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CHAPTER SEVEN WH-029(0(17 ,1 T85.,6+ S,*1 L$1*8$*( S(/d8. øù6(9(5 $1' BAHTøYAR 0$.$52ö/8 A1.$5$ UNIVERSITY Abstract The fact that wh-elements can occur in a right peripheral position in most sign languaJHV FDVWV GRXEW RQ WKH XQLYHUVDOLW\ RI WKH DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW wh-PRYHPHQW DOZD\V WDUJHWV D OHIWZDUG 6SHF&3 %HDULQJ RQ WKLV LVVXH WKLV VWXG\ VFUXWLQL]HV ZK-PRYHPHQW IDFWV LQ 7XUNLVK 6LJQ /DQJXDJH 7ø' ZKLFK KDV EHHQ KDUGO\ H[DPLQHG LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH :H VKRZ WKDW 7ø' illustrates a language where both leftward and rightward wh-movements DUH SRVVLEOH 7R DFFRXQW IRU WKLV GXDO QDWXUH RI PRYHPHQW ZH SURSRVH WKDW 7ø' ZK-SKUDVHV XQGHUJR PRYHPHQW WR 6SHF&3 ZKLFK LV RQ WKH OHIW ZKLOH wh-words move and adjoin to C 0 RQ WKH ULJKW 7KXV DV WR WKH TXHVWLRQ LQ the literature whether universal grammar has a Spec position at the right edge of the sentence to host wh-HOHPHQWV WKH 7ø' ZK-movement data H[SORUHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ IDYRU IRU DQ DQDO\VLV ZKHUH ULJKWZDUG ZK-movement LV SRVVLEOH EXW WKH RQO\ 6SHF SRVLWLRQ GHGLFDWHG WR ZK-phrases is on the left. .H\ZRUGV :K-PRYHPHQW :K-GXSOLFDWLRQ /LQHDUL]DWLRQ 7XUNLVK 6LJQ Language. 7.1. Introduction 7KH OLWHUDWXUH RQ WKH V\QWD[ RI wh-questions has revealed that wh- movement taUJHWV D OHIW SHULSKHUDO SRVLWLRQ LQ RYHUZKHOPLQJ PDMRULW\ RI VSRNHQ ODQJXDJHV DOWKRXJK WKHUH DUH VRPH PLQRU H[FHSWLRQV QRWHG LQ WKH literature where right peripheral wh-phrases are also possible (for UHIHUHQFHV VHH &HFFKHWWR *HUDFL =XFFKL IW 7KLV IDFW KDV OHG
23

Wh-movement in Turkish Sign Language

Feb 07, 2023

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Page 1: Wh-movement in Turkish Sign Language

CHAPTER SEVEN

WH-029(0(17�,1�T85.,6+�S,*1�L$1*8$*(

S(/d8.�øù6(9(5 $1' BAHTøYAR 0$.$52ö/8

A1.$5$�UNIVERSITY

Abstract

The fact that wh-elements can occur in a right peripheral position in most sign languaJHV�FDVWV�GRXEW�RQ�WKH�XQLYHUVDOLW\�RI�WKH�DVVXPSWLRQ�WKDW�wh-PRYHPHQW� DOZD\V� WDUJHWV� D� OHIWZDUG� 6SHF�&3��%HDULQJ� RQ� WKLV� LVVXH��WKLV�VWXG\�VFUXWLQL]HV�ZK-PRYHPHQW�IDFWV�LQ�7XUNLVK�6LJQ�/DQJXDJH��7ø'���ZKLFK� KDV� EHHQ� KDUGO\� H[DPLQHG� LQ� WKH� OLWHUDWXUH�� :H� VKRZ� WKDW� 7ø'�illustrates a language where both leftward and rightward wh-movements DUH�SRVVLEOH��7R�DFFRXQW�IRU�WKLV�GXDO�QDWXUH�RI�PRYHPHQW��ZH�SURSRVH�WKDW�7ø'�ZK-SKUDVHV�XQGHUJR�PRYHPHQW�WR�6SHF�&3�ZKLFK�LV�RQ�WKH�OHIW��ZKLOH�wh-words move and adjoin to C0 RQ�WKH�ULJKW��7KXV��DV�WR�WKH�TXHVWLRQ�LQ�the literature whether universal grammar has a Spec position at the right edge of the sentence to host wh-HOHPHQWV�� WKH� 7ø'� ZK-movement data H[SORUHG�LQ�WKLV�VWXG\�IDYRU�IRU�DQ�DQDO\VLV�ZKHUH�ULJKWZDUG�ZK-movement LV� SRVVLEOH� EXW� WKH� RQO\�6SHF� SRVLWLRQ�GHGLFDWHG� WR�ZK-phrases is on the left. .H\ZRUGV�� :K-PRYHPHQW�� :K-GXSOLFDWLRQ�� /LQHDUL]DWLRQ�� 7XUNLVK� 6LJQ�Language.

7.1. Introduction

7KH� OLWHUDWXUH� RQ� WKH� V\QWD[� RI� wh-questions has revealed that wh-movement taUJHWV� D� OHIW�SHULSKHUDO� SRVLWLRQ� LQ�RYHUZKHOPLQJ�PDMRULW\�RI�VSRNHQ�ODQJXDJHV��DOWKRXJK�WKHUH�DUH�VRPH�PLQRU�H[FHSWLRQV�QRWHG�LQ�WKH�literature where right peripheral wh-phrases are also possible (for UHIHUHQFHV��VHH�&HFFKHWWR��*HUDFL���=XFFKL��������IW������7KLV�IDFW�KDV�OHG�

Page 2: Wh-movement in Turkish Sign Language

Chapter Seven

168

researchers to assume that the target site of wh-movement is a left SHULSKHUDO�6SHF�RI�&3�LQ�QDWXUDO� ODQJXDJHV��+RZHYHU�� WKH�XQLYHUVDOLW\�RI�WKLV� DVVXPSWLRQ� KDV� EHHQ� VFUXWLQL]HG� LQ� VLJQ� ODQJXDJH� �6/�� OLWHUDWXUH�because in SLs the preferred landing site of wh-phrases is in the right SHULSKHU\��WKRXJK�WKH\�PD\�RFFXU�LQ�OHIWZDUG�DQG�LQ�VLWX�SRVLWLRQV�DV�ZHOO��For some linguists this is robust evidence for the fact that universal grammar allows C0 to project also a rightward Spec position for wh-SKUDVHV�WR�RFFXU��VHH�&HFFKHWWR��=XFFL��������&HFFKHWWR�HW�DO��������IRU�,WDOLDQ�6LJQ�/DQJXDJH��/,6���1HLGOH��������1HLGOH��.HJO��%DKDQ��$DURQV���0DF/DXJKOLQ��������1HLGOH��.HJO��0DF/DXJKOLQ��%DKDQ���/HH�������IRU�$PHULFDQ�6LJQ�/DQJXDJH��$6/���3IDX��4XHU�������IRU�*HUPDQ�DQG�&DWDODQ�6LJQ�/DQJXDJHV��'*6�DQG�/6&�UHVSHFWLYHO\���DPRQJ�RWKHUV���2Q�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��DFFRUGLQJ�WR�DQRWKHU�YLHZ��WKH�ULJKWZDUG�RFFXUUHQFH�RI�wh-SKUDVHV� LV� RQO\� DSSDUHQW� DQG� PXVW� EH� DQDO\]HG� RQ� D� SDU� ZLWK� VSRNHQ�ODQJXDJHV�� QDPHO\� DV� PRYHPHQW� WR� D� OHIWZDUG� 6SHF�&3� �VHH� 1XQHV� �4XDGURV�� ������ 3HWURQLR� � /LOOR-0DUWLQ�� ������ 4XDGURV�� ������:LOEXU�������IRU�$6/�DQG�%UD]LOLDQ�6LJQ�/DQJXDJH��/6%���DPRQJ�RWKHUV���

,Q� WKLV� VWXG\� ZH� GLVFXVV�wh-movement phenomena in Turkish Sign Language (7ø'���ZKLFK�KDV�EHHQ�KDUGO\�H[DPLQHG�LQ�WKH�OLWHUDWXUH��DLPLQJ�to contribute to the debate on the direction of wh-PRYHPHQW�LQ�6/V�EULHIO\�VNHWFKHG�DERYH��7ø'�LV�D�KHDG-final Subject-Object-9HUE��629��ODQJXDJH��*|NJ|]��������*|NJ|]��$UÕN��������6HYLQo��������DPRQJ�RWKHUV��ZKHUH�wh-SKUDVHV� FDQ� RFFXU� LQ� D� YDULHW\� RI� VXUIDFH� SRVLWLRQV� WR� IRUP� D� wh-TXHVWLRQ�� )RU� LQVWDQFH�� D�wh-question with an object wh-phrase can be IRUPHG�E\�RQH�RI�WKH�VWUXFWXUHV�VKRZQ�LQ���D-G��1

1 ,Q� 6/V�� QRQPDQXDO� PDUNHUV� �100�� OLNH� EURZ� DQG� KHDG� PRYHPHQWV� SOD\� D�crucial role in marking certain aspects of functional structure of the sentence such DV�QHJDWLRQ��WHQVH��LQWHUURJDWLRQ�DQG�WKH�OLNH��,Q�7ø'��100V�XVHG�WR�PDUN�D�ZK-FRQVWUXFWLRQ� LQFOXGH� EURZ� ORZHULQJ� �0DNDUR÷OX�� WKLV� YROXPH�� RU�� DFFRUGLQJ� WR�DQRWKHU�YLHZ��KHDG�VKDNH�SOXV�KHDG�EDFNZDUG��*|NVHO��.HOHSLU��������VSUHDGLQJ�RYHU�WKH�ZKROH�VHQWHQFH��*|NVHO��.HOHSLU��������0DNDUR÷OX��WKLV�YROXPH���ZKLOH�LQ�RWKHU�6/V�D�GLIIHUHQW��FRPELQDWLRQ�RI��100�V��PD\�EH�FKRVHQ�WR�PDUN�WKe same FRQVWUXFWLRQ��$OWKRXJK�100V�DUH�DQ�LQWHJUDO�SDUW�RI�DQ\�6/��RXU�DQDO\VLV�PHUHO\�IRFXVHV� RQ� PDQXDO� VLJQV� OHDYLQJ� WKH� UROH� RI� 100V� LQ� 7ø'� ZK-movement SKHQRPHQD�IRU�IXUWKHU�VWXG\��<HW��IRU�WKH�VDNH�RI�LQWHJULW\�RI�WKH�GDWD��100V�XVHG�in the examples of ERWK�7ø'�DQG�RWKHU�6/V�DUH�LQGLFDWHG�WKURXJKRXW�WKH�SDSHU�E\�WKH� JORVV� ³BBBBBwh´�� � 3OHDVH� QRWH� WKDW� WKH� DEVHQFH� RI�100V� LQ� VRPH� H[DPSOHV�taken from the literature is due to their lack in the original text.

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Wh-movement in Turkish Sign Language 169

wh ��� a. ,1'EX2 :+$7�5($' >7ø'@

,1'(;2 WHAT 5($'

wh b. WHATi ,1'(;2 ti 5($'

WHAT ,1'(;2 5($'

wh c. ,1'(;2 ti 5($' WHATi

,1'(;2 5($' WHAT

wh d. ,1'(;2 WHATi 5($' WHATi

,1'(;2 WHAT 5($' WHAT e. WHATi ,1'(;2 WHATi 5($'

µ:KDW�GLG�\RX�UHDG"¶

Page 4: Wh-movement in Turkish Sign Language

Chapter Seven

170

����VKRZV�WKDW�wh-SKUDVHV�LQ�7ø'�PD\�UHPDLQ�LQ�VLWX���D��RU�XQGHUJR�PRYHPHQW� WR�HLWKHU� WKH�OHIW���E��RU�ULJKW���F��HGJHV�RI� WKH�VHQWHQFH��ZLWK�the option of doubling the wh-phrase when movement targets a position on WKH�ULJKW���G���EXW�QRW�RQ�WKH�OHIW���H���$V�LV� WKH�FDVH�ZLWK�RWKHU�6/V�� WKH�immediate question is how we can account for the existence of both leftward and rightward movements of wh-SKUDVHV�LQ�7ø'��7KH�GXSOLFDWLRQ�VWUXFWXUH�VHHQ�LQ���G��SURYRNHV�DQRWKHU�TXHVWLRQ�DV�WR�KRZ�WZR�FRSLHV�RI�D�wh-phrase can surface in a wh-TXHVWLRQ��)XUWKHUPRUH��WKH�JUDPPDWLFDOLW\�FRQWUDVW�EHWZHHQ���G��DQG���H��FDOOV�IRU�DQ�H[SODQDWLRQ�DV�ZHOO��

To account IRU�WKH�GDWD�LQ������ZH�SURSRVH�WKDW�OHIWZDUG�DQG�ULJKWZDUG�wh-PRYHPHQWV� DUH� ERWK� SRVVLEOH� LQ� 7ø'�� DOWKRXJK� WKH� WZR� RSWLRQV� DUH�VWUXFWXUDOO\�GLIIHUHQW��:H�VKRZ�WKDW�ZK-SKUDVHV�DUH�DOORZHG�RQO\�DW�WKH�OHIW�edge of the sentence whereas wh-words can occur onO\�DW� WKH�ULJKW�HGJH��7ø'�ZK-GXSOLFDWLRQ�GDWD�DOVR�VXSSRUW�RXU�SURSRVDO� LQ� WKDW��DV�VHHQ�LQ�WKH�FRQWUDVW�EHWZHHQ���G��DQG���H���RQO\�ULJKWZDUG�wh-elements can duplicate. ,Q� OLQH� ZLWK� 1XQHV� � 4XDGURV� �������� ZH� DUJXH� WKDW� WKLV� LV� EHFDXVH�rightward wh-duplicDWHV� DUH� LQYLVLEOH� WR�&KDLQ�5HGXFWLRQ� �1XQHV�� ������due to morphological fusion with C0��ZKLFK�DOORZV�WKHP�WR�OLQHDUL]H�DORQJ�with the lower wh-FRS\��/HIWZDUG�ZK-HOHPHQWV��RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��GR�QRW�KDYH� WKLV� RSWLRQ� EHFDXVH� �L�� WKH\� DUH� SKUDVDO�� DQG� �LL�� 6SHF�&3� WKDW� WKH\�RFFXS\�LV�DW�WKH�OHIW�HGJH�ZKLOH�&0 is positioned on the right.

,Q� WKLV�VWXG\�� WKUHH�PDOH� LQIRUPDQWV�EHWZHHQ�DJHV�25-31 helped us to PDNH� MXGJPHQWV�RQ�YDULRXV�7ø'�VHQWHQFHV� All the informants are native VLJQHUV� DQG� H[SRVHG� WR� 7ø'� GXULQJ� WKH� FULWLFDO� SHULRG� RI� ODQJXDJH�DFTXLVLWLRQ��7ø' LV�WKH�SULPDU\�ODQJXDJH�LQ�WKHLU�GDLO\�OLYHV��$W�PLQLPXP��WKH\�DUH�DOO�JUDGXDWHV�RI KLJK�VFKRRO��7KH\�ZHUH�ERUQ deaf and all but one of the informants has deaf parents.

7KH�RUJDQL]DWLRQ�RI�WKH�SDSHU�LV�DV�IROORZV��,Q�VHFWLRQ������ZH�EULHIO\�VXPPDUL]H� WKH� SRVLWLRQV� WKDW� ZK-phrases can occur in SLs as well as OHIWZDUG� DQG� ULJKWZDUG� DQDO\VHs of wh-movement in SL literature. In VHFWLRQ������ZKHUH�WKH�SURSRVDO�RI�WKH�VWXG\�LV�VSHOOHG�RXW��ZH�DQDO\]H�WKH�structure of CP in Tø'�ZLWK�UHVSHFW�WR�SRVLWLRQV�RI�6SHF�&3�DQG�&0. In this section we show that wh-SKUDVHV� WDUJHW� 6SHF�&3� RQ� WKH� OHIW� ZKLOH�wh-words undergo adjunction to C0 which is on the right. Section 7.4 FRQFOXGHV�WKH�VWXG\�

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Wh-movement in Turkish Sign Language 171

7.2. Background

7.2.1. Surface positions of wh-elements in SLs

,Q�6/V��ZK-TXHVWLRQV�PD\�EH� IRUPHG�E\�PRYHPHQW�RI�ZK-phrases to HLWKHU� OHIW�RU�ULJKW�SHULSKHUDO�SRVLWLRQV�RU�E\�OHDYLQJ�WKHP�LQ�WKHLU� LQ�VLWX�positions. What is significant is the fact that most SLs can make use of more than one of these VWUDWHJLHV� LQWHUFKDQJHDEO\� WR� IRUP� D� VLQJOH� ZK-question.2 )RU� H[DPSOH�� LQ� ERWK� $6/� DQG� /6%�� ZKLFK� DUH� ERWK� 692�ODQJXDJHV�� ZK-SKUDVHV� PD\� DSSHDU� LQ� VLWX� DV� LQ� ���� RU� LQ� D� ULJKWZDUG�SRVLWLRQ�DV�VHHQ�LQ������/6&��DQ�629�ODQJXDJH��LV�DQRWKHU�6/�ZKHUH�ZK-phraseV�DUH�DOORZHG�WR�RFFXU�LQ�WKHVH�SRVLWLRQV�DV�ZHOO��VHH����

wh ��� a. -2+1�%8<�:+$7�<(67(5'$< [ASL] µ:KDW�GLG�-RKQ�EX\�\HVWHUGD\"¶ wh b. :+2�/,.(�1$1&< µ:KR�OLNHV�1DQF\"¶ wh c. -2+1�%8<�:+$7 µ:KDW�GLG�-RKQ�EX\"¶��3HWURQLR��/LOOR-0DUWLQ��������S����� wh d. -2+1�6((�:+2�<(67(5'AY >$6/�/6%@ µ:KR�GLG�-RKQ�VHH�\HVWHUGD\"¶��/LOOR-0DUWLQ��4XDGURV��������S������ wh ��� a. BUY COFFEE WHERE >$6/�/6%@ µ:KHUH�GLG��\RX��EX\�FRIIHH"¶ wh b. -2+1�6((�<(67(5'$<�:HO µ:KR�GLG�-RKQ�VHH�\HVWHUGD\"¶ wh c. BUY CAR (<(67(5'$<� WHO

µ:KR�ERXJKW�D�FDU��\HVWHUGD\�"¶�(Lillo-0DUWLQ��4XDGURV��������S������

wh ��� a. -2$1�52%$5�48È [LSC] -RDQ��VWHDO����ZKDW

2 6HH�&HFFKHWWR�HW�DO�� �������S������� IRU�D�VXPPDU\�RI�SRVLWLRQV� WKDW�ZK-phrases PD\�RFFXU�LQ�VHYHUDO�6/V�

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wh b. -2$1 QUÈ ROBAR -RDQ what steal µ:KDW�GLG�-RKQ�VWHDO"¶ �$OED�GH�OD�7RUUH��������S�����

Leftward wh-SKUDVHV� FDQ� DOVR� EH� IRXQG� DFURVV� 6/V�� )RU� LQVWDQFH�� LQ�DGGLWLRQ�WR�ULJKW�DQG�LQ�VLWX�SRVLWLRQV��ZK-SKUDVHV�LQ�/6&�PD\�VXUIDFH�LQ�WKH�OHIW�SHULSKHU\�DV�ZHOO���D���$V�VHHQ�LQ���E-F���OHIWZDUG�ZK-phrases are DOVR� DWWHVWHG� LQ� 1HZ� =HDODQG� 6LJQ� /DQJXDJH� �1=6/�� DQG� ,VUDHOL� 6LJQ�/DQJXDJH��,6/���

wh ��� a. QUÈ -2$1 ROBAR [LSC] what -RDQ steal µ:KDW�GLG�-RKQ�VWHDO"¶ (Alba de OD�7RUUH��������S����� wh b. :+(1�<285�%,57+'$< >1=6/@ µ:KHQ�LV�\RXU�ELUWKGD\"¶ �:DOOLQJIRUG��������S������ c. :+$7�,1'(;3 SAY [ISL] µ:KDW�GLG�KH�VD\"¶ �0HLU��������S������

According to Lillo-0DUWLQ� � 4XDGURV� ������� DQG� 3HWURQLR� � /LOOR-0DUWLQ��������OHIWZDUG�ZK-phrases are also possible in both ASL and LSB DV�LQ������DOWKRXJK�&KXUQJ��������DQG�1LHGOH�HW�DO���������VWDWH�WKDW�QDWLYH�VLJQHUV�RI�$6/�WKH\�FRQVXOWHG�GLG�QRW�ILQG�WKLV�VWUXFWXUH�JUDPPDtical. On WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��WKHUH�LV�DJUHHPHQW�EHWZHHQ�UHVHDUFKHUV�DERXW�WKH�H[LVWHQFH�of leftward wh-SKUDVHV� LQ� $6/� ZKHQ� WKH\� RFFXU� LQ� D� ZK-duplication VWUXFWXUH�DV�VKRZQ�LQ���D��EHORZ��

wh ��� a. :+$7�-2+1�%8< >$6/�/6%@ µ:KDW�GLG�-RKQ�EX\"¶ wh b. WHERE YOU BUY COFFEE µ:KHUH�GLG�\RX�EX\�FRIIHH"¶

(Lillo-0DUWLQ��4XDGURV��������S������

,Q�VRPH�6/V��RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��ZK-SKUDVHV�DUH�PRVWO\�UHVWULFWHG�WR�D�specific position in the VHQWHQFH��)RU� LQVWDQFH�� DV� VKRZQ� LQ� ����� LQ� ,QGR-3DNLVWDQL�6LJQ�/DQJXDJH��,36/��WKH�RQO\�SRVLWLRQ�WKDW�LV�DOORZHG�IRU�ZK-SKUDVHV�LV�D�ULJKW�SHULSKHUDO�RQH��$ERK��3IDX��������3IDX��������3IDX��

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Wh-movement in Turkish Sign Language 173

=HVKDQ��������3 &HFFKHWWR�HW�DO���������S�������UHSRUW�WKDW�ZK-phrases must RFFXU� DW� WKH� ULJKW� HGJH� RI� WKH� VHQWHQFH� LQ� /,6� WRR� �VHH� ���� H[FHSW� IRU� D�UHVWULFWHG�VHW�RI�FDVHV�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH\�FDQ�UHPDLQ�LQ�VLWX��

��� a. .$/��������������3,7A: 0,/1$��.<$: [IPSL] tomorrow father meet wh µ:KR�ZLOO��P\��IDWKHU�PHHW�WRPRUURZ"¶ b. �.$/�3,7$: .<$: 0,/1$: c. �.<$: .$/�%$:P 0,/1$: d. �.$/ PITA: .<$: 0,/1$: .<$: e. �.<$: .$/ PITA: .<$: 0,/1$: f. �.<$: .$/ PITA: 0,/1$: .<$: �3IDX��=HVKDQ��������S���� wh ��� a. *,$11,�%8<�:+$7 [LIS] µ:KDW�GLG�*LDQQL�EX\"¶ wh b. HOUSE BUY WHO µ:KR�ERXJKW�D�KRXVH"¶� c. :+$7�*,$11,�($7 µ:KDW�GRHV�*LDQQL�HDW"¶������&HFFKHWWR�HW�DO���������SS�����������

Another characteristic feature of SLs is that wh-duplication is allowed in most of them. Although the positions of wh-GXSOLFDWHV� FDQ� YDU\�GHSHQGLQJ� RQ� WKH� ODQJXDJH��ZH� FDQ� ILQG� GXSOLFDWHG�ZK-HOHPHQWV� LQ� OHIW��ULJKW� RU� LQ� VLWX� SRVLWLRQV� DV� VHHQ� LQ� ���� DQG� ������ 7KH� PRVW� FRPPRQ�configuration seems to be the one illuVWUDWHG�E\�WKH�VHQWHQFHV�LQ�����ZKHUH�one of the wh-elements occurs at the left edge of the sentence while the other one occupies the right edge.

wh ��� a. WHAT NANCY BUY YESTE5'$<�:+$7� [ASL]

µ:KDW� GLG� 1DQF\� EX\� \HVWHUGD\"¶� � � � (Petronio & Lillo-0DUWLQ��������S�����

b. :+2�-2+1�6((�<(67(5'AY WHO [LSB] µ:KR�H[DFWO\�GLG�-RKQ�VHH�\HVWHUGD\"¶��1XQHV��4XDGURV��������S����

3 The wh-sign .<$��VHHQ�LQ�WKH�,36/�H[DPSOHV�LQ�����LV�D�JHQHUDO�ZK-VLJQ��ZKLFK�H[SUHVVHV�PHDQLQJV�RI�ZKROH�TXHVWLRQ�ZRUGV�LQ�RWKHU�ODQJXDJHV��3IDX��=HVKDQ���������6HH�DOVR�IW����

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wh c. WANN SIE-ALLE *(%b5(1635$&+(�/(51(1�:h16&+(1�:$11

>'*6@ ZKHQ��DOO�RI�\RX��VLJQ�ODQJXDJH���������OHDUQ������ZDQW�����������ZKHQ µ:KHQ�GR�DOO�RI�\RX�ZDQW�WR�OHDUQ�VLJQ�ODQJXDJH"¶

(LeuQLQJHU������� d. :+2�:5,7(�%22.�,1'(;a WHO [ISL] µ:KR�ZURWH�WKLV�ERRN"¶����0HLU��������S������

wh ���� a. -2$1�48Ê���52%$5�48Ê [LSC] -RDQ��ZKDW�VWHDO����ZKDW µ:KDW�GLG�-RKQ�VWHDO"¶�����$OED�GH�OD�7RUUH��������S����� b. -2+1�%8<�WHAT <(67(5'$<�WHAT [LSB] µ:KDW�GLG�-RKQ�EX\�\HVWHUGD\"¶����1XQHV��4XDGURV��������S����

+DYLQJ�EULHIO\�VHHQ�WKDW�wh-elements FDQ�RFFXS\�D�YDULHW\�RI�VXUIDFH�

positions in SLs��OHW�XV�WXUQ�WR�WKH�GHEDWH�RQ�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�ZK-movement and see how rightward occurrences of wh-elements are accounted for in SL literature.

7.2.2. Rightward and leftward analyses

$V�PHQWLRQHG�LQ�WKH�LQWURGXFWLRQ��WKH�IDFW�WKDW�ZK-SKUDVHV�PD\�VXUIDFH�iQ�D�ULJKW�SHULSKHUDO�SRVLWLRQ�LQ�PRVW�6/V�FDVWV�GRXEW�RQ�WKH�XQLYHUVDOLW\�RI�the assumption that wh-movement must target a Spec position in the left SHULSKHU\�RI�WKH�VHQWHQFH��7R�DFFRXQW�IRU�WKLV��VRPH�UHVHDUFKHUV�DUJXH�WKDW�the assumption on the direction of wh-movement should be relaxed so that universal grammar can allow movement of wh-phrases to a right SHULSKHUDO� SRVLWLRQ� DV� ZHOO�� +RZHYHU�� DQRWKHU� JURXS� RI� UHVHDUFKHUV�propose to stick with the leftward wh-movement assumption claiming that rightward occurrence of wh-SKUDVHV�LQ�WKHVH�ODQJXDJHV�LV�RQO\�DSSDUHQW��,Q�this section we outline both approaches addressing main proposals put IRUWK� E\� WKHLU� SURSRQHQWV�� DOWKRXJK� WKHUH� LV� D� PXFK� PRUH� GHWDLOHG�discussion between the two groups in the literature.

AccoUGLQJ� WR� ULJKWZDUG� DQDO\VLV��ZK-phrases undergo movement to a 6SHF�&3� SRVLWLRQ� RQ� WKH� ULJKW�� 1HLGOH� HW� DO�� ������� ������ VXJJHVW� WKDW�rightward movement of wh-SKUDVHV� LQ� $6/� LV� WULJJHUHG� E\� >�IRFXV@�feature and argue for a right-branching CP structure shown LQ����D��ZKHUH�the rightward Spec is the landing site for [+focus] feature checking wh-phrases��$V�VHHQ� LQ����E���1HLGOH��������PRGLILHV� WKLV�SURSRVDO�FODLPLQJ�

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Wh-movement in Turkish Sign Language 175

that focused wh-phrases ILUVW�VWRS�DW�6SHF�)3�WR�FKHFN�WKH�>�IRFXV@�IHDWXUH�of F0 �VWHS����EHIRUH�PRYLQJ�WR�6SHF�&3��VWHS����

�����

8QGHU� WKH� OHIWZDUG�PRYHPHQW� DSSURDFK�� RQ� WKH� RWKHU� KDQG�� WKH�6SHF�

position where wh-HOHPHQWV� ODQG� LV� LQ� WKH� OHIW� SHULSKHU\�� ([WHQGLQJ� WKH�left-EUDQFKLQJ� DQDO\VLV� RI� $6/� LQ� SUHYLRXV� VWXGLHV� VXFK� DV� 3HWURQLR���������Petronio & Lillo-0DUWLQ��������DUJXH�IRU�D�&3�VWUXFWXUH�ZKHUH�&0 LV�RQ�WKH�ULJKW�DQG�LWV�6SHF�LV�RQ�WKH�OHIW��$FFRUGLQJ�WR�WKLV�DQDO\VLV��$6/�rightward wh-elements are base-JHQHUDWHG� LQWHUURJDWLYH� FRPSOHPHQWL]HUV�while leftward wh-elements are wh-phrases undergoing movement to 6SHF�&3� �VHH� �����8QGHU� WKLV� DQDO\VLV��&0¶V� >�IRFXV@� DQG� >�ZK@� IHDWXUHV�PXVW�EH�FKHFNHG�E\�WKH�HOHPHQW�RFFXS\LQJ�6SHF�&3��ZKLFK�PD\�HLWKHU�EH�a wh-SKUDVH�RU�DQ�HPSW\�RSHUDWRU�PRYHG�IURP�ZLWKLQ�DQ�LQ�VLWX�ZK-phrase.

����

7KHUH� LV� \et another view which argues for a remnant-movement

DQDO\VLV� �$ERK� � 3IDX�� ������ $ERK�� 3IDX�� � =HVKDQ�� ������ 1XQHV� �4XDGURV�� ������� $FFRUGLQJ� WR� WKLV� DQDO\VLV�� WKH� GHULYDWLRQ� RI� ZK-

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constructions with rightward wh-HOHPHQWV�LQFOXGHV��DW�OHDVW��WZR�LQVWDQFHV of leftward movement as seen in (13a-E�� DGRSWHG� IURP�&HFFKHWWR� HW� DO���������� ����

,Q� WKH�ILUVW� VWHS�RI� WKH�GHULYDWLRQ�� WKH�ZK-element undergoes standard

wh-PRYHPHQW� WR� D� GHGLFDWHG� OHIW� SHULSKHUDO� SRVLWLRQ� ���D��� DQG� LQ� WKH�VHFRQG�VWHS��WKH�UHPQDQW��L�H���WKH�FRQVWLWXHQW�RXW�RI�ZKLFK�WKH�ZK-element KDV� PRYHG�� PRYHV� WR� D� SRVLWLRQ� WR� LWV� OHIW� ���E��� :LWK� WKLV� UHPQDQW�movement the wh-HOHPHQW�JHWV�OLQHDUL]HG�LQ�WKH�ULJKWPRVW�SRVLWLRQ�RI�WKH�VHQWHQFH��PDNLQJ�WKH�LOOXVLRQ�WKDW�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�LV�D�UHVXOW�RI�Uightward wh-movement.

7.3. Wh-PRYHPHQW�LQ�7ø'

7.3.1. The position of Spec,CP

,Q�OLJKW�RI�WKH�SUHFHGLQJ�GLVFXVVLRQ��OHW�XV�VHH�LQ�WKLV�VHFWLRQ�KRZ�7ø'�wh-movement data can be accounted for. As we saw in (1a-F��� UHSHDWHG�EHORZ� LQ� ������ ZK-phrases are allowed WR� RFFXU� LQ� LQ� VLWX�� OHIWZDUG� RU�ULJKWZDUG�SRVLWLRQV�LQ�7ø'�������DQG������IXUWKHU�VKRZ�WKDW�LQ�DOO�RI�WKHVH�positions adjunct wh-phrases are also allowed. wh ���� a. INDEX2 :+$7�5($' >7ø'@ wh

b. WHATi INDEX2 ti 5($' wh c. INDEX2 ti 5($'�:+$7i

µ:KDW�GLG�\RX�UHDG"¶ wh

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Wh-movement in Turkish Sign Language 177

���� a. INDEX2 :+(5(�%22.�5($' >7ø'@ wh

b. WHEREi INDEX2 ti %22.�5($' wh

c. INDEX2 ti %22.�5($'�:+(5(i µ:KHUH�GLG�\RX�UHDG�WKH�ERRN"¶

wh ���� a. INDEX2 :+(1�%22.�5($' >7ø'@ wh

b. WHENi INDEX2 ti %22.�5($' wh

c. INDEX2 ti %22.�5($'�:+(1i µ:KHQ�GLG�\RX�UHDG�WKH�ERRN"¶

7KH� GDWD� LQ� ����-����� VHHP� WR� VXSSRUW� ULJKWZDUG�PRYHPHQW� DQDO\VHV�

ZKLFK��DV�EULHIO\ GLVFXVVHG�LQ�WKH�SUHYLRXV�VHFWLRQ��DGYRFDWH�WKH�LGHD�WKDW�universal grammar should allow C0 to project also a rightward Spec for wh-SKUDVHV� WR�RFFXU��+RZHYHU�� DOWKRXJK� LW� LV� WUXH� WKDW�7ø'�ZK-elements FDQ�VXUIDFH�DW�WKH�ULJKW�HGJH�RI�WKH�VHQWHQFH��ZH�FDQQRt tell from the data DERYH�ZKHWKHU�WKH\�RFFXS\�D�6SHF�SRVLWLRQ��7R�GHFLGH��ZH�QHHG�WR�VKRZ�that wh-elements at the right edge have phrasal status since a Spec position KRVWV�SKUDVDO�HOHPHQWV��7KXV��LI�FRPSOH[�ZK-phrases are allowed to occur at the right edJH� ZH� ZRXOG� KDYH� D� UHDVRQ� WR� EHOLHYH� WKDW� 7ø'� KDV� D�ULJKWZDUG�6SHF�&3��&RQVLGHU�WKH�H[DPSOHV�LQ������

wh ���� a. INDEX2 >:+$7�%22.@�5($' >7ø'@ wh

b. [WHAT BO2.@i INDEX2 ti 5($' c. INDEX2 ti 5($'�>:+$7�%22.@i

µ:KLFK�ERRN�GLG�\RX�UHDG"¶

In these examples the wh-determiner and its restrictor NP %22. together form a complex wh-SKUDVH��7KH�FRQWUDVW�EHWZHHQ����E��DQG����F���WKHQ��PDNHV�LW�FOHDU�WKDW�LQ�WKH�ULJKW SHULSKHU\�QR�SKUDVDO�ZK-element can occur though such a phrase is DOORZHG� RQ� WKH� OHIW�� )URP� WKLV�� ZH� FDQ�conclude that if a wh-phrase (as opposed to a wh-ZRUG�� XQGHUJRHV�PRYHPHQW� LQ�7ø'�� LW�PXVW�PRYH� WR� WKH� OHIW�HGJH�RI� WKH�VHQWHQFH�EHFDXVH�7ø'�REYLRXVO\�GRHV�QRW�KDYH�D�GHGLFDWHG�SRVLWLRQ�LQ�WKH�ULJKW�SHULSKHU\�WR�host a wh-SKUDVH��,Q�WKLV�UHVSHFW��7ø'�SDWWHUQV�ZLWK�ERWK�/6%��VHH�����DQG�$6/� �VHH� ����� WZR� ODQJXDJHV� ZLWK� OHIWZDUG� 6SHF�&3� DV� VXJJHVWHG� E\�

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1XQHV��4XDGURV��������IRU�/6%��DQG�3HWURQLR��/LOOR-0DUWLQ��������IRU�ASL.

���� a. -2+1�%8<�:+,&+�%22.�<(67(5'$<�>:+,&+@ [LSB] b. -2+1�%8<�:+,&+�%22.�<(67(5'$<�>:+,&+�%22.@

µ:KLFK�ERRN�H[DFWO\�GLG�-RKQ�EX\�\HVWHUGD\" �1XQHV��4XDGURV��������S����

wh ���� a. :+,&+�&20387(5�-2+1�%8<�>:+,&+@ [ASL] wh b. :+,&+�&20387(5�-2+1�%8<�>:+,&+�&20387(5@

µ:KLFK�FRPSXWHU�GLG�-RKQ�EX\"¶ (Petronio & Lillo-0DUWLQ��������S�����

$V�VHHQ�LQ������DQG�������LQ�ZK-duplication structures of both LSB and

ASL the duplicated element that occurs on the right must be a wh-ZRUG��no duplication of the whole wh-phrase is allowed.

,Q� FRQWUDVW� WR�/6%� DQG�$6/��/,6� DQG� IPSL are argued to both have ULJKWZDUG�6SHF�&3��&HFFKHWWR�HW�DO��������IRU�/,6��3IDX��=HVKDQ�������IRU� ,36/���7KLV� SUHGLFWV� WKDW� SKUDVDO�wh-HOHPHQWV�PD\�EH� IRXQG� LQ� ULJKW�SHULSKHUDO� SRVLWLRQV� LQ� ERWK��$V� VHHQ� LQ� ����� DQG� ������ WKLV� SUHGLFWLRQ� LV�borne out (our brackets in (20a-E��� 4 wh ���� a. 3$2/2�67($/�>%22.�:+,&+@ [LIS] µ:KLFK�ERRN�GLG�3DROR�VWHDO"¶ wh

b. "%2<�%22.�67($/�>%2<�:+,&+@ µ:KLFK�ER\�VWROH�WKH�ERRN"¶����&HFFKHWWR�HW�DO���������S������

���� a. VAH3 ti 38�&+1$����>�$.$/��.<$�@i [IPSL] V�KH������DVN�������������IDFH�������ZK µ:KR�GLG�V�KH�DVN"¶

b. VAH3 >�$.$/�Wi@���38�&+1$����.<$�i V�KH����IDFH�����������DVN�����������ZK

4 ,Q� ,36/�� DOO� Zh-ZRUGV� DUH� IRUPHG� E\� WKH� JHQHUDO� ZK-VLJQ� ³.<$:´� DQG� LW� PD\�combine with another non-interrogative sign to express a more specific wh-word VXFK� DV� ³$$.$/ µFACE¶ + .<$�´� µWHO¶ DQG� ³1$0%$5 µ180%(5¶ + .<$�´� µHOW 0$1<¶�VHHQ�LQ�������3IDX��=HVKDQ���������3IDX�DQG�=HVKDQ��������VWDWHV�WKDW�WKH�fact that these composite wh-words can undergo wh-VSOLW� DV� VKRZQ� LQ� ���E�� DQG����G��VXSSRUWV�WKH�DVVXPSWLRQ�WKDW�WKHVH�DUH�SKUDVDO�DQG�QRW�FRPSRXQGV�

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c. VAH3 ti /(1$���>.,7$�%��1$0%$5��.<$�@i index take book number wh µ+RZ�PDQ\�ERRNV�GLG�V�KH�WDNH"¶ d. VAH3 .,7$�%�>1$0%$5�Wi@��/(1$���.<$�i LQGH[�ERRN����QXPEHU�������WDNH�����ZK����3IDX��=HVKDQ��������SS��6-��

7KXV�� LQ�FRQWUDVW� WR�/,6�DQG�,36/�EXW�SDWWHUQLQJ�ZLWK�/6%�DQG�$6/��

Tø'� GRHV� QRW� KDYH� D� ULJKWZDUG� 6SHF� GHGLFDWHG� WR� SKUDVDO�wh-HOHPHQWV��whereas such a position on the left is attested. In regards to wh-ZRUGV��RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG�� WKH��F��H[DPSOHV� LQ�����-�����FOHDUO\�VKRZ�WKDW�7ø'�GRHV�allow them to surface at the right edge��7KLV�OHIW�ULJKW�FRQWUDVW�LQ�7ø'�GDWD��WKHQ��OHDGV�WR�WKH�IROORZLQJ�JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ��

���� *HQHUDOL]DWLRQ�RQ�7ø'�ZK-movement In a wh-PRYHPHQW� FRQVWUXFWLRQ�� 7ø'� ZK-phrases move to a left

peripheral position while wh-words target a position in the right peULSKHU\��

7KLV� JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ� LV� DOVR� VXSSRUWHG� E\� WKH� ZK-duplication data in

������ ZKHUH� ZH� VHH� WKDW�� DV� LQ� ERWK� /6%� DQG� $6/� VHHQ� DERYH�� QRW� WKH�whole wh-SKUDVH�EXW�RQO\�WKH�ZK-word is allowed to duplicate (see 23a vs. ��E�� DQG� WKH� GXSOLFDWHG�ZK-word musW� RFFXU� DW� WKH� ULJKW�� EXW� QRW� DW� WKH�OHIW��HGJH��VHH���D�YV����F�� wh ���� a. INDEX2 WHAT %22.�5($'�>:+$7@ >7ø'@ b. INDEX2 :+$7�%22.�5($'�>:+$7�%22.@ c. [WHAT] INDEX2 :+$7�%22.�5($'� µ:KLFK�ERRN�GLG�\RX�UHDG"¶

7.3.2. The position of C0 and the structure of CP

Having seen that C0 projects a leftward Spec to host wh-phrases��ZH�need to ask in what position rightward wh-HOHPHQWV� RFFXU� LQ� 7ø'��Considering our finding that right-hand wh-elements are heads instead of SKUDVHV�� WKH� PRVW� UHDVRQDEOH� DVVXPSWLRQ� ZRXOG� EH� WKDW� WKH\� RFFXU� LQ� D�KHDG�SRVLWLRQ��ZKLFK�LV SODXVLEO\�&0��,Q�IDFW��DV�ZH�VDZ�LQ����D��DQG����D��this option is in use in some SLs such as LSB and ASL. As discussed in �������3HWURQLR��/LOOR-0DUWLQ��������DUJXH�WKDW�ULJKWZDUG�ZK-elements in ASL are in fact base-JHQHUDWHG� LQWHUURJDWLYH�FRPSOHPHQWL]HUV��/LNHZLVH��1XQHV��4XDGURV��������VXJJHVW�WKDW�ULJKWZDUG�ZK-elements in LSB are

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wh-heads adjoined to C0 although unlike Petronio & Lillo-0DUWLQ� �������WKH\�GHULYH�WKLV�VWUXFWXUH�DV�D�UHVXOW�RI�PRYHPHQW��2Q�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��HDFK�VWXG\�PDNHV�GLIIHUHQW�DVVXmptions on the position of C0. For Petronio & Lillo-0DUWLQ� ������� LW� LV� RQ� WKH� ULJKW� �VHH� ����� ZKLOH� 1XQHV��4XDGURV�������� DQDO\]H� LW� DV� EHLQJ�RQ� WKH� OHIW� �VHH� �����$V�ZH� VXPPDUL]HG� HDFK�SURSRVDO� LQ� ������� OHW� XV� PRYH� RQ� WR� GLVFXVV� LQ� ZKLFK� GLUHFWLRQ� &0 is SRVLWLRQHG�LQ�7ø'��

The examples given in (1d-H��KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�GXSOLFDWHV�RI�ZK-words FDQ�RFFXU� LQ� D� ULJKW�� EXW� QRW� LQ� D� OHIW�� SHULSKHUDO� SRVLWLRQ� LQ�7ø'��7KHVH�H[DPSOHV� DUH� UHSHDWHG� LQ� ����� IRU� FRQYHQLHQFH� �VHH� DOVR� ��D� YV�� ��F���$JDLQ��LW�LV�VHHQ�LQ����D��DQG����D��WKDW�WKLV�VWUXFWXUH�LV�JUDPPDWLFDO�ZLWK�wh-adjuncts as well: wh ���� a. INDEX2 :+$7�5($'�>:+$7@ >7ø'@

b. [WHAT] INDEX2 :+$7�5($'� µ:KDW�GLG�\RX�UHDG"¶

wh ���� a. INDEX2 :+(5(�%22.�5($'�>:+(5(@ >7ø'@

b. [WHERE] INDEX2 :+(5(�%22.�5($'� µ:KHUH�GLG�\RX�UHDG�WKH�ERRN"¶

wh ���� a. INDEX2 :+(1�%22.�5($'�>:HEN] >7ø'@

b. >:+(1@�<28�:+(1�%22.�5($'� µ:KHQ�GLG�\RX�UHDG�WKH�ERRN"¶

$ORQJ� WKH� OLQHV� RI� 1XQHV� � 4XDGURV� �������� ZH� DUJXH� WKDW� WKH�JUDPPDWLFDOLW\�FRQWUDVW�EHWZHHQ� WKH� �D�� DQG� �E�� H[DPSOHV� LQ� ����-����� LV�GXH�WR�UHDVRQV�RI�OLQHDUL]DWLRQ��5HFDOO�WKDW�LQ�/6%��$6/��DQG�7ø'�RQO\�ZK-ZRUGV��DQG�QRW�ZK-SKUDVHV��FDQ�VXUIDFH�DW� WKH�ULJKW�HGJH�RI� WKH�VHQWHQFH��)ROORZLQJ�1XQHV��4XDGURV���������ZH�PDLQWDLQ�WKDW�WKLV�KDV�VRPHWKLQJ�to do with the phenomenon of morphological fusion as follows. According WR�1XQHV��4XDGURV� ��������ZK-duplication is sensitive to wh-ZRUG�ZK-SKUDVH� GLVWLQFWLRQ� LQ� WKDW� RQO\�ZK-ZRUGV� WKDW� DUH�PRUSKRORJLFDOO\� IXVHG�with C0 FDQ� EH� GXSOLFDWHG� �VHH� ��D��� 8QGHU� WKHLU� DQDO\VLV�� D� ZK-word adjoined to C0 PD\�RSWLRQDOO\�IXVH�ZLWK� LW�VR�WKDW� WKH�IXVHG�FRS\�ZLOO�EH�LQYLVLEOH�WR�&KDLQ�5HGXFWLRQ��1XQHV��������ZKRVH�IXQFWLRQ�LV�WR�GHOHWH�WKH�ORZHU�FRS\�RI�D�PRYHG� LWHP�VLQFH�QRQGLVWLQFW�FRSLHV�FDQQRW�EH� WROHUDWHG�GXH�WR�OLQHDUL]DWLRQ�FRQVLGHUDWLRQV��7KXV��WKHUH�LV�QR�GXSOLFDWLRQ�RI�SKUDVDO�catHJRULHV�� L�H��� ZK-SKUDVHV� LQ� RXU� FDVH�� IRU� WKH� VLPSOH� UHDVRQ� WKDW� WKH\�FDQQRW�DGMRLQ�WR��DQG�VR��PRUSKRORJLFDOO\�IXVH�ZLWK�&0 �VHH���E���,I�WKLV�LV�RQ�WKH�ULJKW�WUDFN��WKH�JUDPPDWLFDOLW\�RI�WKH��D��H[DPSOHV�LQ�����-�����FDQ�

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be attributed to the fact that in all of these examples rightward wh-elements are wh-heads fusing with C0�� ,Q� WKH� �E�� H[DPSOHV��RQ� WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��QR�IXVLRQ�RSHUDWLRQ�FDQ�WDNH�SODFH�IRU�OHIWZDUG�ZK-FRSLHV��L�H���ZK-SKUDVHV��KHQFH�WKH�XQJUDPPDWLFDOLW\��

7KLV� VWRU\� VHHPV� WR� VXJJHVW� D� ULJKWward C0 IRU�7ø'��+RZHYHU�� UHFDOO�that according to remnant-PRYHPHQW� DQDO\VHV� ULJKWZDUG� RFFXUUHQFH� RI�wh-HOHPHQWV� LV� LOOXVRU\�� 6R�� OHW� XV� ILUVW� DVVXPH� D� UHPQDQW-movement DQDO\VLV� VXFK� DV� SURSRVHG�E\�1XQHV��4XDGURV� ��������ZKLFK� VXJJHVWV��IROORZLQJ�/&$�RI�.D\QH���������WKDW�&0 LV�XQLYHUVDOO\�RQ�WKH�OHIW��8QGHU�VXFK�DQ�DQDO\VLV�����D���IRU�H[DPSOH��ZRXOG�KDYH�WKH�IROORZLQJ�GHULYDWLRQ�

���� 1. [CP WHATi+C0 [TP INDEX2 WHATi 5($']]

2. [XP [TP INDEX2 WHATi READ]j [;¶ X0 [CP WHATi+C0 [TP INDEX2 WHATi 5($']j]]] 3. [XP [TP INDEX2 WHATi 5($']j [;¶ X0 [CP {WHATi+C0} [TP INDEX2 WHATi 5($']j]]] 4. [XP [TP INDEX2 WHATi 5($']j [;¶ X0 [CP {WHATi+C0} [TP INDEX2

WHATi READ]j]]]]

,Q�WKH�ILUVW�VWHS�RI�WKH�GHULYDWLRQ�LQ�������WKH�wh-word WHAT undergoes movement to C0 and DGMRLQV�WR�LW��FKHFNLQJ�LWV�>�ZK@�IHDWXUH��,Q�WKH�VHFRQG�VWHS��WKH�UHPQDQW�73�PRYHV�WR�WKH�6SHF�RI�D�KLJKHU�SURMHFWLRQ��;3��ZKLFK�LV�JHQHUDOO\�DVVXPHG�LQ�6/�OLWHUDWXUH�WR�EH�D�WRSLF�SRVLWLRQ�DOWKRXJK�WKLV�LV�QRW� XQFRQWURYHUVLDO� �$V� LW� GRHV� QRW� GLUHFWO\� FRQFHUQ� RXU� DQDO\VLV�� ZH�UHPDLQ�DJQRVWLF�DERXW�WKLV�LVVXH�KHUH���,Q�WKH�QH[W�VWHS��WKH�KLJKHU�FRS\�RI�the wh-FKDLQ�� QDPHO\� WKH� RQH� DGMRLQHG� WR� &0�� XQGHUJRHV� PRUSKRORJLFDO�fusion with C0�� UHQGHULQJ� LW� LQYLVLEOH� WR�/&$� VR� WKDW� LW� FDQ� HVFDSH� IURP�Chain ReductioQ�� $V� D� UHVXOW�� ERWK� FRSLHV� RI� WKH� wh-word survive the &KDLQ� 5HGXFWLRQ� VLQFH� LW� FDQ� VHH� RQO\� WKH� ORZHU� FRS\� RI� WKH� ZK-chain. +RZHYHU�� WKH� ORZHU� ZK-FRS\� JHWV� GHOHWHG� LQ� WKH� ILQDO� VWHS� ZKHQ� &KDLQ�5HGXFWLRQ� GHOHWHV� WKH� ORZHU� FRS\� RI� WKH� ZKROH� UHPQDQW� 73� DV� LW is a QRQGLVWLQFW�FRS\�RI�WKH�PRYHG�73�RFFXS\LQJ�6SHF�;3��

7KXV�� WKH� UHPQDQW-PRYHPHQW� DQDO\VLV� FDQ� DFFRXQW� IRU� ���D��ZLWKRXW�VWLSXODWLQJ� D� ULJKWZDUG� 6SHF�&3� DV�ZHOO� DV� ULJKWZDUG�&0��2EYLRXVO\�� WKH�DGYDQWDJH�RI�WKLV�DQDO\VLV�LV� WR�DVVXPH�D�XQLIRUP�OHIWZDUG�movement for both rightward and leftward occurrences of wh-HOHPHQWV�� ZKLFK� LV�VXJJHVWHG� WR� EH� WKH� RQO\� RSWLRQ� RI� PRYHPHQW� LQ� XQLYHUVDO� JUDPPDU� E\�.D\QH��������DQG�KLV�IROORZHUV��$OWKRXJK�DWWUDFWLYH�� WKLV�DQDO\VLV�FDQQRW�DFFRXQW�IRU����E��LQ�D�IHDVLEOH�ZD\�VLPSO\�EHFDXVH�LQ�ERWK����D��DQG����E��the wh-ZRUG� VKRXOG� SRWHQWLDOO\� KDYH� KDG� WKH� VDPH� RSWLRQ� WR�PRUSKRORJLFDOO\� IXVH�ZLWK�&0 EXW� REYLRXVO\� LW� GLG� QRW� LQ� WKH� ODWWHU� FDVH��

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0RUH�VSHFLILFDOO\��DV�GHSLFWHG�LQ�������LI�7ø'�KDG�OHIWZDUG�&0 the sentence LQ� ���E�� VKRXOG� KDYH�EHHQ� DQ� DFFHSWDEOH� UHVXOW� RI� VWDQGDUG� OHIWZDUG�wh-movement �VWHS����SOXV�PRUSKRORJLFDO�IXVLRQ��VWHS�����FRQWUDU\�WR�IDFW�

���� 1. >CP WHATi+C0 [TP INDEX2 WHATi 5($']]

2. >CP {WHATi+C0} [TP INDEX2 WHATi 5($']] )RU� WKH� /6%� FRXQWHUSDUW� RI� ���E�� VHHQ� LQ� ������ 1XQHV� � 4XDGURV�

������� DUJXH� WKDW� WKH� XQDFFHSWDELOLW\� FDQ� EH� DWWULEXWHG� WR� ODFN� RI� IXVLRQ�between the leftward wh-element and C0 since in this case the wh-element is a SKUDVH��QRW�D�ZK-ZRUG��XQGHUJRLQJ�PRYHPHQW�WR�6SHF�&3��7KH\�QRWH�that this is expected because wh-words are minimal maximal projections �&KRPVN\�� ������� ZKLFK� DUH� LQ� SULQFLSOH� IUHH� WR� XQGHUJR� HLWKHU� KHDG�movement or phrasal movement.

���� >:+$7@�-2+1�%8< :+$7�<(67(5'$<�����[LSB]

µ:KDW�GLG�-RKQ�EX\�\HVWHUGD\"¶����1XQHV��4XDGURV�������S�����RXU�EUDFNHWV�

&RQVLGHULQJ�WKH�H[SOLFLW�SDUDOOHOLVP�EHWZHHQ������DQG����E���ZH�WKLQN�that the option of morphological fusion could in principle be possible in ����� WRR� +HQFH�� DVVXPLQJ� WKH� UHPQDQW-PRYHPHQW� DQDO\VLV� RI� 1XQHV� �4XDGURV� ������� LV� FRUUHFW� IRU� /6%�� WKH� XQDFFHSWDELOLW\� RI� ����� PD\� EH�GHULYHG�IURP�VRPHZKHUH�HOVH��EXW�DV�ZK-PRYHPHQW�LQ�/6%�LV�EH\RQG�WKH�OLPLWV�RI�WKLV�VWXG\�ZH�OHDYH�WKLV�LVVXH�RSHQ�KHUH�

Turning to Tø'�� ZKDW� ZH� KDYH� VHHQ� DERYH� LV� WKDW� LW� GRHV� QRW� PDNH�VHQVH� WR� DQDO\]H� VWUXFWXUHV� VXFK� DV� ���E�� DV� KDYLQJ� &0 on the left side. 5DWKHU��ZH�VXJJHVW�WKDW�VXFK�H[DPSOHV�VXSSRUW�WKH�H[LVWHQFH�RI�ULJKWZDUG�C0�� ZKLFK� LV� DOVR� FRPSDWLEOH� ZLWK� WKH� KHDG-final character of the language.5 7KH� XQJUDPPDWLFDOLW\� RI� WKLV� VWUXFWXUH� FDQ� WKHQ� EH� GHULYHG�IURP�OLQHDUL]DWLRQ�FRQVLGHUDWLRQV��$V�WKH�OHIWZDUG�FRS\�RI�WKH�ZK-element is a wh-SKUDVH�ZKLFK�RFFXSLHV�6SHF�&3��ERWK�FRSLHV�DUH�YLVLEOH� WR�&KDLQ�

5 $OWKRXJK� SURSHUWLHV� RI� 7ø'� ZLWK� UHVSHFW� WR� KHDG-parameter have not been GLVFXVVHG�LQ�GHWDLO�LQ�WKH�OLWHUDWXUH��IROORZLQJ�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�7ø'�FDQ�EH�WDNHQ�WR�support the view that it is a head-ILQDO� ODQJXDJH�� �L�� WKH�XQPDUNHG�ZRUG�RUGHU� LV�629��ZKLFK�LV�ZHOO�DWWHVWHG�LQ�WKH�OLWHUDWXUH��*|NJ|]��������*|NJ|]��$UÕN��������esSHFLDOO\� VHH� WKH� GLVFXVVLRQ� LQ� 6HYLQo�� ������� �LL�� WKH�PDQXDO� QHJDWLYH�PDUNHU��1HJDWLRQ�KHDG��IROORZV� WKH�YHUE�DQG�PXVW�RFFXU� LQ� WKH�FODXVH�ILQDO�SRVLWLRQ�IURP�ZKHUH� LW� GRPLQDWHV� 7HQVH� DQG� $VSHFW� KHDGV� �*|NJ|]�� ������ *|NJ|]� � $UÕN��������� �LLL�� WKH� KHDG� QRun must follow its complement as seen in the following example: ['225� +$1'/(@� YV�� >+$1'/(� '225@� µGRRU� KDQGOH¶� �+DVDQ� 'LN\XYD��S�F���

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Wh-movement in Turkish Sign Language 183

5HGXFWLRQ�VR�WKH\�ERWK�FDQQRW�VXUYLYH��+HQFH��ZH�DUJXH�IRU�D�&3�VWUXFWXUH�for Tø'�ZKHUH�&0 is positioned on the right and its Spec is on the left. In FRPSOLDQFH� ZLWK� WKH� JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ� RQ� ZK-PRYHPHQW� LQ� ������ 7ø'� ZK-SKUDVHV�XQGHUJR�PRYHPHQW�WR�WKH�OHIW��L�H���6SHF�&3��ZKLOH�ZK-words need WR� RFFXU� RQ� WKH� ULJKW�� DGMRLQHG� WR� DQG� RSWLRQDOO\� IXVHG� ZLWK� &0�� 7KXV��regarding wh-PRYHPHQW��ZH�VXJJHVW� WKDW� WKH� >�ZK@� IHDWXUH�RI�&0 can be checked in either one of the CP configurations depicted below:

�����

(30a-E��FDQ�DFFRXQW�IRU�7ø'�wh-movement facts we have seen so far.

)RU� H[DPSOH�� LQ� ���E�-���E��ZK-elements are all wh-phrases undergoing PRYHPHQW� WR� 6SHF�&3�� UHSUHVHQWLQJ� WKH� FRQILJXUDWLRQ� LQ� ���D��� � 2Q� WKH�RWKHU� KDQG�� VHQWHQFHV� LQ� ���F�-���F�� KDYH� WKH� &3� FRQILJXUDWLRQ� VHHQ� LQ����E��� ZKLFK� LQFOXGHV� DGMXQFWLRQ� RI� ULJKWZDUG� PRYHG� ZK-words to C0. Wh-duplication data seen in the remaining examples of Tø'�FDQ� DOVR�EH�DFFRXQWHG�IRU�E\����D-E���,Q�WKHVH�H[DPSOHV�ZH�VDZ�WKDW�QR�GXSOLFDWLRQ�RQ�WKH� OHIW� LV� DOORZHG� �VHH� ��F�� ��E-��E�� EHFDXVH� GXH� WR� OLQHDUL]DWLRQ� IDFWV�just discussed duplication must include fusion with C0��ZKLFK� LV�SRVVLEOH�RQO\�IRU�ULJKWZDUG�moved wh-elements (see 23a-��D���

)LQDOO\�� OHW� XV� FRQVLGHU� DQRWKHU� ZK-duplication structure which includes simultaneous occurrence of wh-elements at both edges of the VHQWHQFH��$V�ZH�VDZ�LQ������WKLV�VWUXFWXUH�LV�SRVVLEOH�LQ�VRPH�6/V�VXFK�DV�/6%��$6/��'*6� DQG�,6/��:H�UHSHDW�/6%�DQG�$6/�H[DPSOHV�LQ�������RXU�EUDFNHWV��

���� a. [WHO] -2+1�6((�<(67(5'$<�>WHO] [LSB] µ:KR�H[DFWO\�GLG�-RKQ�VHH�\HVWHUGD\"¶

�1XQHV��4XDGURV��������S���� wh b. [WHAT] 1$1&<�%8<�<(67(5'$<�>WHAT] [ASL] µ:KDW�GLG�1DQF\�EX\�\HVWHUGD\"¶

(Petronio & Lillo-0DUWLQ��������S�����

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$V� GHSLFWHG� LQ� ������ 1XQHV� � 4XDGURV� ������� SURSRVH� D� UHPQDQW-PRYHPHQW� DQDO\VLV� IRU� WKH� /6%� VWUXFWXUH� LQ� ���D��� $FFRUGLQJ� WR� WKLs DQDO\VLV��WKLV�VWUXFWXUH�LV�D�UHVXOW�RI�VXFFHVVLYH�OHIWZDUG�PRYHPHQWV�ZKLFK�include fusion of the sentence-final wh-word WHO with a leftward (�PSKDWLF�-Foc0 (C0 LQ�RXU�DQDO\VLV���VWHS�����PRYHPHQW�RI�UHPQDQW�73�WR�D�KLJKHU�6SHF�SRVLWLRQ��L�H���6SHF�7RS3��VWHS�����DQG�IXUWKHU�PRYHPHQW�RI�WHO IURP�ZLWKLQ�WKH�UHPQDQW�73�LQ�6SHF�7RS3�WR�6SHF�)RUFH3�LQ�RUGHU�WR�check the strong [+wh] feature of Force0 �VWHS�����:KHQ�&KDLQ�5HGXFWLRQ�DSSOLHV�WR�WKH�VWUXFWXUH��WKH�ILUVW�DQG�WKH�WKLUG�FRSLHV�RI�WKH�ZK-word WHO (i.H��� WHO1 and WHO3�� DV� ZHOO� DV� WKH� ORZHVW� FRS\� RI� WKH� UHPQDQW� 73�XQGHUJR�GHOHWLRQ�IRU�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�WR�OLQHDUL]H�DV�LQ����D�� ���� 7KH�GHULYDWLRQ�RI����D�

2Q�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��DV�ZH�VDZ�LQ������DERYH��3HWURQLR��/LOOR-0DUWLQ�

������� DUJXH� WKDW� ULJKWZDUG� ZK-words are base-generated interrogative FRPSOHPHQWL]HUV� LQ�$6/��8QGHU� WKLV�DQDO\VLV�� LQ����E�� WKH�VHQWHQFH-final wh-word WHAT is the base-generated C0 itself and the leftward wh-phrase KDV�PRYHG�WR�6SHF�&3�WR�FKHFN�WKH�>�ZK@�DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�>�IRFXV@�IHDWXUH of it:

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Wh-movement in Turkish Sign Language 185

���� 7KH�GHULYDWLRQ�RI����E�

As for Tø'�������VKRZV� WKDW�VLPXOWDQHRXV�RFFXUUHQFH�RI�ZK-elements

at both edges can never take place in this language:

���� [WHAT]i INDEX2 ti 5($'�>:+$7@i >7ø'@

The lack of this wh-duplication structure suggests that neither remnant-movement nor base-genHUDWLRQ� DQDO\VHV� FDQ� EH� DSSOLHG� WR� 7ø'� ZK-FRQVWUXFWLRQV��%DVHG�RQ�RXU�SURSRVDO�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�������ZH�DQDO\]H������DV�shown below:

���� 7KH�GHULYDWLRQ�RI�����

Although the CP-VWUXFWXUH� WKDW� ZH� SURSRVH� IRU� 7ø'� ORRNV� OLNH� ZKDW�Petronio & Lillo-0DUWLQ� ������� SURSRVH� IRU�$6/�� LW� LV� HYLGHQFHG� E\� WKH�XQJUDPPDWLFDOLW\� RI� ����� WKDW� 7ø'� ULJKWZDUG� wh-words are not base-JHQHUDWHG�LQWHUURJDWLYH�FRPSOHPHQWL]HUV�ZKRVH�>�ZK@�IHDWXUH�QHHGV�WR�EH�FKHFNHG�E\�DQRWKHU�wh-element RFFXS\LQJ�6SHF�&3��5DWKHU��WKH\�DUH�wh-words undergoing rightward movement in order to check the [+wh] feature that belongs to null C0��7KXV�������VXSSRUWV�RXU�FODLP�WKDW�LQ�7ø'�the [+wh] feature of C0 FDQ�EH�FKHFNHG�HLWKHU�E\�D�wh-phrase RFFXS\LQJ�

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186

6SHF�&3��VHH���D��RU�E\�D�wh-word adjoined to C0 (seH���E���2QFH�&0¶V�

>�ZK@�IHDWXUH�LV�FKHFNHG�E\�HLWKHU�RQH�RI�WKHVH�wh-elements��L�H���WKH�ZK-

head [N0 WHAT] or the whole wh-phrase [NP WHAT@� LQ� ������ LW� FDQQRW�

trigger movement of another wh-element IRU� WKH� VDPH� FKHFNLQJ� UHDVRQ��KHQFH�WKH�XQJUDPPDWLFDOLW\�RI�WKH�VHQWHQFH�LQ������LOOXVWUDWHG�LQ������

7.4. Conclusion

,Q�WKLV�VWXG\�ZH�KDYH�LQYHVWLJDWHG wh-PRYHPHQW�SKHQRPHQD�LQ�7ø'�LQ�the context of the ongoing debate on the direction of wh-movement and

WKH�V\QWDFWLF�SRVLWLRQV�WKDW�ZK-elements can target in SLs. Having shown

WKDW� 7ø'� LOOXVWUDWHV� D� ODQJXDJH� ZKHUH� ZK-HOHPHQWV� PD\� PRYH� WR� HLWKHU�leftward or ULJKWZDUG�HGJH�SRVLWLRQV��ZH�SURSRVHG�WKDW�LQ�D�ZK-movement

FRQVWUXFWLRQ�7ø'�ZK-SKUDVHV�XQGHUJR�PRYHPHQW� WR�6SHF�&3�ZKLFK�LV�RQ�WKH�OHIW��ZKLOH�ZK-words move and adjoin to C

0 on the right. In line with

1XQHV��4XDGURV���������ZH�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�7ø'�ZK-words that adjoin

to C0 PD\�RSWLRQDOO\�IXVH�ZLWK�LW�GXH�WR�OLQHDUL]DWLRQ�UHDVRQV��DFFRXQWLQJ�

IRU�7ø'�ZK-GXSOLFDWLRQ�GDWD�ZKHUH�RQO\�ZK-words can be duplicated and

wh-GXSOLFDWHV� FDQ�RFFXU�RQO\� DW� WKH� ULJKW� HGJH�RI� WKH� VHQWHQFH��7KXV�� DV�part of a more general question as to whether universal grammar has a

ULJKWZDUG� 6SHF�&3�� WKH� 7ø'� ZK-PRYHPHQW� GDWD� H[SORUHG� LQ� WKLV� VWXG\�IDYRU� IRU� DQ� DQDO\VLV� ZKHUH� ULJKWZDUG�ZK-movement is possible but the

RQO\�6SHF�SRVLWLRQ�GHGLFDWHG�WR�ZK-phrases is on the left.

Acknowledgements

:H�ZRXOG�OLNH�WR�WKDQN�RXU�LQIRUPDQWV�+DVDQ�'LN\XYD��0HVXW�g]W�UN��6HUKDW�g]W�UN� DQG� WZR� DQRQ\PRXV� UHYLHZHUV� IRU� WKHLU� XVHIXO� FRPPHQWV��1HHGOHV� WR� VD\�� ZH� DVVXPH� IXOO� UHVSRQVLELOLW\� IRU� DQ\� SRVVLEOH�shortcomings.

References

$ERK��(��2����3IDX��5����������:KDW¶V�D�ZK-ZRUG�JRW�WR�GR�ZLWK�LW"�,Q�3��%HQLQFj� � 1�� 0XQDUR� �(GV���� Mapping the left periphery: The cartography of syntactic structures �9RO�� ��� SS�� ��-������ 2[IRUG��2[IRUG�8QLYHUVLW\�3UHVV�

$ERK��(��2���3IDX��5����=HVKDQ��8����������:KHQ�D�ZK-word is not a wh-

ZRUG��WKH�FDVH�RI�,QGLDQ�6LJQ�/DQJXDJH��,Q�7��%KDWWDFKDU\D��(G����The \HDUERRN�RI�6RXWK�$VLDQ� ODQJXDJHV�DQG� OLQJXLVWLFV����� (pp. 11-�����%HUOLQ��0RXWRQ�GH�*UX\WHU�

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Wh-movement in Turkish Sign Language 187

$OED� GH� OD� 7RUUH�� &�� �������� Wh-TXHVWLRQV� LQ� &DWDODQ� 6LJQ� /DQJXDJH��evidence fRU� ULJKWZDUG�PRYHPHQW. Paper presented at the Formal and ([SHULPHQWDO� $GYDQFHV� LQ� 6LJQ� /DQJXDJH� 7KHRU\� �)($67� �������8QLYHUVLW\� RI� 9HQLFH�� $EVWUDFW� UHWULHYHG� IURP� KWWS���YLUJR�XQLYH�LW� YHQLFHIHDVW���BSURJUDPBDQGBERRNOHW�9HQLFH)($67BERRNOHW�SGI

&HFFKHWWR�� &��� *HUDFL�� &��� � =XFFKL�� 6�� �������� $QRWKHU� ZD\� WR� PDUN�V\QWDFWLF�GHSHQGHQFLHV�� WKH�FDVH�IRU�ULJKW-peripheral specifiers in sign languages. /DQJXDJH������������-320.

&HFFKHWWR��&����=XFFKL��6����������:K\�LV�6SHF��&3�RQ�WKH�ULJKW�LQ�VLJQ�ODQJXDJHV"�*ORZ 1HZVOHWWHU�������-31.

&KRPVN\��1����������The minimalist program��&DPEULGJH��0$��7KH�0,7�Press.

&KXUQJ��6��5����������Syntax and prosody in American Sign Language: the QRQPDQXDO� SURVRGLF� FRQVHTXHQFHV� RI� PXOWLSOH� ZK-questions. �0$�WKHVLV���8QLYHUVLW\�RI�:DVKLQJWRQ��:DVKLQJWRQ����

*|NJ|]��.����������What negative polar questions can teach us about the &� GRPDLQ� IRU� 7XUNLVK� VLJQ� ODQJXDJH� �7�UN� LúDUHW� GLOL�– 7,'�. Poster VHVVLRQ� SUHVHQWHG� DW� WKH� 7,6/5������ 3XUGXH� 8QLYHUVLW\�� 5HWULHYHG�from KWWS���ZZZ�SXUGXH�HGX�WLVOU���SGIV�*RNJR]�3')

*|NJ|]��.����$UÕN��(����������'LVWULEXWLRQDO�DQG�V\QWDFWLF�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI� QRQPDQXDO� PDUNHUV� LQ� 7XUNLVK� 6LJQ� /DQJXDJH� �7XUN� ,VDUHW� 'LOL��7,'���0,7�:RUNLQJ�3DSHUV� LQ�/LQJXLVWLFV�����3URFHHGLQJV�RI� WKH��WK�Workshop on Altaic Formal Linguistics����-78.

*|NVHO�� $��� � .HOHSLU�� 0�� �������� The syntactic structure of nested spreading domains. Paper presented at the Formal and Experimental $GYDQFHV� LQ� 6LJQ� /DQJXDJH� 7KHRU\� �)($67� ������� 8QLYHUVLW\� RI�Venice. Abstract retrieved from http���YLUJR�XQLYH�LW�YHQLFHIHDVW� ��BSURJUDPBDQGBERRNOHW�9HQLFH)($67BERRNOHW�SGI

.D\QH�� 5�� �������� The antisymmetry of syntax. &DPEULGJH�� 0$�� 0,7�Press.

/HXQLQJHU��+�� ��������6HQWHQFH� W\SHV� LQ�*HUPDQ�6LJQ�/DQJXDJH� �'*6���0DQXDO�DQG�QRQ-manual components. Retrieved from KWWS���ZHE�XQL-IUDQNIXUW�GH�IE���JUDGBNROO�OHXQLQJHU��KWP

Lillo-0DUWLQ��'����4XDGURV��5��0��GH����������7KH�SRVLWLRQ�RI�HDUO\�ZK-HOHPHQWV�LQ�$PHULFDQ�6LJQ�/DQJXDJH�DQG�%UD]LOLDQ�6LJQ�/DQJXDJH��In .�� 8�� 'HHQ�� -�� 1RPXUD�� %�� 6FKXO]�� � %�� '�� 6FKZDUW]� �(GV���� The proceedings of the inaugural conference on generative approaches to language acquisition–North America, Honolulu, HI. University of &RQQHFWLFXW�2FFDVLRQDO�3DSHUV�LQ�/LQJXLVWLFV�������-�����&DPEULGJH��0$��0,7:3/�

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0DNDUR÷OX�� %�� �WKLV� YROXPH��� ,QWHUURJDWLYHV� LQ� 7XUNLVK� 6LJQ� /DQJXDJH��7ø'���7KH� UROH� RI� H\HEURZV�� ,Q�(��$UÕN� �(G����&XUUHQW� GLUHFWLRQV� LQ�Turkish Sign Language research, 1HZFDVWOH� XSRQ� 7\QH�� &DPEULGJH�Scholars Publishing.

0HLU�� ,�� �������� 4XHVWLRQ� DQG� QHJation in Israeli Sign Language. Sign /DQJXDJH��/LQJXLVWLFV����������-124.

1HLGOH��&�� �������� /DQJXDJH� DFURVV�PRGDOLWLHV��$6/� IRFXV� DQG� TXHVWLRQ�constructions. /LQJXLVWLF�9DULDWLRQ�<HDUERRN�������-98.

1HLGOH��&���.HJO�� -���%DKDQ��%���$DURQV��'����0DF/DXJKOLQ��'�� ��������Rightward wh-PRYHPHQW� LQ�$PHULFDQ�VLJQ�ODQJXDJH��,Q�'��%HHUPDQ��'��/H%ODQF���+��Y��5LHPVGLMN��(GV����5LJKWZDUG�PRYHPHQW (pp. 247-������$PVWHUGDP��-RKQ�%HQMDPLQV�

1HLGOH�� &���.HJO�� -���0DF/DXJKOLQ��'��� %DKDQ��%����/HH�� 5��*�� ��������The syntax of American sign language: Functional categories and hierarchical structure��&DPEULGJH��0$��7KH�0,7�3UHVV�

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