What distinguishes cyber crime from “traditional” crime? What distinguishes cyber crime from “traditional” crime? How has the Internet expanded opportunities.

• What distinguishes cyber crime from What distinguishes cyber crime from “traditional” crime?“traditional” crime?• How has the Internet expanded How has the Internet expanded

opportunities for identity theft?opportunities for identity theft?• What are three reasons that What are three reasons that

cyberstalking may be more cyberstalking may be more commonplace than physical stalking? commonplace than physical stalking?

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• What are three major reasons that What are three major reasons that the Internet is conducive to juvenile the Internet is conducive to juvenile cyber crime?cyber crime?• How do encryption programs protect How do encryption programs protect

digital data from unauthorized digital data from unauthorized access?access?

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• Computer crime: “any violation of Computer crime: “any violation of criminal law that involves knowledge of criminal law that involves knowledge of computer technology for [its] computer technology for [its] perpetration, investigation, or perpetration, investigation, or prosecution.” prosecution.” Three categories:Three categories:–Computer is the object of a crime.–Computer is the subject of a crime.–Computer is the instrument of a crime.

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• Cyber Consumer Fraud: Any act Cyber Consumer Fraud: Any act directed against computers or that directed against computers or that uses computers as an instrumentality uses computers as an instrumentality of a crime.of a crime.–Online Auction Fraud. –Online Retail Fraud.

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• Cyber Consumer Fraud (cont’d).Cyber Consumer Fraud (cont’d).–Cyber Theft.• Identity Theft. • Phishing. • Vishing. • Employment Fraud.

–Cyberstalking.• Threat of Cyberstalking. • An Easier Alternative?

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• Cyber Consumer Fraud (cont’d).Cyber Consumer Fraud (cont’d).–Cyberstalking (cont’d).• Cyberstalking on Social Networks.• CASE 7.1 State v. Cline State v. Cline (2008). What

were the court’s reasons for venue?

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• Credit-Card Crime.Credit-Card Crime.• Hackers.Hackers.–The Scope of the Problem.–Juvenile Cybercrime.

• New Service-Based Hacking at Low New Service-Based Hacking at Low Cost.Cost.• Cyberterrorism.Cyberterrorism.

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• Pirating Intellectual Property Online.Pirating Intellectual Property Online.–Business Software Alliance estimates

35% of software is pirated, with losses exceeding $5 billion/year.–The Grokster case.

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• State Regulation of Spam.State Regulation of Spam.• The Federal CAN-SPAM Act.The Federal CAN-SPAM Act.• The U.S. Safe Web Act.The U.S. Safe Web Act.–Allows the FTC to share information

with foreign governments, and to jointly investigate and prosecute internet fraud.

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• Generally, gambling is illegal and assets Generally, gambling is illegal and assets from gambling can be seized. from gambling can be seized. –CASE 7.2 United States v. $6,976,934.65, Plus

Interest, Deposited into Royal Bank of Scotland International (2009). What right does the United States have to forfeit funds located in another country?

• In 2006, Congress passed the Unlawful In 2006, Congress passed the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act.Internet Gambling Enforcement Act.

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• Prosecution of Cyber Crime. Prosecution of Cyber Crime. –“Location” of crime is an issue.–Jurisdiction of courts is an issue.

• Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.–Person is liable if he accesses a

computer online, without authority, to obtain classified, private, or protected information.

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• Private Efforts to Combat Cyber Private Efforts to Combat Cyber Crime.Crime.–Firewalls and Antivirus software.–Encryption is another means to secure

data.

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