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Who’s that Monarch? Who’s that Monarch? In 1339, Mali appeared on a "Map of In 1339, Mali appeared on a "Map of the World". In 1367, another map of the World". In 1367, another map of the world showed a road leading from the world showed a road leading from North Africa through the Atlas North Africa through the Atlas Mountains into the Western Sudan. In Mountains into the Western Sudan. In 1375 a third map of the world showed 1375 a third map of the world showed a richly attired monarch holding a a richly attired monarch holding a large gold nugget in the area south large gold nugget in the area south of the Sahara. Also, trade between of the Sahara. Also, trade between Egypt and Mali flourished. Egypt and Mali flourished.
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Who’s that Monarch?

Jan 15, 2016

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Page 1: Who’s that Monarch?

Who’s that Monarch?Who’s that Monarch?

In 1339, Mali appeared on a "Map of In 1339, Mali appeared on a "Map of the World". In 1367, another map of the the World". In 1367, another map of the world showed a road leading from North world showed a road leading from North Africa through the Atlas Mountains into Africa through the Atlas Mountains into the Western Sudan. In 1375 a third map the Western Sudan. In 1375 a third map of the world showed a richly attired of the world showed a richly attired monarch holding a large gold nugget in monarch holding a large gold nugget in the area south of the Sahara. Also, the area south of the Sahara. Also, trade between Egypt and Mali trade between Egypt and Mali flourished. flourished.

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A survey of the richest humans in history shows that A survey of the richest humans in history shows that generosity is what gets you remembered generosity is what gets you remembered

I’d never heard of Mansa Musa, but he sounds like a splendid I’d never heard of Mansa Musa, but he sounds like a splendid chap. “The Lion of Mali” has been named this week as the chap. “The Lion of Mali” has been named this week as the richest human being in history: when he made a pilgrimage richest human being in history: when he made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324, accompanied by 60,000 followers, he to Mecca in 1324, accompanied by 60,000 followers, he scattered so much wealth, was so unrelenting in his scattered so much wealth, was so unrelenting in his generosity, that it threw the local economies into turmoil. generosity, that it threw the local economies into turmoil.

-Robert Colvile The Telegraph, Nov. 8-Robert Colvile The Telegraph, Nov. 8thth 2013 2013

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Mansa Musa’s HajjMansa Musa’s Hajj

In 1324 Musa’s pilgrimage In 1324 Musa’s pilgrimage (hajj)(hajj) to Mecca, to Mecca, the holy city of Islam, makes him famous. the holy city of Islam, makes him famous. He traveled with approximately 60,000 He traveled with approximately 60,000 people and 200 camels all laden with gold, people and 200 camels all laden with gold, food, clothing, and other goods. Over 8 food, clothing, and other goods. Over 8 months of travel, his entourage saturated months of travel, his entourage saturated the gold market in the Middle East, and the gold market in the Middle East, and depressed the Egyptian economy. It was depressed the Egyptian economy. It was this pilgrimage that brought Musa this pilgrimage that brought Musa international acclaim and made him an international acclaim and made him an historical figure in European writing.historical figure in European writing.

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Mansa Musa’s InfluenceMansa Musa’s Influence Mansa Musa brought back with him an Mansa Musa brought back with him an

Arabic library, religious scholars, and most Arabic library, religious scholars, and most importantly the Muslim architect al-Sahiliimportantly the Muslim architect al-Sahili, , who built the great mosques at Gao and who built the great mosques at Gao and Timbuktu and a royal palace. Al-Sahili's Timbuktu and a royal palace. Al-Sahili's most famous work was the chamber at most famous work was the chamber at Niani. It is said that his style influenced Niani. It is said that his style influenced architecture in the Sudan where, in the architecture in the Sudan where, in the absence of stone, the beaten earth is often absence of stone, the beaten earth is often reinforced with wood which bristles out of reinforced with wood which bristles out of the buildings. the buildings.

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Mansa Musa Creates a Golden Mansa Musa Creates a Golden AgeAge

Mansa Musa Mansa Musa strengthened Islamstrengthened Islam and and promoted promoted education, trade, and commerceeducation, trade, and commerce in Mali. The foundations were laid for Walata, in Mali. The foundations were laid for Walata, Jenne, and Timbuktu becoming the Jenne, and Timbuktu becoming the cultural cultural and commercial centersand commercial centers of the Western of the Western Sudan, eclipsing those of North Africa and Sudan, eclipsing those of North Africa and producing Arabic-language black literatureproducing Arabic-language black literature in in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Diplomatic relations were establishedDiplomatic relations were established and and ambassadors were exchanged ambassadors were exchanged between Mali between Mali and Morocco. Many and Morocco. Many Malinke students were Malinke students were sent to study in Morocco. sent to study in Morocco.

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Mansa Musa’s ExpansionMansa Musa’s Expansion

Mali achieved the apex of its Mali achieved the apex of its territorial expansion under Mansa territorial expansion under Mansa Musa.Musa. The Mali Empire extended from The Mali Empire extended from the Atlantic coast in the west to the Atlantic coast in the west to Songhai far down the Niger bend to Songhai far down the Niger bend to the east:the east: from the salt mines of from the salt mines of Taghaza in the north to the legendary Taghaza in the north to the legendary gold mines of Wangara in the south. gold mines of Wangara in the south.

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Pull out your notes and Pull out your notes and using what you knowusing what you know

create two simple poems for any of the create two simple poems for any of the following: following:

Mansa Musa, Sundiata, Sunni Ali, Askia Mansa Musa, Sundiata, Sunni Ali, Askia Muhammad, empire of Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Muhammad, empire of Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Ibn Battuta, Al Bakri….Ibn Battuta, Al Bakri….

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:Mansa Musa went to MeccaMansa Musa went to Mecca

Quite a trip you knowQuite a trip you know

Crossed the desert, stopped in CairoCrossed the desert, stopped in Cairo

Showing off his dough $$$.Showing off his dough $$$.

Review: Ancient EmpiresYou are the Griot!

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More ExamplesMore Examples

Faro is the creator of all thingsFaro is the creator of all thingsThe power is in his handsThe power is in his handsBut Nyama animates all beings and plantsBut Nyama animates all beings and plantsAnd even the desert sands.And even the desert sands.

In the beginning all was darkIn the beginning all was darkSuddenly there came a commotionSuddenly there came a commotionVomiting up sun, moon, stars, and earthVomiting up sun, moon, stars, and earthBumba set the universe in motionBumba set the universe in motion

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Review Mission #1Review Mission #1pair workpair work

List the 5 pillars of IslamList the 5 pillars of Islam How did Mansa Musa follow the laws of the How did Mansa Musa follow the laws of the

pillars?pillars? Who returned from Mecca with Mansa Who returned from Mecca with Mansa

Musa?Musa? What does the fact that Mansa Musa built a What does the fact that Mansa Musa built a

mosque in Gao, an auditorium in Niani, and mosque in Gao, an auditorium in Niani, and a palace in Timbuktu, indicate that he a palace in Timbuktu, indicate that he valued?valued?

Who was attracted to Sankore University?Who was attracted to Sankore University?

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SundiataSundiata

Legendary Kings of West AfricaLegendary Kings of West Africa

Mansa Musa

Sunni Ali

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Mansa Musa Mansa Musa andand

Askia Askia MuhammadMuhammad

Make aMake a

compare/contrastcompare/contrast

chart for chart for

these two these two legendarylegendary

kings.kings.

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Warm UpWarm Up

The Glory of TimbuktuThe Glory of Timbuktu

1.1. What did Leo Africanus think of What did Leo Africanus think of Timbuktu?Timbuktu?

2.2. What surprised him?What surprised him?

3.3. What was his opinion of the people?What was his opinion of the people?

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Putting it all TogetherPutting it all TogetherThe Empires of Ghana, Mali, and The Empires of Ghana, Mali, and

SonghaiSonghaiAnalyze the chart of these three empires…Analyze the chart of these three empires…

List 3 similaritiesList 3 similarities List 3 differencesList 3 differences Make a prediction; Make a prediction;

After the destruction of Songhai what After the destruction of Songhai what do you think became of the trade routes do you think became of the trade routes and wealth of Western Africa?and wealth of Western Africa?

Make a connection;Make a connection;Show how one of these empires would Show how one of these empires would

fit the analogy of Empire Stew.fit the analogy of Empire Stew.

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Sunni AliSunni Ali•During his reign most of what was formerly Ghana and Mali were incorporated into the empire of Songhai

•Captured cities of Timbuktu and Jenne

•Restored order to the Sudan:

1. Divided Songhai into separate provinces each with its own governor.

2. Developed new methods of farming

3. Created a professional army

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Sunni Ali- The EndSunni Ali- The End

Embraced the Islamic faith of his Embraced the Islamic faith of his trading partnerstrading partners

By the time of his death in 1492 the By the time of his death in 1492 the Songhai empire had surpassed the Songhai empire had surpassed the greatness of Ghana and Mali and greatness of Ghana and Mali and became the greatest empire in W. became the greatest empire in W. AfricaAfrica

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Askia MuhummadAskia Muhummad

A general under Sunni Ali who A general under Sunni Ali who overthrows Sunni Ali’s son to become overthrows Sunni Ali’s son to become ruler of Songhairuler of Songhai

Leads Songhai to the pinnacle of its Leads Songhai to the pinnacle of its greatnessgreatness

Successful largely because of his Successful largely because of his acceptance of Islamacceptance of Islam

-Appointed Islamic leaders to the -Appointed Islamic leaders to the larger districts in empire larger districts in empire

-Applied Islamic law in place of -Applied Islamic law in place of Songhai’s traditional laws Songhai’s traditional laws

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Askia MuhammadAskia Muhammad

During his reign the empire was During his reign the empire was stable and prosperous.stable and prosperous.

He opened up the ranks of He opened up the ranks of government service. Previously, government service. Previously, status of leaders was based on birth. status of leaders was based on birth. Under Askia men could attain Under Askia men could attain leadership based on scholarship and leadership based on scholarship and intellect.intellect.

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Economic Structure:Economic Structure:What do people do to make a living?What do people do to make a living?

What is the currency or monetary unit?What is the currency or monetary unit?Taxation system and how it works?Taxation system and how it works?National treasury how is it used?National treasury how is it used?

Student Examples: Student Examples: “…small amount of money that is shared equally in “…small amount of money that is shared equally in thisthis

land.” land.”

“ “ They trade cola nuts and water in exchange for plastic (a very rare They trade cola nuts and water in exchange for plastic (a very rare material used as jewelry), alcohol (to use as fuel for their bebas) and material used as jewelry), alcohol (to use as fuel for their bebas) and wine. The Kwini exacts the right of 5% from everything that comes wine. The Kwini exacts the right of 5% from everything that comes into the country and 5% from everything that goes out.”into the country and 5% from everything that goes out.”

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Social StructureSocial StructureHow is the society set up?How is the society set up?

What are the various classes in your society and what are What are the various classes in your society and what are their their roles or what can they do?roles or what can they do?

Is any one class more important or powerful over the Is any one class more important or powerful over the others? others? Explain.Explain.

Is there mobility between the classes?Is there mobility between the classes?

Student Examples:Student Examples: “Family: the mother is the head of the family, “Family: the mother is the head of the family, because she is the one who gives birth to children and makes the because she is the one who gives birth to children and makes the Nyota civilization continue on in existence. The elders are meant Nyota civilization continue on in existence. The elders are meant to be respected and looked after. The children should obey their to be respected and looked after. The children should obey their parents. The children are the ones who talk to the stars for they parents. The children are the ones who talk to the stars for they are the youngest ones and therefore have the purest souls.”are the youngest ones and therefore have the purest souls.”

““Female: The mother is supposed to be benevolent and generous and Female: The mother is supposed to be benevolent and generous and take care of the rest of the family”take care of the rest of the family”

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Ibn BattutaIbn Battuta "He who does not travel will not know "He who does not travel will not know

the value of men"the value of men"

(Moorish saying, cited in Bovill, (Moorish saying, cited in Bovill, The Golden TradeThe Golden Trade, p. 91) , p. 91)

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Who was Al Bakri?Who was Al Bakri?

A Spanish-Arab geographer and historian. He was born in Huelva, the A Spanish-Arab geographer and historian. He was born in Huelva, the son of the governor of the province. Al-Bakri spent his entire life in son of the governor of the province. Al-Bakri spent his entire life in Spain, living in Cordova, and never traveled to the locations of which Spain, living in Cordova, and never traveled to the locations of which he wrote. he wrote.

Al-Bakri wrote about Europe, North Africa, and the Saudi peninsula. Al-Bakri wrote about Europe, North Africa, and the Saudi peninsula. His primary work is the Book of Highways and of Kingdoms. It was His primary work is the Book of Highways and of Kingdoms. It was composed in 1068, based on literature and the reports of merchants composed in 1068, based on literature and the reports of merchants and travellers who had been to the Kingdom of Ghana. His works are and travellers who had been to the Kingdom of Ghana. His works are noted for the relative objectiveness with which they are presented. noted for the relative objectiveness with which they are presented. For each area, he describes the people, their customs, as well as the For each area, he describes the people, their customs, as well as the geography, climate, and main cities. He also presents various geography, climate, and main cities. He also presents various anecdotes (stories) about each area. Unfortunately, parts of his main anecdotes (stories) about each area. Unfortunately, parts of his main work have been lost.work have been lost.

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Who was Ibn Batutta?Who was Ibn Batutta?Ibn Battuta, was born in Tangier, Morocco, in 1304 C.E. He left Ibn Battuta, was born in Tangier, Morocco, in 1304 C.E. He left Tangier in 1325, when he was twenty one years of age. His travels Tangier in 1325, when he was twenty one years of age. His travels lasted for about thirty years, and included visiting North Africa, lasted for about thirty years, and included visiting North Africa, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Iran and southern Arabia. He sailed to Somalia Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Iran and southern Arabia. He sailed to Somalia and Tanzania, then back to the Persian Gulf. Ibn Battuta was the only and Tanzania, then back to the Persian Gulf. Ibn Battuta was the only medieval traveller who is known to have visited the lands of every medieval traveller who is known to have visited the lands of every Muslim ruler of his time. He also travelled in Ceylon (present Sri Muslim ruler of his time. He also travelled in Ceylon (present Sri Lanka), China and Byzantium and South Russia. The mere extent of Lanka), China and Byzantium and South Russia. The mere extent of his travels is estimated at no less than 75,000 miles, a figure which is his travels is estimated at no less than 75,000 miles, a figure which is not likely to have been surpassed before the age of steam. not likely to have been surpassed before the age of steam.

At about the age of 50 Battuta returned to Morocco and then walked At about the age of 50 Battuta returned to Morocco and then walked across the Sahara to Mali, where he spent time in the Kingdom of across the Sahara to Mali, where he spent time in the Kingdom of Mali.Mali.

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Map of Ibn Battuta’s TravelsMap of Ibn Battuta’s Travels

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Leo AfricanusLeo Africanus is a nickname, assigned to is a nickname, assigned to Leo by his Italian peers when he was Leo by his Italian peers when he was already in his 30s. At birth, Leo had a already in his 30s. At birth, Leo had a

distinctly more Muslim name: distinctly more Muslim name: Al Hassan Ibn Al Hassan Ibn Muhammad Al WazzanMuhammad Al Wazzan

Leo made two trips to the Sudan Leo made two trips to the Sudan and Timbuktu: One in early 1510 and Timbuktu: One in early 1510 and one in 1513. He was 16 years and one in 1513. He was 16 years old on his first trip, a companion old on his first trip, a companion to his uncle, sent as ambassador to his uncle, sent as ambassador to the Sudan. During his two trips, to the Sudan. During his two trips, Leo visited several kingdoms. Leo visited several kingdoms.

" I visited 15 kingdoms in the land " I visited 15 kingdoms in the land of the blacks, and there are three of the blacks, and there are three times as many which I have not times as many which I have not seen“. seen“.

Born in Spain, grew up in Morrocco.

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How did he get the How did he get the nickname?nickname?

Educated at Fès, in Morocco, Leo Africanus travelled widely as a young Educated at Fès, in Morocco, Leo Africanus travelled widely as a young man on commercial and diplomatic missions through North Africa. man on commercial and diplomatic missions through North Africa. Returning from a voyage to Egypt, while at sea in the Mediterranean, Returning from a voyage to Egypt, while at sea in the Mediterranean, he was captured by Christian pirates and, because he revealed he was captured by Christian pirates and, because he revealed extraordinary intelligence, was presented as a gift to Pope Leo X. extraordinary intelligence, was presented as a gift to Pope Leo X.

Impressed with his slave’s learning, the pontiff freed him after a year Impressed with his slave’s learning, the pontiff freed him after a year and, having persuaded him to profess Christianity, stood sponsor at and, having persuaded him to profess Christianity, stood sponsor at his baptism in 1520. As Giovanni Leone (John Leo), the new convert his baptism in 1520. As Giovanni Leone (John Leo), the new convert enjoyed favour in scholarly Roman society, learned Latin and Italian, enjoyed favour in scholarly Roman society, learned Latin and Italian, and taught Arabic. and taught Arabic.

Around 1526 he completed his greatest work, Descrittione dell’Africa Around 1526 he completed his greatest work, Descrittione dell’Africa (1550; A Geographical Historie of Africa, 1600). (1550; A Geographical Historie of Africa, 1600).

He eventually returned to North Africa, where he is believed to have He eventually returned to North Africa, where he is believed to have died a Muslim.died a Muslim.

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Leo Africanus Visits Leo Africanus Visits TimbuktuTimbuktu

Using your cheat sheet for evaluating sources and Using your cheat sheet for evaluating sources and the value/limitation words in your journal, anaylse the value/limitation words in your journal, anaylse Leo Africanus’ source by doing the following (high-Leo Africanus’ source by doing the following (high-light, underline, make notes in the margin):light, underline, make notes in the margin):– Find the 5 W’sFind the 5 W’s– Find facts (objectivity)Find facts (objectivity)– Find anything that is subjective (opinion, feeling, belief Find anything that is subjective (opinion, feeling, belief

etc.)etc.)– What are the limitations of the source?What are the limitations of the source?– What do you think has been omitted from the source?What do you think has been omitted from the source?– What is the source’s value? What did you learn from it? What is the source’s value? What did you learn from it?

Think of GRAPES.Think of GRAPES.– How might European readers used this account? How might European readers used this account?

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Adinkra!Adinkra! African symbols known as adinkra are African symbols known as adinkra are

ubiquitous (meaning they are ubiquitous (meaning they are everywhere) in Ghana, a beautiful West everywhere) in Ghana, a beautiful West African country on the Atlantic, situated African country on the Atlantic, situated between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo. They between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo. They can be found on cloth and walls, in can be found on cloth and walls, in pottery and logos. They represent the pottery and logos. They represent the philosophy, folk-tales and culture of the philosophy, folk-tales and culture of the Asante people. Asante people.

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AKOKO NAN AKOKO NAN "the leg of a hen" "the leg of a hen" Symbol of nurturing and discipline. Symbol of nurturing and discipline.

The full name of this symbol The full name of this symbol translates to "The hen treads on her translates to "The hen treads on her chicks, but she does not kill them." chicks, but she does not kill them." This represents the ideal nature of This represents the ideal nature of parents, being both protective and parents, being both protective and corrective. An exhortation to nurture corrective. An exhortation to nurture children, but a warning not to children, but a warning not to pamper them.pamper them.

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DWENNIMMEN "ram's horns" DWENNIMMEN "ram's horns"

Symbol of humility together with Symbol of humility together with strength.strength.

The ram will fight fiercely against anThe ram will fight fiercely against an

adversary, but it also submits humbly toadversary, but it also submits humbly to

slaughter, emphasizing that even the slaughter, emphasizing that even the strongstrong

need to be humble. need to be humble.

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NKONSONKONSON "chain link" NKONSONKONSON "chain link" Symbol of unity and human relations.Symbol of unity and human relations.A reminder to contribute to the A reminder to contribute to the

community,community,that in unity lies strengththat in unity lies strength

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NKYINKYIM "twisting" NKYINKYIM "twisting" Symbol of initiative, dynamism and Symbol of initiative, dynamism and versatility.versatility.

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SANKOFA "return and get it" SANKOFA "return and get it"

Symbol of importance of learning from the Symbol of importance of learning from the past.past.

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ActivityActivity

Pick 4 Adinkra symbols that represent you Pick 4 Adinkra symbols that represent you or something you feel that you stand for.or something you feel that you stand for.

Practice drawing symbols on paper.Practice drawing symbols on paper.

Decide on a project for your final project Decide on a project for your final project “totem”.“totem”.

-bracelet-bracelet -T-shirt-T-shirt

-headband-headband -???-???