Wind Farming. Windmills have been in use since 7 th century Persia o Initially employed for grinding flour and pumping water Pioneers such as James Blyth.

Wind Farming

Windmills have been in use since 7th century Persiao Initially employed for grinding flour and pumping

water

Pioneers such as James Blyth (18??-18??) developed and patented a dynamo version in 1887 which powered the lights in his cottage

Early Persian Windmill ‘Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede’ - Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael,

Wind-turbine advertisement

Windmill History

Wind Turbine Design

Energy Output

Wind turbines use kinetic energy from the motion of airo Energy flowing through an imaginary area is calculated

as

While mill output varies considerably, a general rule is the larger the blade the more energy output

E= mv2= (Avtp)v2= Atpv312

12

12

p = density of airv = wind speedAvtp = mass m per unit time

P= = Apv3Et

12

The London Array

How it all beganThe London Array project was born in 2001, when a series of environmental studies in the outer Thames Estuary confirmed the area is a suitable wind farm site. Two years later, the Crown Estate gave London Array Ltd a 50 year lease for the site and cable route to shore.Planning consent for a 1GW offshore wind farm was granted in 2006, and permission was granted for the onshore works in 2007. Work on Phase One started in July 2009 when we began building the onshore substation at Cleve Hill in Kent. Offshore construction started in March 2011 when the first foundation was installed. The first turbine was installed in January 2012, first power was achieved in October that year and the final turbine was installed in December 2012. London Array is now fully operational.

Phase OneFacts and Figures:

o An offshore area of 100km2o 175 wind turbineso Two offshore substationso Nearly 450km of offshore cablingo One onshore substationo 630MW of electricityo Enough power for nearly half a million UK homes a year – two thirds of the homes in Kento CO2 savings of 925,000 tonnes a year

A proposal was submitted to The Department of Energy and Climate Change and the MMO in October 2012 to allow the Grampian Consent condition to be lifted and allow Phase 2 of the project to go ahead. In April 2013, following a review of the consultation responses to cumulative environmental assessment of wind farm developments in the Thames Estuary, London Array asked DECC and the MMO to put their analyses on hold to allow post-construction bird monitoring data to be acquired.

Sustainable Energy

Environmental surveys

As part of the planning consent process we have to carry out a number of environmental surveys before construction started, during construction and after construction of the wind farm. The various ecological measures have been put together into a single environmental monitoring plan, following advice from Natural England and CEFAS.

The plans provide clarity on the detail of the ecological conditions and the requirements to be carried out before, during and after construction of the onshore substation, the export cable route up to the sea defences of the Swale Estuary, and the whole of the offshore development of 175 turbines, two substations and associated cabling.

First Generation Technologies

Hydroelectricity

New UK offshore wind farm licences are announced More offshore wind turbines could soon be seen around the UK Successful bids for nine new offshore wind farm zone licences within UK waters have been announced.

A consortium including Npower and Norway's Statkraft won the licence for the biggest zone, in Dogger Bank, which could produce nine gigawatts of energy.

Turbines in the nine zones could generate up to 32 gigawatts of power, a quarter of the UK's electricity needs.

The winners have signed exclusive agreements with the Crown Estate, which owns the UK seabed.

'Delighted'

Proposals for the wind farms will now go through planning and consent stages.

It will create one of the biggest infrastructure projects for wind energy in the world, with construction beginning in 2014 at the earliest.

The second largest zone, with a potential yield of 7.2 gigawatts, is at Norfolk Bank. The wind farm licence there has been won by a consortium of Scottish Power Renewables and Sweden's Vattenfall Vindkraft.

Speaking on behalf of the joint venture, Keith Anderson said the companies were "delighted" to have been awarded the development rights.

"It will be a major engineering challenge, but the combined experience of both partners acquired over decades in the energy business will help us deliver a project that will deliver enough green power to meet the equivalent annual electricity demand of more than five million homes in the UK," he said.

New jobs

This is the third time companies have had a chance to bid for zones.

Prime Minister Gordon Brown said the government's policies to support offshore wind energy had put the UK ahead of other countries.

"This new round of licences provides a substantial new platform for investing in UK industrial capacity," he added.

"The offshore wind industry is at the heart of the UK economy's shift to low carbon and could be worth £75bn and support up to 70,000 jobs by 2020," he said.

However, the British Wind Energy Association (BWEA) warned that the UK would only truly benefit if the turbines were manufactured here.

"We need to ensure the UK benefits through a boost in manufacturing, engineering and skills: but this will only happen if additional action is taken by the government through working actively to create coastal manufacturing hubs," said Maria McCaffery, BWEA chief executive.

The wind farm licences in full:

The Moray Firth Zone Won by EDP Renovaveis and SeaEnergy Renewables. Potential yield: 1.3 gigawatts

The Firth of Forth ZoneWon by SSE Renewables and Fluor. Potential yield: 3.5 gigawatts

The Dogger Bank ZoneWon by SSE Renewables, RWE Npower Renewables, Statoil and Statkraft. Potential yield: 9 gigawatts

The Hornsea ZoneWon by Mainstream Renewable Power and Siemens Project Ventures, and involving Hochtief Construction. Potential yield: 4 gigawatts

The Norfolk Bank ZoneWon by Scottish Power Renewables and Vattenfall Vindkraft. Potential yield: 7.2 gigawatts

The Hastings ZoneWon by E.On Climate and Renewables UK. Potential yield: 0.6 gigawatts

The Isle of Wight ZoneWon by Eneco New Energy. Potential yield: 0.9 gigawatts

The Bristol Channel ZoneWon by RWE Npower Renewables. Potential yield: 1.5 gigawatts

The Irish Sea ZoneWon by Centrica Renewable Energy and involving RES Group. Potential yield: 4.2 gigawatts

Renewables Flow Chart

(thousand tonnes of oil equivalent)

Electricity GrowthGrowth in Electricity Generation (TWh) from Renewables since 1990

Growth in Electricity Generation (percentage) from Renewables since 2000

Links

Links       Llyn Brianne hydro scheme Government/Agencies Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)Department for Business, Innovation & Skills (BIS)

SOEC (Eurostat)The Statistics Office of the European Community (SOEC - also refered to as Eurostat)IEAInternational Energy AgencyOFGEMOffice of Gas and Electricity Markets - the regulator for Britain's gas and electricity industries.UNEP IETCUnited Nations Environment Programme/International Environmental Technology Centre Energy GroupsJoule Centre, an North West Development Agency sponsored project linking north western universities and companies. Other Renewable Statistics InitiativesENGLANDEasternNorth EastNorth WestSouth WestWest Midlands SCOTLANDScotlandNORTHERN IRELANDNorthern Ireland

Projects/PublicationsAD-NETTthe European Aaerobic Digestion Network

Useful web site with links to sites on renewable energyAnaerobic DigestionEngland's Official Information Portal on Anaerobic Digestion Biomass Energy CentreA 'one stop shop' able to provide advice to anyone with an interest in biomass derived fuels and associated conversion technologies.EuforesEuropean site on renewable energyNational Non-Food Crops Centrethe UK's national centre for renewable fuels, materials and technologies UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC) a Research Council sponsored Centre established in response to the energy white paper.

Planning IssuesThe Planning Portalfor planning and building services online

Second Generation Technologies

Solar Energyo Solar Heatingo Solar Photovoltaics

Wind EnergyWave PowerGeothermal EnergyArtificial PhotosynthesisTidal Power

Third Generation Technologies

Biomass GasificationBiorefinery TechnologiesSolar Thermal Power

National Energy Generation by Process

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect