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Why your brain needs negative feedback by Niki Weber Date March 9, 2013 Linked In linkedin.com/in/NikiWeber Hashtag #badbrain Email [email protected] Research Lead Adam Wiese Feedback Url sxsw.tv/cqp
81

Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Dec 16, 2014

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Niki Weber

There is beauty in the brain's electric, neural storm when it knows what you’re doing just isn’t good enough. Yet many people abhor criticism, direct conflict resolution, or a task that truly challenges their brains. Generations have grown up with a never-ending supply of trophies, and this constant positive feedback can have an adverse effect on the way our brains function. We often forget our brains are wired for the type of survival where conflict and struggle are the norm. As a result, when it comes to the brain and feedback, negative is more revealing than positive. Scientific research confirms that negative feedback can be stronger, more effective and requires more thinking and neural processing than positive. Too much positivity can actually re-wire the brain, making people less tolerant of risk, criticism, and even creativity. This session will help shed light on the science of negativity, and the direct implication it has on experiential design, culture, and innovation. PLEASE NOTE: In order for the hyperlinks in the presentation to work, you must download the PDF. Unfortunately, Slideshare's UI doesn't tolerate them. Many thanks.
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Page 1: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback

by Niki Weber

DateMarch 9, 2013

Linked Inlinkedin.com/in/NikiWeber

Hashtag#badbrain

[email protected]

Research LeadAdam Wiese

Feedback Url sxsw.tv/cqp

Page 2: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback

my 2012 SXSW talk

2

A look back at

Why your brain needs negative feedback The set-up

5 REASONS YOU SHOULD STOP INVESTING IN FACEBOOK

Page 3: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback3 Why your brain needs negative feedback The set-up

connect with the audienceThe topic seemed to

Page 4: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback4

Facebook seems

to be a fan

Why your brain needs negative feedback The set-up

Page 5: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback5 Why your brain needs negative feedback The set-up

I failed to account for

the SXSW bubble

Page 6: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback6 Why your brain needs negative feedback The set-up

At sxsw

Kool-aid is guzzled

Page 7: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback7 Why your brain needs negative feedback The set-up

But, too much

Kool-aid can be damaging

Page 8: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

CREATIVE CULTURE

8

The perfect

sequence of events

Why your brain needs negative feedback The set-up

MANAGINGMILLENNIALS

SXSWBUBBLE

FULL-TIMESTART-UPS BRAIN TRAINING

START-UP

FIGHTCLUB

Page 9: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

The set-up9 Why your brain needs negative feedback

Page 10: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

CREATIVE CULTURE

10

The perfect

sequence of events

Why your brain needs negative feedback The set-up

MANAGINGMILLENNIALS

SXSWBUBBLE

FULL-TIMESTART-UPS BRAIN TRAINING

START-UP

FIGHTCLUB

Page 11: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

The positive benefits of

negative feedback +–

Why your brain needs negative feedback 11 The set-up

Page 12: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback

POSITIVE

POWER of

POSITIVITY

NEGATIVE

POWER of

FAILING

12 Why your brain needs negative feedback

spotThe sweet

The pre-emption

Page 13: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

DR. CAROL DWECKProfessor of Psychology at Stanford UniversityPh.D. Social and Developmental Psychology, Yale University

DR. CHRISTIAN STADLERAssociate Professor in Strategic ManagementWarwick Business School, University of Bath School of Management, Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth, and Innsbruck University

DR. JASON MOSERAssistant Professor at Michigan State UniversityPh.D. University of Delaware 2009 in Clinical Psychology

HENRY POLOSKIEngineer and author of “To Error is Human” and “To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure”

DR. NANCY BUCKPh.D. in developmental psychology Creator of “Peaceful Parenting”

DR. DAVE NUSSBAUMAdjunct Assistant Professor of Behavioral Science at the University of Chicago; Worked with Carol Dweck at Stanford

DR. ROY BAUMEISTERFSU Professor and author of “Bad is Stronger than Good”

TERESA AMABILEEdsel Bryant Ford Professor of Business Administration at HarvardDirector of Research

DR. KEITH WILCOXAssistant Professor of Marketing, Columbia University, 2012 – PresentAssistant Professor of Marketing, Babson College, 2009 – 2012Lecturer, Baruch College, 2005 –2009

ANDREW STEPHENSAssistant Professor of Business Administration and Katz Fellow in MarketingDecision, Operations and Information TechnologyPhD (with distinction) - marketing, Columbia UniversityMPhil - marketing, Columbia UniversityBBus (Honors) - marketing, University of Queensland, AustraliaBEng (Honors) - civil engineering, University of Queensland, Australia

HARA ESTROFF MARANO Editor at Large of Psychology Today

JOHN CACIOPPOTiffany & Margaret Blake Distinguished Service Professor at the University of ChicagoDirector, Center for Cognitive and Social NeuroscienceDirector, Social Neuroscience Laboratory 

helped make this a realityThe experts who

13 Why your brain needs negative feedback The pre-emption

nikiweber
Sticky Note
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2978246/ http://www.jneurosci.org/content/28/38/9495.full https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519 *Legault, L., & Inzlicht, M. (in press). Self-determination, self-regulation, and the brain: Autonomy improves performance by enhancing neuroaffective responsiveness to self-regulation failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. doi:10.1037/a0030426 Jason Stadler researchhttp://theamericanscholar.org/my-brain-on-my-mind/
Page 14: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

helped me in my career and has been integral to my success. Every time I fail I find a new hole in my performance, writing and work ethic that I can only fix after negative feedback from a crowd.  Only by failing repeatedly and aggressively can I ever hope to become perfect.”

 

Negative feedback has only

- Anthony Jeselnik

14 Why your brain needs negative feedback The pre-emption

Page 15: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

15

Let’s lay

the groundwork

Why your brain needs negative feedback The pre-emption

Page 16: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

16 Why your brain needs negative feedback

The problem:

Cultural kumbaya

FROMhere

TOhere

Unlimite

d Trop

hies

Good E

noug

h

You’r

e So S

mart

Feed

back

Sand

wich

Passi

ve

Status

Quo

Limite

d Edit

ion

Not Goo

d Eno

ugh

You R

eally

Work

Hard

Growth

Feed

back

Active

Challe

nging

Your

Brain

The pre-emption

Page 17: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Regarding the elephant in the room:

I’m not advocating being an ass

The pre-emption17 Why your brain needs negative feedback

Page 18: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

in the spirit of growth and progressobjective criticism

failuregrowth mindset

experimentationstress

resiliencemistake

errorrisk

adversitysurprise

optimism

This is

negative feedback

18 Why your brain needs negative feedback The pre-emption

Page 19: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

providing vague, unmeasurable feedbackhaving no light at the end of the tunnel

partaking in avoidable errorsbeing mean and biting

postulating thoughtlessly having a temper

observing in silenceengaging in cynacism

complainingoppression

19 Why your brain needs negative feedback

This is not

negative feedback

The pre-emption

Page 20: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

A quick

level-set

The level-set

Page 21: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback21 Why your brain needs negative feedback The level-set

A form of learning whereby an individual changes its behavior because of the

consequences (results) of the behavior.(The person or animal learns its behavior has a consequence.)

Operant conditioning

Brain basics:

Page 22: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback22

"The principal activities of brains are making changes in themselves."—Marvin L. Minsky (from Society of the Mind, 1986)

Neuroplasticity

Why your brain needs negative feedback

Brain basics:

The level-set

Page 23: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback

Negative bias

Why your brain needs negative feedback

Negativity bias is the psychological phenomenon by which humans pay more

attention to and give more weight to negative rather than positive experiences

or other kinds of information

23

Brain basics:

The level-set

Page 24: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback24 Why your brain needs negative feedback The level-set

A negative feedback

warm-up

Page 25: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback25 Why your brain needs negative feedback

The Coach

You gave great effort but

The level-set

Page 26: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback26 Why your brain needs negative feedback

The Tailor

That dress looks amazing but

The level-set

Page 27: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback27 Why your brain needs negative feedback

The Parent

Nice effort but

The level-set

Page 28: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

28 Why your brain needs negative feedback

Page 29: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

29 Why your brain needs negative feedback

Fact#1“The mother of all facts”

GROWTH MIND-SETS LEAD TO MORE FUTURE SUCCESS THAN FIXED.

the facts

Page 30: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback30Why your brain needs negative feedback

The mind-setFixed GrowthINTELLIGENCE

IS STATICINTELLIGENCE CAN BE DEVELOPED

Leads to a desire to look smart and

therefore a tendency to...

Leads to a desire to learn and therefore a tendency to...

the facts

Page 31: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback31 Why your brain needs negative feedback

Challenges

EMBRACECHALLENGES

AVOID CHALLENGES

Fixed GrowthINTELLIGENCE

IS STATICINTELLIGENCE CAN BE DEVELOPED

Leads to a desire to look smart and

therefore a tendency to...

Leads to a desire to learn and therefore a tendency to...

The mind-set

the facts

Page 32: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback32 Why your brain needs negative feedback

Obstacles

PERSIST IN THE FACE OFSETBACKS

GIVE UPEASILY

Fixed GrowthINTELLIGENCE

IS STATICINTELLIGENCE CAN BE DEVELOPED

Leads to a desire to look smart and

therefore a tendency to...

Leads to a desire to learn and therefore a tendency to...

The mind-set

the facts

Page 33: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback33 Why your brain needs negative feedback

Success of Others

FIND LESSONS AND INSPIRATIONIN THE SUCCESS OF OTHERS

FEEL THREATENED

BY THE SUCCESS

OF OTHERS

Fixed GrowthINTELLIGENCE

IS STATICINTELLIGENCE CAN BE DEVELOPED

Leads to a desire to look smart and

therefore a tendency to...

Leads to a desire to learn and therefore a tendency to...

The mind-set

the facts

Page 34: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback34 Why your brain needs negative feedback

REACH EVER HIGHER LEVELS OF ACHIEVEMENT

MAY PLATEAUEARLY AND

ACHIEVE LESSTHAN THEIR

FULL POTENTIAL

Fixed GrowthINTELLIGENCE

IS STATICINTELLIGENCE CAN BE DEVELOPED

Leads to a desire to look smart and

therefore a tendency to...

Leads to a desire to learn and therefore a tendency to...

Achievement

The mind-set

the facts

Page 35: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback35 Why your brain needs negative feedback

Effort

SEE EFFORT AS A PATH TO MASTERY

SEE EFFORT AS FRUITLESSOR WORSE

Fixed GrowthINTELLIGENCE

IS STATICINTELLIGENCE CAN BE DEVELOPED

Leads to a desire to look smart and

therefore a tendency to...

Leads to a desire to learn and therefore a tendency to...

The mind-set

the facts

Page 36: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback36 Why your brain needs negative feedback

Criticism

LEARN FROMCRITICISM

IGNORE USEFUL

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Fixed GrowthINTELLIGENCE

IS STATICINTELLIGENCE CAN BE DEVELOPED

Leads to a desire to look smart and

therefore a tendency to...

Leads to a desire to learn and therefore a tendency to...

The mind-set

the facts

Page 37: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback

ALL THIS CONFIRMS A

DETERMINISTICVIEW OF THE

WORLD

ALL THIS GIVES THEM A GREATER SENSE OF FREE WILL

37 Why your brain needs negative feedback

Fixed GrowthINTELLIGENCE

IS STATICINTELLIGENCE CAN BE DEVELOPED

Leads to a desire to look smart and

therefore a tendency to...

Leads to a desire to learn and therefore a tendency to...

Result

The mind-set

the facts

Page 38: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

38 Why your brain needs negative feedback

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK TRIGGERS MORE

STIMULATION IN THE BRAIN THAN POSITIVE

FEEDBACK

Fact #2:

the facts

Page 39: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

39 Why your brain needs negative feedback

Fact #3:NEGATIVE

REINFORCEMENT CAUSES FASTER LEARNING THAN

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

the facts

Page 42: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

NEGATIVE IS STRONGER THAN POSITIVE FROM AN EMOTIONAL AND

COGNITIVE STANDPOINT

Fact #6:

42 Why your brain needs negative feedback the facts

Page 43: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

43 Why your brain needs negative feedback

TOO MUCH POSITIVE FEEDBACK HAS BEEN PROVEN TO MAKE A

PERSON LESS TOLERANT OF RISK AND CRITICISM,

LESS CURIOUS, AND LESS CREATIVE

Fact #7:

the facts

Page 47: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Fact #11:WHEN YOU LEARN, YOU PHYSICALLY CHANGE THE

STRUCTURE OF YOUR BRAIN

47 Why your brain needs negative feedback the facts

Page 48: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

YOUR BRAIN SOMETIMESRESISTS LEARNING

BECAUSEIT TRIES TO AVOID

DISCOMFORT

Fact #12:

48 Why your brain needs negative feedback the facts

Page 52: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

52 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

= +

INNOVATION CREATIVITYHIGH

PERFORMINGBRAIN

Implicationstoward a better you

Page 53: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

53 Why your brain needs negative feedback

= +

INNOVATION CREATIVITYHIGH

PERFORMINGBRAIN

so let’s start withYOUR BRAIN

The take-aways

Implicationstoward a better you

Page 54: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

get your brain in shapeTo be a better you

54 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 55: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

pay attention and focusTo be a better you

55 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 56: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

stock your brain with quality furniture

To be a better you

56 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 57: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

hone & expand your brain

To be a better you

57 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 58: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

try to foster the best feedback culture at home

To be a better parent

58 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 59: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback59

being a badass but don’t be an ass

To be a better leader, be comfortable

The take-awaysWhy your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 60: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

60

so let’s focus onCREATIVITY

Why your brain needs negative feedback

= +

INNOVATION CREATIVITYHIGH

PERFORMINGBRAIN

The take-aways

Implicationstoward a better you

Page 61: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

go experienceTo be creative

61 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 62: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

be surprisedTo be creative

62 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 63: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

provide your brain with rest & balance

To be creative

63 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 64: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

study failuresTo be creative

64Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 65: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

karate chop cynicsTo be creative

65 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 66: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

66

so let’s focus onINNOVATION

Why your brain needs negative feedback

= +

INNOVATION CREATIVITYHIGH

PERFORMINGBRAIN

The take-aways

Implicationstoward a better you

Page 67: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

dare to take risksTo be innovative

67 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 68: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

be open to feedback and criticismTo be innovative

68Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 69: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

build a diverse teamTo be innovative

69Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 70: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

celebrate and reward talent

To be an innovative leader

70 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 71: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

cultivate a premier brain culture To be a innovative leader

71 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 72: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

befriend a neuroscientistTo be innovative

72 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

Page 73: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

design with the brain in mindTo be an innovative designer

73 Why your brain needs negative feedback The take-aways

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Why your brain needs negative feedback74 Why your brain needs negative feedback

To be innovative

develop & use yourinternal bullshit meter

The take-aways

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Why your brain needs negative feedback75

I know nothing except the fact of my ignorance.”

- Socrates

Why your brain needs negative feedback The closing

Page 76: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback76

Your mission:

if you so choose to take it

53 Why your brain needs negative feedback The closing

Page 77: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback77

My challenge:

if you so choose to take it

Why your brain needs negative feedback The closing

Page 78: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback78

And be prepared

to be wrongyourself

Why your brain needs negative feedback The closing

Page 79: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

Why your brain needs negative feedback79 The closingWhy your brain needs negative feedback

How to be a

successful heretic

BE RIGHTdiligence before oratory

BE BOASTFULabout your topic

BE A DOERas well as a talker

BE INDOMITABLEif not invincible

BE DIPLOMATICnot maybe all the time

BE EVERYWHEREa pint is worth 1000 words

BE PITHYespecially under pressure

BE INSPIRATIONALwith a team that’s organizational

BE SELFLESSremember that control is only a means to an end

BE RIGHTand be able to explain why to experts and laymen

by Aubrey de Grey

Page 80: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

thank you’sShout-outs &

So many have helped to gather research and provide feedback on the story shared today...no one more than ADAM WIESE. Thank you for everything. I couldn’t have done this without you.

Thanks to the professors for their incredible input and expertise.

Additionally, a special thanks to my friends who provided feedback along the way:

NICK DRAKE | DAN GOLDSTEIN | MICHELLE DICKENS

Thanks to Anthony Jeselnik for participating.

Finally, thanks to JPGCREATIVE for his incredible design skills. You always help take the story to new levels. Thank you.

And if you’re willing to spend the time to provide feedback, I’d love to hear it: sxsw.tv/cqp

80Why your brain needs negative feedback The closinglinkedin.com/in/NikiWeber #[email protected]

Page 81: Why Your Brain Needs Negative Feedback - Niki Weber - SXSW Interactive 2013

81 Why your brain needs negative feedback The closing

The Foundations of Science (Henri Poincaré, 1908)

The Art of Scientific Investigation (William I.B. Beveridge, 1957)

Reality is Broken (Jane McGonigal, 2011)

Being Wrong (Kathryn Schulz, 2011)

Top Dog: The Science of Winning and Losing (Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman, 2013)

Thinking, Fast and Slow (Daniel Kahneman, 2013)

This Will Make You Smarter: New Scientific Concepts to Improve Your Thinking(John Brockman, 2012)

The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business(Charles Duhigg, 2012)

Half Empty (David Rakoff, 2010)

good readsA few