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Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Dec 18, 2015

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Page 1: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Wetlands

012

Page 2: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Page 3: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

• Intertidal zones• Estuaries• Salt marshes• Seagrass beds• Muddy & sandy bottom

communities• Mangroves• Coral Reefs

Page 4: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Open ocean <50 g C/m2/year Coral reefs 1000 g C/m2/yearMangroves 500 g C/m2/year Continental Shelf: Nonupwelling 200 g C/m2/year Coastal upwelling 300 g C/m2/yearSeagrass beds 1000 g C/m2/yearEstuaries and salt marshes 800 g C/m2/yearUpwelling 300 g C/m2/year

Page 5: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

• The transition between terrestrial and marine environments

• Zonation is a vertical banding of the organisms living on the rocky coastline.

• The area between the highest high tide and lowest low tide.

• These distinct bands occur in part from many complex physical and biological factors that effect marine organisms.

Page 6: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.
Page 7: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Tidal Zones on a Rocky Ocean Shore

Splash Fringe Level

High Tide Level

Mid Tide Level

Low Tide Level

Low Fringe Level

Page 8: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Spray or Splash Zone

High Tide Zone

Middle Tide Zone

Low Tide Zone

Mostly shelled orgs

Many soft bodied orgs and algae

Page 9: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.
Page 11: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.
Page 12: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.
Page 13: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Biotic factors affecting organisms living in the intertidal zone:

• Competition for space and food• Predation• Reproduction• Substrate settlement preference• Osmoregulation

Page 14: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Abiotic factors affecting organisms living in the intertidal zone:• Salinity• Temperature • Air and light exposure• Tidal flow• Waves and current action• Substrate• Wind direction and strength• Dissolved O2• Storms• Natural Disasters

Page 15: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.
Page 16: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Estuaries are among the most productive marine ecosystems with high biomass of benthic algae, seagrass and phytoplankton

Page 17: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.
Page 18: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Wetlands in Hawaii• At one time contained an estimated 59,000 acres of

wetlands• Over the last 200 years Hawaii has lost

approximately 12 % of its original wetland acres. • The exact effect of the loss or degradation of

Hawaii's wetlands on local fisheries is unclear. • It is estimated that only 1% of the Pacific island

recreational and commercial species are estuarine-dependent.

• Economically important estuarine fish: mullet, milkfish, shrimp, and the nehu, a tropical anchovy used as live bait in the pole-and-line skipjack tuna fishery.

Page 19: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Oahu Watershed

Page 20: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Traditional Hawaiian Uses of WetlandsTraditional Hawaiian Uses of Wetlands

Page 21: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Seaweedslimu

Seaweedslimu

Page 22: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Hooks andLures

Hooks andLures

Page 23: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Octopus Lure

Page 24: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Fishing Shrinesko‘a

Fishing Shrinesko‘a

Page 25: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Hawaiian Fish Pondsloko i‘a

Hawaiian Fish Pondsloko i‘a

Page 26: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Ahupua’a

1. Upland2. Plains3. Ocean

Ranges from the tip of the mtn to the reef area

Page 27: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

TheAhupua‘a

TheAhupua‘a

Page 28: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Salt Marsh

Page 29: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Salt Marsh

Page 30: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

• Found from the Arctic to Southern Australia

• Salt marshes grow in muds and sands that are sheltered by barrier islands.

• Flood and ebb currents transport saltwater, nutrients, plankton and sediments in and out of the marsh.

Page 31: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

• Vegetation zones due to tides and salinity• Wet grasses lands that grow along

estuarine shores• Found from the Arctic to Southern Australia• Salt marshes grow in muds and sands that

are sheltered by barrier islands.• Flood and ebb currents transport saltwater,

nutrients, plankton and sediments in and out of the marsh.

600 species worldwide

Page 32: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Wetlands at the upstream side of Ka’elepulu Fish Pond, looking towards Kailua Bay

Page 33: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.
Page 34: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.
Page 35: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.
Page 36: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Pacific Golden Plover

Hawaiian StiltHawaiian Coot

Hawaiian Duck

Black crowned night heron

Northern Pintail Duck

Sanderling

Wanderling tattler

Rudy Turnstone

Page 37: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Tilapia Milkfish

Mullet‘O‘opu akupa

Page 38: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Opae ula

Anchialine ponds

Page 39: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

mangrove

aki'aki akulikuli

bullrush

Page 40: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.
Page 41: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Waikiki & Diamond HeadWaikiki & Diamond Head

1934

Page 42: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

The value of coastal wetlands• Highly productive food factory• Serves as fish nurseries • Acts as a giant sponge:

– The salt marsh absorbs large volumes of water, thus minimizing the impacts of flooding and erosion and recharging groundwater.

• Filters polluted runoff from land– absorbing toxins and in some cases metabolizing them into

harmless substances

• Problem: – wetlands viewed as worthless land

Page 43: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Of the original 215 million acres of wetlands in the U.S. (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) , about 106

million acres remain.

distribution of wetlands in the U.S. in the 1780s

distribution of wetlands in the U.S. in the 1900s

Page 44: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Current distribution of wetlands and deepwater habitats

Page 45: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

• Drainage • Dredging and stream channelization • Deposition of fill material • Diking and damming • Tilling for crop production • Levees • Logging • Mining • Construction • Runoff • Air and water pollutants • Changing nutrient levels • Releasing toxic chemicals • Introducing non-native species to the ecosystem • Grazing by domestic animals

Major Causes of Wetlands Loss and DegradationHuman Actions

Page 46: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Natural Threats

• Erosion

• Subsidence

• Sea level rise

• Droughts

• Hurricanes and other storms

Page 47: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Estuaries• Estuaries are partially enclosed coastal bodies

of water• Examples of estuaries include:

– River mouths– Bays– Inlets– Gulfs– Sounds

• Formed by a rise in sea level after the last Ice Age

Page 48: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Examples of estuaries

Pu‘uloa

Page 49: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Classifying estuaries by water mixing

• Vertically mixed

• Slightly stratified

• Highly stratified

• Salt wedge

Page 50: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

                        

                

57 species worldwide

Page 51: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Classification

Five kingdom system:

Monera Protista FungiPlantae Animalia

Angiosperms Gymnosperms

Page 52: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Distribution: 12 genera of seagrasses (5 in the high latitude and 7 in the low latitude)

• True marine angiosperm• Evolved from shoreline Lillie-like plants~100

mya• Vascular plants reinvaded the seas 3 different

times (algae is nonvascular; i.e., no need for roots to transport water and nutrients)

• Can grow and reproduce while completely submerged under water

Page 53: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Halophila hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii

Page 54: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Turtle grass

Eel grass

Page 55: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Develop in:• intertidal and shallow subtidal

areas on sands and muds• marine inlets and bays • lagoons and channels, which are

sheltered from significant wave action

Page 56: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

1. Help stabilize the sediment

2. Prevents resuspension of sediments in water (water is clearer)

3. Binds substratum, reduces turbidity, and reduces erosion

4. Sediment accumulation slows velocity of incoming water

5. Food for many organisms

6. Refuge for many organisms

Page 57: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Seagrass productivity is highly dependent on a number of factors:• salinity• water temperature• turbidity

This ecosystem is particularly sensitive to degradation due to:• agricultural pollution-run-off of

herbicides• industrial pollution• domestic pollution

Threats to Seagrass BedsThreats to Seagrass Beds

Page 58: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.
Page 59: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Mangrove Distribution

                                                                                                                                     

   

• There are approximately 40 species of mangroves distributed worldwide

Page 60: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

A diverse group of trees that are salt tolerant (halophyte) and are viviparous .

• shallow and protected tropical and subtropical regions (25oN and 25oS latitude)• restricted to intertidal and adjacent marine habitats • temperature range: 10oC to 20oC

Page 61: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Mangrovesreplace salt marshes in tropical regions

develop where wave action is absent, sediments accumulate, mud is anoxic

have prop roots and pneumatophores

mangrove removal in Kailua

Page 62: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.
Page 63: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

A few mangrove species can survive in freshwater, but are not good competitors with other species.

Mangroves have a high salt tolerance. They can survive well in 90%o soil salinity. The ocean averages 35 %o.

They need to prevent water loss by either:1. excrete salt at leaves 2. exclude salt at roots 3. salt excretion and abscission (remove of salt laden

organs)

Salt Tolerance:

What would happen if you watered your garden with salt water?

Page 64: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Stresses: 1. Channelization, drainage, and siltation

2. Hurricane

3. Shrimp & fish farms

4. Herbicides and defoliants

5. Pesticides and pollution

6. Thermal loading (heat)

Page 65: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Prop roots:• help support the tree

Pneumatophores:• respiratory function– take in O2

• push nutrients to the upper soil layer

Page 66: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Propagule: • fruiting body (a seedling) • most mangroves are viviparous• propagules drop from branches and are carried

away by waves.

Physiology:

Page 67: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Ecological Role of Mangroves:• Stabilize sediment

• Accumulate detrital or other foreign material

• Habitat for epiphytes

• Fish and invertebrate nursery

• Nesting/roosting sites for birds

• Limited role as a direct food source

• Major contributor to detrital food chain• Protect shoreline from erosion during tropical

storms

Page 68: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

• fish and shrimp cultivation• food for people• firewood and boat building material• tanning material• finest honey

Mangrove Use:

                     

                                                

Shrimp farm surrounded by degraded mangroves, Vietnam

Page 69: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Coral Reef Communities

Page 70: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Hermatypic corals:• possess zooxanthellae• are reef builders

Light: Clear water Warm temperature: 18-32oCLow nutrientsLow productivity in water

Ahermatypic corals:• no zooxanthellae• rely on tentacular feeding• can live in aphotic zone

Page 71: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Cauliflower coral(Pocillopora meandrina)

6 m

0 m

25 m

13 m

Lobe coral(Porites lobata)

Finger coral(Porites compressa)

Plate coral(Porites rus)

High light levelsModerate wave energy

Moderate light levelsOccasional storm wave energy

Low light levelsLow wave energy

Very low light, Primarily downwelling No wave energy

Page 72: Wetlands 012. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

Inquiry

1. What features make mangroves so successful?

2. Identify biotic and abiotic factors affecting animals in the intertidal zone.

3. Discuss zonation of mangroves, corals, and intertidal communities