Top Banner
What is Intelligence? Definition: 3 main characteristic s 1) 2) 3)
41

What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Dec 22, 2015

Download

Documents

Briana Holland
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

What is Intelligence?

• Definition: • 3 main characteristics

• 1) • 2)• 3)

Page 2: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Brief History of Intelligence Testing

Page 3: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Alfred Binet

Page 4: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Lewis Terman

(Mental Age)

(Chronological Age)X 100 = IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

Page 5: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet IQ Scores

Fig. 8.1

IQs less than 70 = Intellectually Disabled. More than 130 = gifted

Page 6: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Problems with the IQ Formula

Page 7: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

David Wechsler

Page 8: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Intelligence Tests Today• Updated versions of Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests are

most commonly used intelligence tests today• IQ score no longer determined by dividing mental age by

chronological age– Now compare total score to others at age level

• Average score = 100• Other scores based on amount of deviation from average

– “normal curve”– Score reflects relative standing within population of your age

Page 9: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Psychological Test Concepts

Page 10: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Types of Psychological Tests

• Intelligence Tests• Aptitude Tests

– A test designed to measure a person’s capacity to learn certain things or perform certain tasks

• SAT, ACT, and GRE (verbal and quantitative components), Wonderlic– Look to measure “potential”

• Achievement Tests– A measure of what a person has accomplished or

learned in a particular area• MCA tests, AP Psychology Exam

• Personality Tests

Page 11: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Aptitude v. Achievement TestsAptitude•

Achievement•

Page 12: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

How do we construct Intelligence tests?

Tests must be:

• • •

Page 13: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Standardization• The test must be pre-tested to a

representative sample of people and• Form a normal distribution or bell

curve

Page 14: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Determining Test Quality

• Standardizing– Conditions surrounding a test are as similar as possible for

everyone who takes it• Helps eliminate possible bias of those giving or scoring the test – objective

• Norms• Description of frequency at which particular scores occur, allowing

scores to be compared statistically

– Standardization group• Representative sample of people pretested to determine meaningful

scores

– Percentile score• Percent of individuals in normative group whom the individual has

scored above

Page 15: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Reliability

• Spilt halves or test–retest method.

Page 16: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Reliability

• The degree to which a test can be repeated with the same results – “Test-Retest Reliability”

– A group of people take the same test twice

– “Alternate Form Reliability”– Different, but similar test on 2nd trial – reduce practice effects

– “Split-half” method– Correlation is calculated b/w person’s scores on two comparable

halves of test (“Internal Consistency Reliability”)

– Inter-Rater reliability– Determine degree to which different raters/observers give

consistent estimates of same phenomenon

Page 17: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Does Intelligence Change Over Time?

Page 18: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Validity

• Content Validity: does the test sample a behavior of interest

• Predictive Validity: does the test predict future behavior.

Criterion related validity

Page 19: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Validity

• The degree to which test scores are interpreted correctly and used appropriately– Content validity

• Content of a test is a fair, representative sample of what the test is supposed to measure

– Criterion-related validity (predictive validity)• Correlation between test scores and an independent

measure of what it is supposed to assess

– Construct validity• Extent to which scores suggest test is measuring

theoretical construct it claims to measure

Page 20: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Flynn Effect

Page 21: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

The Flynn Effect

• Performance on IQ scores has steadily increased over generations

– Environmental factors?

• • •

Page 22: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Test Bias?

Tests do discriminate.But some argue that their sole purpose

is to discriminate.We have to look at the type of

discrimination.

Page 23: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

• The Bell curve is different for Whites v. Black.

• Math scores are different across genders and the highest scores are for Asian males.

Why?Nature or Nurture

Page 24: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Theories of Intelligence

Page 25: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Is intelligence one general trait or many specific abilities?

Page 26: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Is intelligence one general trait or many specific abilities?

– L.L. Thurstone

Page 27: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Information Processing Approach

• Theory that attempts to understand intelligence by examining the mental operations (i.e. attention, memory) involved in intelligent behavior–

Page 28: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence• Robert Sternberg (Tufts University)

– 3 types of intelligence:• Analytic:

• Creative:

• Practical:

Page 29: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Multiple Intelligences (MI) Theory

• Howard Gardner (Harvard)

Page 30: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Multiple Intelligences (MI) Theory

• Linguistic• Logical-mathematical• Spatial• Musical

• Body-kinesthetic

• Intrapersonal• Interpersonal• Naturalistic

Com

mon

ly m

easu

red

in in

telli

genc

e te

sts

• Suggests they interact, but can function with some independence• Some can become more developed than others

• Critics suggest that many of these are better labeled as “skills” than “intelligences”• Also, don’t really have dependable measures

Page 31: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Emotional Intelligence

• Daniel Goleman, Peter Salovey, John D. Mayer, & others

Page 32: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Is intelligence one thing or several different abilities?• To find out scientists

use FACTOR ANALYSIS:

He saw using FA that doing well in one area of a test predicted that you will do well in another.

Page 33: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Multiple Intelligences

• Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearman’s g and instead came up with the concept of multiple intelligences.

• He came up with the idea by studying savants (a condition where a person has limited mental ability but is exceptional in one area).

Page 34: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences?

• Visual/Spatial • Verbal/Linguistic • Logical/Mathematical• Bodily/Kinesthetic • Musical/Rhythmic • Interpersonal • Intrapersonal • Natural

Learn More about Gardner

Page 35: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)
Page 36: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)
Page 37: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Sternberg’s Three Aspects of Intelligence

Gardner Simplified• Analytical (academic

problem solving).• Creative (generating

novel ideas)• Practical (common

sense).

Page 38: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Gardner’s Three New Intelligences

• Naturalistic intelligence• Spiritual intelligence• Existential intelligence

Page 39: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Types & Characteristics of TestsTypes Aptitude: person’s capability Achievement: person’s knowledge of subject

Characteristics Validity: the ability of the test to measure what

you say it will measure Reliability: the ability of the test to measure a

construct with consistency Standardization: the use of reference scores for

interpreting an individual’s performance

Page 40: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Types of Validity & Reliability of Tests Validity

Content: Complete range of material

Criterion: Compare to other tests of the same measure (high on SAT, high on ACT)

Predictive: future performance (MCAT)

Construct: theoretical or hypothetical construct (depression, intelligence)

Reliability Test-retest:

Alternate form:

Inter-rater:

Page 41: What is Intelligence? Definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)

Brain Size and IntelligenceIs there a link?

• Small +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores (relative to body size).

• Using an MRI we found +.44 correlation with brain size and IQ score.