"

The Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in in Windows Server 2008 includes a Protect object from accidental deletion check box on the Object tab.

Note The Advanced Features check box must be enabled to view that tab.

When you create an organizational unit by using Active Directory Users and Computers in Windows Server 2008, the Protect container from accidental deletion check box appears. By default, the check box is selected and can be deselected.

Although you can configure every object in Active Directory by using these ACEs, this is best suited for organizational units. Deletion or movements of all leaf objects can have a major effect. This configuration prevents such deletions or movements. To really delete or move an object by using such a configuration, the Deny ACEs must be removed first.

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MORE INFORMATION

This step-by-step article discusses how to restore user accounts, computer accou...

This step-by-step article discusses how to restore user accounts, computer accounts, and their group memberships after they have been deleted from Active Directory. In variations of this scenario, user accounts, computer accounts, or security groups may have been deleted individually or in some combination. In all these cases, the same initial steps apply--you authoritatively restore, or auth restore, those objects that were inadvertently deleted. Some deleted objects require more work to be restored. These objects include objects such as user accounts that contain attributes that are back links of the attributes of other objects. Two of these attributes are managedBy and memberOf.

When you add security principals such as a user account, a security group, or a

http://support.microsoft.com/kb/840001#top%23top

computer account to a security group, you make the following changes in Active Directory:

1. The name of the security principal is added to the member attribute of each security group.

2. For each security group that the user, the computer, or the security group is a member of, a back link is added to the security principal's memberOf attribute.

Similarly, when a user, a computer, or a group is deleted from Active Directory, the following actions occur:

1. The deleted security principal is moved into the deleted objects container.2. A number of attribute values, including the memberOf attribute, are

stripped from the deleted security principal.3. Deleted security principals are removed from any security groups that they

were a member of. In other words, the deleted security principals are removed from each security group's member attribute.

When you recover deleted security principals and restore their group memberships, the key point to remember is that each security principal must exist in Active Directory before you restore its group membership. (The member may be a user, a computer, or another security group.) To restate this rule more broadly, an object that contains attributes whose values are back links must exist in Active Directory before the object that contains that forward link can be restored or modified.

Although this article focuses on how to recover deleted user accounts and their memberships in security groups, its concepts apply equally to other object deletions. This article's concepts apply equally to deleted objects whose attribute values use forward links and back links to other objects in Active Directory.

You can use either of the three methods to recover security principals. When you use method 1, you leave in place all security principals that were added to any security group across the forest, and you add only security principals that were deleted from their respective domains back to their security groups. For example, you make a system state backup, add a user to a security group, and then restore the system state backup. When you use methods 1 or 2, you preserve any users who were added to security groups that contain deleted users between the dates that the system state backup was created and the date that the backup was restored. When you use method 3, you roll back security group memberships for all the security groups that contain deleted users to their state at the time that the system state backup was made.

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Method 1: Restore the deleted user accounts, and then add the restored users back to their groups by using the Ntdsutil.exe


command-line tool (Microsoft Windows Server 2003 with Service Pack 1 [SP1] only)

Note This method is valid only on domain controllers that are running Windows Server 2003 with SP1. If Windows Server 2003 SP1 has not been installed on the domain controllers that you use for recovery, use Method 2.

In Windows Server 2003 SP1, functionality was added to the Ntdsutil.exe command-line tool to help administrators more easily restore the backlinks of deleted objects. Two files are generated for each authoritative restore operation. One file contains a list of authoritatively restored objects. The other file is an .ldf file that is used with the Ldifde.exe utility. This file is used to restore the backlinks for the objects that are authoritatively restored. In Windows Server 2003 SP1, an authoritative restoration of a user object also generates LDIF files with the group membership. This method avoids a double restoration.

When you use this method, you perform the following high-level steps: 1. Check to see if a global catalog in the user's domain has not replicated in

the deletion, and then prevent that global catalog from replicating. If there is no latent global catalog, locate the most current system state backup of a global catalog domain controller in the deleted user's home domain.

2. Auth restore all the deleted user accounts, and then permit end-to-end replication of those user accounts.

3. Add all the restored users back to all the groups in all the domains that the user accounts were a member of before they were deleted.

To use method 1, follow this procedure: 1. Check to see whether there is a global catalog domain controller in the

deleted user's home domain that has not replicated any part of the deletion.

Note Focus on the global catalogs that have the least frequent replication schedules.

If one or more of these global catalogs exist, use the Repadmin.exe command-line tool to immediately disable inbound replication. To do this, follow these steps:

a. Click Start, and then click Run.b. Type cmd in the Open box, and then click OK.c. Type the following command at the command prompt, and then

press ENTER:

repadmin /options <recovery dc name> +DISABLE_INBOUND_REPL

Note If you cannot issue the Repadmin command immediately, remove all network connectivity from the latent global catalog until you can use Repadmin to disable inbound replication, and then immediately return network connectivity.

2. This domain controller will be referred to as the recovery domain controller. If there is no such global catalog, go to step 2.

2. It is best to stop making changes to security groups in the forest if all the following statements are true:

o You are using method 1 to auth restore deleted users or computer accounts by their distinguished name (dn) path.

o The deletion has replicated to all the domain controllers in the forest except the latent recovery domain controller.

o You are not auth restoring security groups or their parent containers.

If you are auth restoring security groups or organizational unit (OU) containers that host security groups or user accounts, temporarily stop all these changes.

Notify administrators and help desk administrators in the appropriate domains in addition to domain users in the domain where the deletion occurred about stopping these changes.

2. Create a new system state backup in the domain where the deletion occurred. You can use this backup if you have to roll back your changes.

Note If system state backups are current up to the point of the deletion, skip this step and go to step 4.

If you identified a recovery domain controller in step 1, back up its system state now.

If all the global catalogs located in the domain where the deletion occurred replicated in the deletion, back up the system state of a global catalog in the domain where the deletion occurred.

When you create a backup, you can return the recovery domain controller back to its current state and perform your recovery plan again if your first try is not successful.

3. If you cannot find a latent global catalog domain controller in the domain where the user deletion occurred, find the most recent system state backup of a global catalog domain controller in that domain. This system state backup should contain the deleted objects. Use this domain

controller as the recovery domain controller.

Only restorations of the global catalog domain controllers in the user's domain contain global and universal group membership information for security groups that reside in external domains. If there is no system state backup of a global catalog domain controller in the domain where users were deleted, you cannot use the memberOf attribute on restored user accounts to determine global or universal group membership or to recover membership in external domains. Additionally, it is a good idea to find the most recent system state backup of a non-global catalog domain controller.

4. If you know the password for the offline administrator account, start the recovery domain controller in Dsrepair mode. If you do not know the password for the offline administrator account, reset the password while the recovery domain controller is still in normal Active Directory mode.

You can use the setpwd command-line tool to reset the password on domain controllers that are running Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 2 (SP2) and later while they are in online Active Directory mode.

Note Microsoft no longer supports Windows 2000.

For more information about changing the Recovery Console administrator password, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

239803 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/239803/ ) How to change the Recovery Console administrator password on a domain controller

Administrators of Windows Server 2003 domain controllers can use the set dsrm password command in the Ntdsutil command-line tool to reset the password for the offline administrator account.

For more information about how to reset the Directory Services Restore Mode administrator account, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

322672 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/322672/ ) How to reset the Directory Services Restore Mode administrator account password in Windows Server 2003

5. Press F8 during the startup process to start the recovery domain controller in Dsrepair mode. Log on to the console of the recovery domain controller with the offline administrator account. If you reset the password in step 5, use the new password.

http://support.microsoft.com/kb/322672


If the recovery domain controller is a latent global catalog domain controller, do not restore the system state. Go to step 7.

If you are creating the recovery domain controller by using a system state backup, restore the most current system state backup that was made on the recovery domain controller now.

6. Auth restore the deleted user accounts, the deleted computer accounts, or the deleted security groups.

Note The terms auth restore and authoritative restore refer to the process of using the authoritative restore command in the Ntdsutil command-line tool to increment the version numbers of specific objects or of specific containers and all their subordinate objects. As soon as end-to-end replication occurs, the targeted objects in the recovery domain controller's local copy of Active Directory become authoritative on all the domain controllers that share that partition. An authoritative restoration is different from a system state restoration. A system state restoration populates the restored domain controller's local copy of Active Directory with the versions of the objects at the time that the system state backup was made.

For more information about auth restoring a domain controller, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

241594 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/241594/ ) How to perform an authoritative restore to a domain controller in Windows 2000

Authoritative restorations are performed with the Ntdsutil command-line tool and refer to the domain name (dn) path of the deleted users or of the containers that host the deleted users.

When you auth restore, use domain name (dn) paths that are as low in the domain tree as they have to be to avoid reverting objects that are not related to the deletion. These objects may include objects that were modified after the system state backup was made.

Auth restore deleted users in the following order:

a. Auth restore the domain name (dn) path for each deleted user account, computer account, or security group.

Authoritative restorations of specific objects take longer but are less destructive than authoritative restorations of a whole subtree. Auth


restore the lowest common parent container that holds the deleted objects.

Ntdsutil uses the following syntax:

ntdsutil "authoritative restore" "restore object <object DN path>" q q

For example, to auth restore the deleted user JohnDoe in the Mayberry OU of the Contoso.com domain, use the following command:

ntdsutil "authoritative restore" "restore object cn=JohnDoe,ou=Mayberry,dc=contoso,dc=com" q q

To auth restore the deleted security group ContosoPrintAccess in the Mayberry OU of the Contoso.com domain, use the following command:

ntdsutil "authoritative restore" "restore object cn=ContosoPrintAccess,ou=Mayberry,dc=contoso,dc=com" q q

Important The use of quotes is required.

For each user that you restore, at least two files are generated. These files have the following format:

ar_YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS_objects.txtThis file contains a list of the authoritatively restored objects. Use this file with the ntdsutil authoritatative restore "create ldif file from" command in any other domain in the forest where the user was a member of Domain Local groups.

ar_YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS_links_usn.loc.ldfIf you perform the auth restore on a global catalog, one of these files is generated for every domain in the forest. This file contains a script that you can use with the Ldifde.exe utility. The script restores the backlinks for the restored objects. In the user's home domain, the script restores all the group memberships for the restored users. In all other domains in the forest where the user has group membership, the script restores only universal and global group memberships. The script does not restore any Domain Local group memberships. These memberships are not tracked by a global catalog.

b. Auth restore only the OU or Common-Name (CN) containers that host the deleted user accounts or groups.

Authoritative restorations of a whole subtree are valid when the OU that is targeted by the ntdsutil "authoritative restore" command contains the overwhelming majority of the objects that you are trying to auth restore. Ideally, the targeted OU contains all the objects that you are trying to auth restore.

An authoritative restoration on an OU subtree restores all the attributes and objects that reside in the container. Any changes that were made up to the time that a system state backup is restored are rolled back to their values at the time of the backup. With user accounts, computer accounts, and security groups, this rollback may mean the loss of the most recent changes to passwords, to the home directory, to the profile path, to location and to contact info, to group membership, and to any security descriptors that are defined on those objects and attributes.


ntdsutil "authoritative restore" "restore subtree <container DN path>" q q

For example, to auth restore the Mayberry OU of the Contoso.com domain, use the following command:

ntdsutil "authoritative restore" "restore subtree ou=Mayberry, dc=contoso,dc=com" q q

Note Repeat this step for each peer OU that hosts deleted users or groups.

Important When you restore a subordinate object of an OU, all the deleted parent containers of the deleted subordinate objects must be explicitly auth restored.

For each organizational unit that you restore, at least two files are generated. These files have the following format:

ar_YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS_objects.txt

This file contains a list of the authoritatively restored objects. Use this file with the ntdsutil authoritatative restore "create ldif file from" command in any other domain in the forest where the restored users were members of Domain Local groups.

For more information, visit the following Microsoft Web site:

http://technet2.microsoft.com/WindowsServer/en/library/5ec3a3b1-c4b2-4c74-9d8a-61f7cb555f821033.mspx?mfr=true (http://technet2.microsoft.com/WindowsServer/en/library/5ec3a3b1-c4b2-4c74-9d8a-61f7cb555f821033.mspx?mfr=true)

ar_YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS_links_usn.loc.ldfThis file contains a script that you can use with the Ldifde.exe utility. The script restores the backlinks for the restored objects. In the user's home domain, the script restores all the group memberships for the restored users.

2. If deleted objects were recovered on the recovery domain controller because of a system state restore, remove all the network cables that provide network connectivity to all the other domain controllers in the forest.

3. Restart the recovery domain controller in normal Active Directory mode.4. Type the following command to disable inbound replication to the recovery

domain controller:


Enable network connectivity back to the recovery domain controller whose system state was restored.

5. Outbound-replicate the auth-restored objects from the recovery domain controller to the domain controllers in the domain and in the forest.

While inbound replication to the recovery domain controller remains disabled, type the following command to push the auth-restored objects to all the cross-site replica domain controllers in the domain and to all the global catalogs in the forest:

repadmin /syncall /d /e /P <recovery dc> <Naming Context>

If all the following statements are true, group membership links are rebuilt with the restoration and the replication of the deleted user accounts. Go to step 14.

Note If one or more of the following statements is not true, go to step 12.

o Your forest is running at the Windows Server 2003 forest functional level or at the Windows Server 2003 Interim forest functional level.

http://technet2.microsoft.com/WindowsServer/en/library/5ec3a3b1-c4b2-4c74-9d8a-61f7cb555f821033.mspx?mfr=true

http://technet2.microsoft.com/WindowsServer/en/library/5ec3a3b1-c4b2-4c74-9d8a-61f7cb555f821033.mspx?mfr=true

o Only user accounts or computer accounts were deleted, and not security groups.

o The deleted users were added to security groups in all the domains in the forest after the forest was transitioned to Windows Server 2003 forest functional level.

2. On the console of the recovery domain controller, use the Ldifde.exe utility and the ar_YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS_links_usn.loc.ldf file to restore the user's group memberships. To do this, follow these steps:

o Click Start, click Run, type cmd in the Open box, and then click OK.

o At the command prompt, type the following command, and then press ENTER:

ldifde -i -f ar_YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS_links_usn.loc.ldf

3. The LDIFDE import may fail and you may receive the following error message:

4. Add error on line <xxx>: Invalid Syntax The server side error is "The parameter is incorrect."

5. If the problematic line number in the LINKS.LDF file refers to one of three credential roaming attributes, msPKIDPAPIMasterKeys, msPKIAccountCredentials or msPKIRoamingTimeStamp, see the following Microsoft Knowledge Base (KB) article:

6. 2014074 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2014074/ ) Error "The parameter is incorrect" Attempting to Import LDF File for Authoritative Restore

7. Note This article describes the changes that are required to successfully import the LINKS LDF file.

8. Enable inbound replication to the recovery domain controller by using the following command:

repadmin /options <recovery dc name> -DISABLE_INBOUND_REPL

9. If deleted users were added to local groups in external domains, do one of the following:

o Manually add the deleted users back to those groups.o Restore the system state and auth restore each of the local security

groups that contains the deleted users. 10. Verify group membership in the recovery domain controller's

domain and in global catalogs in other domains.11. Make a new system state backup of domain controllers in the

recovery domain controller's domain.12. Notify all the forest administrators, delegated administrators, help

desk administrators in the forest, and users in the domain that the user restore is complete.


Help desk administrators may have to reset the passwords of auth-restored user accounts and computer accounts whose domain password changed after the restored system was made.

Users who changed their passwords after the system state backup was made will find that their most recent password no longer works. Have such users try to log on by using their previous passwords if they know them. Otherwise, help desk administrators must reset the password and select the user must change password at next logon check box, preferably on a domain controller in the same Active Directory site as the user is located in.

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Method 2: Restore the deleted user accounts, and then add the restored users back to their groups


the deletion, and then prevent that global catalog from replicating. If there is no latent global catalog, locate the most current system state backup of a global catalog domain controller in the deleted user's home domain.

2. Auth restore all the deleted user accounts, and then permit end-to-end replication of those user accounts.

3. Add all the restored users back to all the groups in all the domains that the user accounts were a member of before they were deleted.

To use method 2, follow this procedure: 1. Check to see whether there is a global catalog domain controller in the

deleted user's home domain that has not replicated any part of the deletion.

Note Focus on the global catalogs that have the least frequent replication schedules.

If one or more of these global catalogs exist, use the Repadmin.exe command-line tool to immediately disable inbound replication. To do this, follow these steps:

a. Click Start, and then click Run.b. Type cmd in the Open box, and then click OK.c. Type the following command at the command prompt, and then

press ENTER:



Note If you cannot issue the Repadmin command immediately, remove all network connectivity from the latent global catalog until you can use Repadmin to disable inbound replication, and then immediately return network connectivity.

2. This domain controller will be referred to as the recovery domain controller. If there is no such global catalog, go to step 2.

2. Decide whether additions, deletions, and changes to user accounts, computer accounts, and security groups must be temporarily stopped until all the recovery steps have been completed.

To maintain the most flexible recovery path, temporarily stop making changes to the following items. Changes include password resets by domain users, help desk administrators, and administrators in the domain where the deletion occurred, in addition to group membership changes in the deleted users' groups. Consider halting additions, deletions, and modifications to the following items:

a. User accounts and attributes on user accountsb. Computer accounts and attributes on computer accountsc. Service accountsd. Security groups

It is best to stop making changes to security groups in the forest if all the following statements are true:

o You are using method 2 to auth restore deleted users or computer accounts by their domain name (dn) path.

o The deletion has replicated to all the domain controllers in the forest except the latent recovery domain controller.

o You are not auth restoring security groups or their parent containers.

If you are auth restoring security groups or organizational unit (OU) containers that host security groups or user accounts, temporarily stop all these changes.

Notify administrators and help desk administrators in the appropriate domains in addition to domain users in the domain where the deletion occurred about stopping these changes.


Note If system state backups are current up to the point of the deletion, skip this step and go to step 4.


If all the global catalogs located in the domain where the deletion occurred replicated in the deletion, back up the system state of a global catalog in the domain where the deletion occurred.


3. If you cannot find a latent global catalog domain controller in the domain where the user deletion occurred, find the most recent system state backup of a global catalog domain controller in that domain. This system state backup should contain the deleted objects. Use this domain controller as the recovery domain controller.

Only restorations of the global catalog domain controllers in the user's domain contain global and universal group membership information for security groups that reside in external domains. If there is no system state backup of a global catalog domain controller in the domain where users were deleted, you cannot use the memberOf attribute on restored user accounts to determine global or universal group membership or to recover membership in external domains. Additionally, it is a good idea to find the most recent system state backup of a non-global catalog domain controller.








322672 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/322672/ ) How to reset the Directory Services Restore Mode administrator account password in Windows Server 2003

5. Press F8 during the startup process to start the recovery domain controller in Dsrepair mode. Log on to the console of the recovery domain controller with the offline administrator account. If you reset the password in step 5, use the new password.

If the recovery domain controller is a latent global catalog domain controller, do not restore the system state. Go to step 7.

If you are creating the recovery domain controller by using a system state backup, restore the most current system state backup that was made on the recovery domain controller now.







Authoritative restorations are performed with the Ntdsutil command-line tool and refer to the domain name (dn) path of the deleted users or of the containers that host the deleted users.



a. Auth restore the domain name (dn) path for each deleted user account, computer account, or security group.

Authoritative restorations of specific objects take longer but are less destructive than authoritative restorations of a whole subtree. Auth restore the lowest common parent container that holds the deleted objects.









Note This syntax is available only in Windows Server 2003. The only syntax in Windows 2000 is to use the following:

ntdsutil "authoritative restore" "restore subtree object DN path"

Note The Ntdsutil authoritative restore operation is not successful if the distinguished name path (DN) contains extended characters or spaces. In order for the scripted restore to succeed, the “restore object <DN path>” command must be passed as one complete string. To work around this problem, wrap the DN that contain extended characters and spaces with backslash-double-quotation-mark escape sequences. Here is an example:ntdsutil "authoritative restore" "restore object \"CN=John Doe,OU=Mayberry NC,DC=contoso,DC=com\"" q q

Note The command must be modified further if the DN of objects being restored contain commas. See the following example: ntdsutil "authoritative restore" "restore object \"CN=Doe\, John,OU=Mayberry NC,DC=contoso,DC=com\"" q q

Note If the objects were restored from tape, marked authoritative and the restore did not work as expected and then the same tape is used to restore the NTDS database once again, the USN version of objects to be restored authoritatively must be increased higher than the default of 100000 or the objects will not replicate out after the second restore. The syntax below is needed to script an increased version number higher than 100000 (default): ntdsutil "authoritative restore" "restore object \"CN=Doe\, John,OU=Mayberry NC,DC=contoso,DC=com\" verinc 150000\"" q q

Note If the script prompts for confirmation on each object being restored you can turn off the prompts. The syntax to turn off prompting is: ntdsutil "popups off" "authoritative restore" "restore object \"CN=John Doe,OU=Mayberry NC,DC=contoso,DC=com\" verinc 150000\"" q q


Authoritative restorations of a whole subtree are valid when the OU that is targeted by the ntdsutil "authoritative restore" command contains the overwhelming majority of the objects that you are trying to auth restore. Ideally, the targeted OU contains all the objects that you are trying to auth restore.

An authoritative restoration on an OU subtree restores all the attributes and objects that reside in the container. Any changes that were made up to the time that a system state backup is restored are rolled back to their values at the time of the backup. With user accounts, computer accounts, and security groups, this rollback may mean the loss of the most recent changes to passwords, to the home directory, to the profile path, to location and to contact info, to group membership, and to any security descriptors that are defined on those objects and attributes.




ntdsutil "authoritative restore" "restore subtree ou=Mayberry, dc=contoso,dc=com" q q


Important When you restore a subordinate object of an OU, all the deleted parent containers of the deleted subordinate objects must be explicitly auth restored.

2. If deleted objects were recovered on the recovery domain controller because of a system state restore, remove all the network cables that provide network connectivity to all the other domain controllers in the forest.

3. Restart the recovery domain controller in normal Active Directory mode.4. Type the following command to disable inbound replication to the recovery

domain controller:


Enable network connectivity back to the recovery domain controller whose system state was restored.

5. Outbound-replicate the auth-restored objects from the recovery domain controller to the domain controllers in the domain and in the forest.

While inbound replication to the recovery domain controller remains disabled, type the following command to push the auth-restored objects to

all the cross-site replica domain controllers in the domain and to all the global catalogs in the forest:


If all the following statements are true, group membership links are rebuilt with the restoration and the replication of the deleted user accounts. Go to step 14.

Note If one or more of the following statements is not true, go to step 12.

o Your forest is running at the Windows Server 2003 forest functional level or at the Windows Server 2003 Interim forest functional level.

o Only user accounts or computer accounts were deleted, and not security groups.

o The deleted users were added to security groups in all the domains in the forest after the forest was transitioned to Windows Server 2003 forest functional level.

2. Determine which security groups the deleted users were members of, and then add them to those groups.

Note Before you can add users to groups, the users who you auth restored in step 7 and who you outbound-replicated in step 11 must have replicated to the domain controllers in the referenced domain controller's domain and to all the global catalog domain controllers in the forest.

If you have deployed a group-provisioning utility to re-populate membership for security groups, use that utility now to restore deleted users to the security groups that they were members of before they were deleted. Do this after all the direct and transitive domain controllers in the forest's domain and global catalog servers have inbound-replicated the auth-restored users and any restored containers.

If you do not have such a utility, the Ldifde.exe command-line tool and the Groupadd.exe command-line tool can automate this task for you when they are run on the recovery domain controller. These tools are available from Microsoft Product Support Services. In this scenario, Ldifde.exe creates an LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) information file that contains the names of the user accounts and their security groups, starting at an OU container that the administrator specifies. Groupadd.exe then reads the memberOf attribute for each user account that is listed in the .ldf file, and then generates separate and unique LDIF information for each domain in the forest. This LDIF information contains the names of the security groups that the deleted users have to be added back to so that their group memberships can be restored. Follow these steps for this phase of the recovery.

a. Log on to the recovery domain controller's console by using a user account that is a member of the domain administrator's security group.

b. Use the Ldifde command to dump the names of the formerly deleted user accounts and their memberOf attributes, starting at the topmost OU container where the deletion occurred. The Ldifde command uses the following syntax:

ldifde -d <dn path of container that hosts deleted users> -r "(objectClass=user)" -l memberof -p subtree -f user_membership_after_restore.ldf

Use the following syntax if deleted computer accounts were added to security groups:

ldifde -d <dn path of container that hosts deleted users> -r "(objectClass=computer)" -l memberof -p subtree -f computer_membership_after_restore.ldf

c. Run the Groupadd command to build more .ldf files that contain the names of domains and the names of global and universal security groups that the deleted users were a member of. The Groupadd command uses the following syntax:

Groupadd /after_restore users_membership_after_restore.ldf

Repeat this command if deleted computer accounts were added to security groups.

d. Import each Groupadd_fully.qualified.domainname.ldf file that you created in step 12c to a single global catalog domain controller that corresponds with each domain's .ldf file. Use the following Ldifde syntax:

Ldifde –i –k –f Groupadd_<fully.qualified.domain.name>.ldf

Run the .ldf file for the domain that the users were deleted from on any domain controller except the recovery domain controller.

e. On the console of each domain controller that is used to import the Groupadd_<fully.qualified.domain.name>.ldf file for a particular domain, outbound-replicate the group membership additions to the other domain controllers in the domain and to the global catalog domain controllers in the forest by using the following command:


2. To disable outbound replication, type the following text, and then press ENTER:

repadmin /options +DISABLE_OUTBOUND_REPL

Note To re-enable outbound replication, type the following text, and then press ENTER:

repadmin /options -DISABLE_OUTBOUND_REPL



groups that contains the deleted users. 2. Verify group membership in the recovery domain controller's domain and

in global catalogs in other domains.3. Make a new system state backup of domain controllers in the recovery

domain controller's domain.4. Notify all the forest administrators, delegated administrators, help desk

administrators in the forest, and users in the domain that the user restore is complete.

Help desk administrators may have to reset the passwords of auth-restored user accounts and computer accounts whose domain password changed after the restored system was made.

Users who changed their passwords after the system state backup was made will find that their most recent password no longer works. Have such users try to log on by using their previous passwords if they know them. Otherwise, help desk administrators must reset the password and select the user must change password at next logon check box, preferably on a domain controller in the same Active Directory site as the user is located in.

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Method 3: Authoritatively restore the deleted users and the deleted users' security groups two times


the deletion, and then prevent that domain controller from inbound-replicating the deletion. If there is no latent global catalog, locate the most


current system state backup of a global catalog domain controller in the deleted user's home domain.

2. Authoritatively restore all deleted user accounts and all security groups in the deleted user's domain.

3. Wait for the end-to-end replication of the restored users and of the security groups to all the domain controllers in the deleted user's domain and to the forest's global catalog domain controllers.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 to authoritatively restore deleted users and security groups. (You restore the system state only one time.)

5. If the deleted users were members of security groups in other domains, authoritatively restore all the security groups that the deleted users were members of in those domains. Or, if system state backups are current, authoritatively restore all the security groups in those domains.

To satisfy the requirement that deleted group members must be restored before security groups to fix up group membership links, you restore both object types two times in this method. The first restoration puts all the user accounts and group accounts in place, and the second restoration restores deleted groups and repairs the group membership information, including membership information for nested groups.

To use method 3, follow this procedure: 1. Check to see whether a global catalog domain controller exists in the

deleted users home domain and has not replicated in any part of the deletion.

Note Focus on global catalogs in the domain that has the least frequent replication schedules. If these domain controllers exist, use the Repadmin.exe command-line tool to immediately disable inbound replication. To do this, follow these steps:

a. Click Start, and then click Run.b. Type command in the Open box, and then click OK.c. Type repadmin /options <recovery dc name>

+DISABLE_INBOUND_REPL at the command prompt, and then press ENTER.

Note If you cannot issue the Repadmin command immediately, remove all network connectivity from the domain controller until you can use Repadmin to disable inbound replication, and then immediately return network connectivity.

This domain controller will be referred to as the recovery domain controller.

2. Avoid making additions, deletions, and changes to the following items until all the recovery steps have been completed. Changes include password resets by domain users, help desk administrators, and administrators in the domain where the deletion occurred, in addition to group membership changes in the deleted users' groups.

a. User accounts and attributes on user accountsb. Computer accounts and attributes on computer accountsc. Service accountsd. Security groups

Note Especially avoid changes to group membership for users, computers, groups, and service accounts in the forest where the deletion occurred.

e. Notify all the forest administrators, the delegated administrators, and the help desk administrators in the forest of the temporary stand-down.

This stand-down is required in method 2 because you are authoritatively restoring all the deleted users' security groups. Therefore, any changes that are made to groups after the date of system state backup are lost.


Note If your system state backups are current up to the time that the deletion occurred, skip this step and go to step 4.


If all the global catalogs that are located in the domain where the deletion occurred replicated the deletion, back up the system state of a global catalog in the domain where the deletion occurred.


3. If you cannot find a latent global catalog domain controller in the domain where the user deletion occurred, find the most recent system state backup of a global catalog domain controller in that domain. This system state backup should contain the deleted objects. Use this domain controller as the recovery domain controller.

Only databases of the global catalog domain controllers in the user's domain contain group membership information for external domains in the

forest. If there is no system state backup of a global catalog domain controller in the domain where users were deleted, you cannot use the memberOf attribute on restored user accounts to determine global or universal group membership or to recover membership in external domains. Go to the next step. If there is an external record of group membership in external domains, add the restored users to security groups in those domains after the user accounts have been restored.








322672 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/322672/ ) How to reset the Directory Services restore mode administrator account password in Windows Server 2003

5. Press F8 during the startup process to start the recovery domain controller in Dsrepair mode.Log on to the console of the recovery domain controller with the offline administrator account. If you reset the password in step 5, use the new password.

If the recovery domain controller is a latent global catalog domain controller, do not restore the system state. Go directly to step 7.

If you are creating the recovery domain controller by using a system state



backup, restore the most current system state backup that was made on the recovery domain controller that contains the deleted objects now.





Authoritative restorations are performed with the Ntdsutil command-line tool by referencing the domain name (dn) path of the deleted users or of the containers that host the deleted users.



a. Auth restore the domain name (dn) path for each deleted user account, computer account, or deleted security group.

Authoritative restorations of specific objects take longer but are less destructive than authoritative restorations of a whole subtree. Auth restore the lowest common parent container that holds the deleted objects.









By using this Ntdsutil format, you can also automate the authoritative restoration of many objects in a batch file or a script.Note This syntax is available only in Windows Server 2003. The only syntax in Windows 2000 is to use: ntdsutil "authoritative restore" "restore subtree object DN path".


Authoritative restorations of a whole subtree are valid when the OU that is targeted by the Ntdsutil Authoritative restore command contains the overwhelming majority of the objects that you are trying to auth restore. Ideally, the targeted OU contains all the objects that you are trying to auth restore.

An authoritative restore on an OU subtree restores all the attributes and objects that reside in the container. Any changes that were made up to the time that a system state backup is restored are rolled back to their values at the time of the backup. With user accounts, computer accounts, and security groups, this rollback may mean the loss of the most recent changes to passwords, to the home directory, to the profile path, to location and to contact info, to group membership, and to any security descriptors that are defined on those objects and attributes.




ntdsutil "authoritative restore" "restore subtree ou=Mayberry,dc=contoso,dc=com" q q


Important When you restore a subordinate object of an OU, all the parent containers of the deleted subordinate objects must be explicitly auth restored.

2. Restart the recovery domain controller in normal Active Directory mode.3. Outbound-replicate the authoritatively restored objects from the recovery

domain controller to the domain controllers in the domain and in the forest.

While inbound replication to the recovery domain controller remains disabled, type the following command to push the authoritatively restored objects to all the cross-site replica domain controllers in the domain and to global catalogs in the forest:


After all the direct and transitive domain controllers in the forest's domain and global catalog servers have replicated in the authoritatively restored users and any restored containers, go to step 11.

If all the following statements are true, group membership links are rebuilt with the restoration of the deleted user accounts. Go to step 13.

o Your forest is running at the Windows Server 2003 forest functional level or at the Windows Server 2003 interim forest functional level.

o Only security groups were not deleted.o All the deleted users were added to all the security groups in all the

domains in the forest.

Consider using the Repadmin command to accelerate the outbound replication of users from the restored domain controller.

If groups were also deleted, or if you cannot guarantee that all the deleted users were added to all the security groups after the transition to the Windows Server 2003 interim or forest functional level, go to step 12.

2. Repeat steps 7, 8, and 9 without restoring the system state, and then go to step 11.



groups that contains the deleted users.4. Verify group membership in the recovery domain controller's domain and

in global catalogs in other domains.5. Use the following command to enable inbound replication to the recovery

domain controller:

repadmin /options recovery dc name -DISABLE_INBOUND_REPL

6. Make a new system state backup of domain controllers in the recovery domain controller's domain and global catalogs in other domains in the forest.

7. Notify all the forest administrators, the delegated administrators, the help desk administrators in the forest, and the users in the domain that the user restore is complete.

Help desk administrators may have to reset the passwords of auth restored user accounts and computer accounts whose domain password changed after the restored system was made.

Users who changed their passwords after the system state backup was made will find that their most recent password no longer works. Have such users try to log on by using their previous passwords if they know them. Otherwise, help desk administrators must reset the password with the user must change password at next logon check box checked, preferably on a domain controller in the same Active Directory site as the user is located in.

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How to recover deleted users on a Windows Server 2003 domain controller when you do not have a valid system state backup

If you lack current system state backups in a domain where user accounts or security groups were deleted, and the deletion occurred in domains that contain Windows Server 2003 domain controllers, follow these steps to manually reanimate deleted objects from the deleted objects container:

1. Follow the steps in the "How to manually undelete objects in the deleted objects container" section to reanimate deleted users, computers, groups, or all of these.


2. Use Active Directory Users and Computers to change the account from disabled to enabled. (The account appears in the original OU.)

3. Use the bulk reset features in the Windows Server 2003 version of Active Directory Users and Computers to perform bulk resets on the "password must change at next logon" policy setting, on the home directory, on the profile path, and on group membership for the deleted account as required. You can also use a programmatic equivalent of these features.

4. If Microsoft Exchange 2000 or later was used, repair the Exchange mailbox for the deleted user.

5. If Exchange 2000 or later was used, reassociate the deleted user with the Exchange mailbox.

6. Verify that the recovered user can log on and access local directories, shared directories, and files.

You can automate some or all of these recovery steps by using the following methods:

Write a script that automates the manual recovery steps that are listed in step 1. When you write such a script, consider scoping the deleted object by date, time, and last known parent container, and then automating the reanimation of the deleted object. To automate the reanimation, change the isDeleted attribute from TRUE to FALSE, and change the relative distinguished name to the value that is defined either in the lastKnownParent attribute or in a new OU or common name (CN) container that is specified by the administrator. (The relative distinguished name is also known as the RDN.)

Obtain a non-Microsoft program that supports the reanimation of deleted objects on Windows Server 2003 domain controllers. One such utility is AdRestore. AdRestore uses the Windows Server 2003 undelete primitives to undelete objects individually. Aelita Software Corporation and Commvault Systems also offer products that support undelete functionality on Windows Server 2003-based domain controllers.

To obtain AdRestore, visit the following Web site:

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963906.aspx (http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963906.aspx)

Microsoft provides third-party contact information to help you find technical support. This contact information may change without notice. Microsoft does not guarantee the accuracy of this third-party contact information.

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How to manually undelete objects in a deleted object's container

To manually undelete objects in a deleted object's container, follow these steps:


http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963906.aspx

1. Click Start, click Run, and then type ldp.exe.

Note If the Ldp utility is not installed, install the support tools from the Windows Server 2003 installation CD.

2. Use the Connection menu in Ldp to perform the connect operations and the bind operations to a Windows Server 2003 domain controller.

Specify domain administrator credentials during the bind operation.3. On the Options menu, click Controls.4. In the Load Predefined list, click Return Deleted Objects.

Note The 1.2.840.113556.1.4.417 control moves to the Active Controls window.

5. Under Control Type, click Server, and the click OK.6. On the View menu, click Tree, type the distinguished name path of the

deleted objects container in the domain where the deletion occurred, and then click OK.

Note The distinguished name path is also known as the DN path. For example, if the deletion occurred in the contoso.com domain, the DN path would be the following path:

cn=deleted Objects,dc=contoso,dc=com

7. In the left pane of the window, double click the Deleted Object Container.

Note As a search result of Idap query, only 1000 objects are returned by default. Fot example, if more than 1000 objects exist in the Deleted Objects container, not all objects appear in this container. If your target object does not appear, use ntdsutil, and then set the maximum number by using maxpagesize to get the search results .

8. Double-click the object that you want to undelete or to reanimate. 9. Right-click the object that you want to reanimate, and then click Modify.

Change the value for the isDeleted attribute and the DN path in a single Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) modify operation. To configure the Modify dialog, follow these steps:

a. In the Edit Entry Attribute box, type isDeleted.

Leave the Value box blank.b. Click the Delete option button, and then click Enter to make the

first of two entries in the Entry List dialog.

Important Do not click Run.c. In the Attribute box, type distinguishedName.

d. In the Values box, type the new DN path of the reanimated object.

For example, to reanimate the JohnDoe user account to the Mayberry OU, use the following DN path:

cn=JohnDoe,ou=Mayberry,dc=contoso,dc=com

Note If you want to reanimate a deleted object to its original container, append the value of the deleted object's lastKnownParent attribute to its CN value, and then paste the full DN path in the Values box.

e. In the Operation box, click REPLACE.f. Click ENTER.g. Click to select the Synchronous check box.h. Click to select the Extended check box.i. Click RUN.

2. After you reanimate the objects, click Controls on the Options menu, click the Check Out button to remove (1.2.840.113556.1.4.417) from the Active Controls box list.

3. Reset user account passwords, profiles, home directories and group memberships for the deleted users.

When the object was deleted, all the attribute values except SID, ObjectGUID, LastKnownParent and SAMAccountName were stripped.

4. Enable the reanimated account in Active Directory Users and Computers.

Note The reanimated object has the same primary SID as it had before the deletion, but the object must be added again to the same security groups to have the same level of access to resources. The first release of Windows Server 2003 does not preserve the sIDHistory attribute on reanimated user accounts, computer accounts, and security groups. Windows Server 2003 with Service Pack 1 does preserve the sIDHistory attribute on deleted objects.

5. Remove Microsoft Exchange attributes and reconnect the user to the Exchange mailbox.

Note The reanimation of deleted objects is supported when the deletion occurs on a Windows Server 2003 domain controller. The reanimation of deleted objects is not supported when the deletion occurs on a Windows 2000 domain controller that is subsequently upgraded to Windows Server 2003.

Note If the deletion occurs on a Windows 2000 domain controller in the domain, the lastParentOf attribute is not populated on Windows Server 2003 domain controllers.

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How to determine when and where a deletion occurred

When users are deleted because of a bulk deletion, you may want to learn where the deletion originated. To do so, follow these steps:

1. If auditing has been correctly configured to track the deletion of organizational unit (OU) containers or of subordinate objects, use a utility that searches the security event log of domain controllers in the domain where the deletion occurred. One such utility that searches event logs on a scoped set of domain controllers is the EventCombMT utility. EventCombMT is part of the Windows Server 2003 Resource Kit Tools tool set.

For more information about how to obtain the Windows Server 2003 Resource Kit Tools tools set, visit the following Microsoft Web page:

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/bb693323.aspx (http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/bb693323.aspx)

2. Follow steps 1 to 7 in the "How to manually undelete objects in a deleted object's container" section to locate deleted security principals. If a tree was deleted, follow these steps to locate a parent container of the deleted object.

3. Copy the value of the objectGUID attribute to the Windows clipboard.

You can paste this value when you enter the Repadmin command in step 4.

4. Type the following command:

repadmin /showmeta GUID=<objectGUID> <FQDN>

For example, if the objectGUID of the deleted object or container is 791273b2-eba7-4285-a117-aa804ea76e95 and the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is dc.contoso.com, type the following command:

repadmin /showmeta GUID=791273b2-eba7-4285-a117-aa804ea76e95 dc.contoso.com

The syntax of this command must include the GUID of the deleted object or container and the FQDN of the server that you want to source from.

5. In the Repadmin command output, find the originating date, time and domain controller for the isDeleted attribute. For example, information for

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/bb693323.aspx


the isDeleted attribute appears in the fifth line of the following sample output:

6. Loc.USN Originating DC Org.USN Org.Time/Date Ver Attribute

7. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. 134759 Default-First-Site-Name\NA-DC1 134759 2004-03-15 17:41:20 1 objectClass

9. 134760 Default-First-Site-Name\NA-DC1 134760 2004-03-15 17:41:22 2 ou

10. 134759 Default-First-Site-Name\NA-DC1 134759 2004-03-15 17:41:20 1 instanceType

11. 134759 Default-First-Site-Name\NA-DC1 134759 2004-03-15 17:41:20 1 whenCreated

12. 134760 Default-First-Site-Name\NA-DC1 134760 2004-03-15 17:41:22 1 isDeleted

13. 134759 Default-First-Site-Name\NA-DC1 134759 2004-03-15 17:41:20 1 nTSecurityDescriptor

14. 134760 Default-First-Site-Name\NA-DC1 134760 2004-03-15 17:41:22 2 name

15. 134760 Default-First-Site-Name\NA-DC1 134760 2004-03-15 17:41:22 1 lastKnownParent 134760 Default-First-Site-Name\NA-DC1 134760 2004-03-15 17:41:22 2 objectCategory

16. If the name of the originating domain controller in the second column of the output appears as a 32-character alpha-numeric GUID, use the Ping command to resolve the GUID to the IP address and the name of the domain controller that originated the deletion. The Ping command uses the following syntax:

ping –a <originating DC GUID>._msdomain controllers.<fully qualified path for forest root domain>

Note The "-a" option is case sensitive. Use the fully qualified domain name of the forest root domain regardless of the domain that the originating domain controller resides in.

For example, if the originating domain controller resided in any domain in the Contoso.com forest and had a GUID of 644eb7e7-1566-4f29-a778-4b487637564b, type the following command:

ping –a 644eb7e7-1566-4f29-a778-4b487637564b._msdomain controllers.contoso.com

The output returned by this command is similar to the following:

Pinging na-dc1.contoso.com [65.53.65.101] with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 65.53.65.101: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128Reply from 65.53.65.101: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128Reply from 65.53.65.101: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128

Reply from 65.53.65.101: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128

17.View the security log of the domain controller that originated the deletion on or about the time that was indicated in the output of the Repadmin command in step 5.

Give consideration to time skews and time zone changes between the computers that were used to arrive at this point. If delete auditing is enabled for OU containers or for the deleted objects, pay attention to the relevant audit events. If auditing is not enabled, pay attention to users who had the permissions to delete OU containers or the subordinate objects in them, and that also had authenticated against the originating domain controller in the time before the deletion.

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How to minimize the impact of bulk deletions in the future

The keys to minimizing the impact of the bulk deletion of users, of computers, and of security groups are to make sure that you have up-to-date system state backups, to tightly control access to privileged user accounts, to tightly control what those accounts can do, and finally, to practice recovery from bulk deletions.

System state changes occur every day. These changes may include password resets on user accounts and on computer accounts in addition to group membership changes and other attribute changes on user accounts, on computer accounts, and on security groups. If your hardware fails, your software fails, or your site experiences another disaster, you will want to restore the backups that were made after each significant set of changes in each Active Directory domain and site in the forest. If you do not maintain current backups, you may lose data or may have to roll back restored objects.

Microsoft recommends that you take the following steps to prevent bulk deletions:

1. Do not share the password for the built-in administrator accounts or permit common administrative user accounts to be shared. If the password for the built-in administrator account is known, change the password and define an internal process that discourages its use. Audit events for shared user accounts make it impossible to determine the identity of the user who is making changes in Active Directory. Therefore, the use of shared user accounts must be discouraged.

2. It is very rare that user accounts, computer accounts, and security groups are intentionally deleted. This is especially true of tree deletions. Disassociate the ability of service and delegated administrators to delete these objects from the ability to create and to manage user accounts, computer accounts, security groups, OU containers, and their attributes. Grant only the most privileged user accounts or security groups the right


to perform tree deletes. These privileged user accounts may include enterprise administrators.

3. Grant delegated administrators access only to the class of object that those administrators are permitted to manage. For example, it is better if a help desk administrator whose primary job is to modify properties on user accounts does not have permissions to create and to delete computer accounts, security groups, or OU containers. This restriction also applies to delete permissions for the administrators of other specific object classes.

4. Experiment with audit settings to track delete operations in a lab domain. After you are comfortable with the results, apply your best solution to the production domain.

5. Wholesale access-control and audit changes on containers that host tens of thousands of objects can make the Active Directory database grow significantly, especially in Windows 2000 domains. Use a test domain that mirrors the production domain to evaluate potential changes to free disk space. Check the hard disk drive volumes that host the Ntds.dit files and the log files of domain controllers in the production domain for free disk space. Avoid setting access-control and audit changes on the domain network controller head. Making these changes would needlessly apply to all the objects of all the classes in all the containers in the partition. For example, avoid making changes to Domain Name System (DNS) and distributed link tracking (DLT) record registration in the CN=SYSTEM folder of the domain partition.

6. Use the best-practice OU structure to separate user accounts, computer accounts, security groups, and service accounts in their own organizational unit. When you use such a structure, you can apply discretionary access control lists (DACLs) to objects of a single class for delegated administration, and you make it possible for objects to be restored according to object class if they have to be restored. The best-practice OU structure is discussed in the "Creating an Organizational Unit Design" section of the Best Practice Active Directory Design for Managing Windows Networks white paper. To obtain this white paper, visit the following Microsoft Web site:

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/Bb727085.aspx (http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/Bb727085.aspx)

7. Test bulk deletions in a lab environment that mirrors your production domain. Choose the recovery method that makes sense to you, and then customize it to your organization. You may want to identify the following:

o The names of the domain controllers in each domain that is regularly backed up

o Where backup images are stored

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/Bb727085.aspx

Ideally, these images are stored on an extra hard disk that is local to a global catalog in each domain in the forest.

o Which members of the help desk organization to contacto The best way to make that contact

8. Most of the bulk deletions of user accounts, of computer accounts, and of security groups that Microsoft sees are accidental. Discuss this scenario with your IT staff, and develop an internal action plan. At first, focus on early detection and on returning functionality to your domain users and to your business as quickly as possible. You can also take steps to prevent accidental bulk deletions from occurring by editing the access control lists (ACLs) of organizational units. For more information about how to use Windows interface tools to prevent accidental bulk deletions, visit the following Microsoft Web site to view "Guarding Against Accidental Bulk Deletions in Active Directory":

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc773347(WS.10).aspx (http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc773347(WS.10).aspx)

For more information about how to prevent accidental bulk deletions by using Dsacls.exe at the command line or by using a script, visit the following Microsoft Web site to view " Script to Protect Organizational Units (OUs) from Accidental Deletion":

http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=162623 (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=162623)

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Tools and scripts that may help you recover from bulk deletions

The Groupadd.exe command-line utility reads the memberOf attribute on a collection of users in an OU and builds an .ldf file that adds each restored user account to the security groups in each domain in the forest.

Groupadd.exe automatically discovers the domains and security groups that deleted users were members of and adds them back to those groups. This process is explained in more detail in step 11 of method 1.

Groupadd.exe runs on the following domain controllers: Windows Server 2003 domain controllers Windows 2000 domain controllers that have the .NET 1.1 framework

installed

Groupadd.exe uses the following syntax: groupadd /after_restore ldf_file [/before_restore ldf_file]


http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=162623

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc773347(WS.10).aspx

Here, ldf_file represents the name of the .ldf file to be used with the previous argument, after_restore represents the user file data source, and before_restore represents the user data from the production environment. (The user file data source is the good user data.)

To obtain Groupadd.exe, contact Microsoft Product Support Services.

The third-party products that this article discusses are manufactured by companies that are independent of Microsoft. Microsoft makes no warranty, implied or otherwise, about the performance or reliability of these products.

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REFERENCES

For more information about how to restore an object that contains extended chara...

For more information about how to restore an object that contains extended characters, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 886689 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/886689/ ) The Ntdsutil authoritative restore operation is not successful if the distinguished name path contains extended characters in Windows Server 2003 and in Windows 2000 For more information, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 824684 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/824684/ ) Description of the standard terminology that is used to describe Microsoft software updates 910823 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/910823/ ) Error message when you try to import .ldf files on a computer that is running Windows Server 2003 with Service Pack 1: "Add error on line LineNumber: No such object" 937855 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/937855/ ) After you restore deleted objects by performing an authoritative restoration on a Windows Server 2003-based domain controller, the linked attributes of some objects are not replicated to the other domain controllers

For more information on how to use the AD Recycle Bin feature included in Windows Server 2008 R2, please reference the Active Directory Recycle Bin Step-by-Step Guide available from this Microsoft Web site:http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd392261(WS.10).aspx

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd392261(WS.10).aspx






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