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- + The importance to maintain NATURAL BIODIVERSITY CLEARING & PLOUGHING of natural fields and forestry's NATURAL FARMING with sufficient nutrients for about 4years without any soil treatment Apply only Nitrogen Phosphate Kpotassium, but what about other 74 elements? Destroy biodiversity through PLOUGHING, MONO-CROPPING & BALING CONVENTIONAL FARMING Increase Synthetic Chemicals (Pesticides) = Biocides = destroy beneficial bacteria Fungicides = destroy beneficial fungi Nematacides = destroy all living animals & insects with central nervous system Herbicides = destroy beneficial algae in soil (major source of microbe food) Destroy Carbon : Nitrogen ratio = Die-back of microbes = low organic material = low amino acid (protein) = lower cell structure Salt build-up = Die-back of microbes = less food for beneficial insects
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Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Mar 26, 2015

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Kimberly Gibbs
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Page 1: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Welcome to Unix

Page 2: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Redistribution

• The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk.

• You may use this document in whole or part according to the terms of the GPL. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html for details.

Page 3: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

OutlineI. getting helpII. the file systemIII. the shellV. email optionsVI. and lesser editorsVII. input and output redirection

VIII.printingIX. process managementX. X

Page 4: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

What is it and where do you get it?

• An operating system used on everything from servers to embedded systems.

• Most of the Network users first login to Unix machine before they really access to routers and switches

Page 5: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Where do you get Help

~>man command

• gives you help on that command.

• tells you all man pages that contain keyword.

• Of course .. Google or Wiki

Page 6: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

OutlineI. getting helpII. the file systemIII. the shellV. email optionsVI. and lesser editorsVII. input and output redirection

VIII.printingIX. process managementX. X

Page 7: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Files and Directories:Naming something gives you power over it.

Page 8: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Absolute Addressing

Page 9: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Addressing relative to your home dir.

Page 10: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Addressing relative to your current dir.

Page 11: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

File system commands

• pwd - report your current directory

• cd <to where> - change your current directory

• ls <directory> -list contents of directory

• cp <old file> <new file> - copy

• mv <old file> <new file> - move (or rename)

• rm <file> -delete a file

• mkdir <new directory name> -make a directory

• rmdir <directory> -remove an empty directory

Page 12: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

getting recursive

• remove a directory and its contents:

rm -r <directory>

• copy a directory and its contents:

cp -r <directory>

Page 13: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

File permissions.

• There are 3 kinds of people in the world: you (user), your friends (group) and everyone else (other).

• Each sort of person may or may not be able to read, write, or execute a file.

>ls -l .forward-rw-r--r-- 1 darin csua 23 Jan 23 2002 .forwardChown

>ls -l .cshrc.local-rwxr-xr-- 1 darin csua 2988 May 19 00:48 .cshrc.local*

Page 14: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

executing

• “executing” a file means running it as a program.

• “executing” a directory means setting your current directory to it using cd.

Page 15: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Changing File Permissions

• make a file readable to your friends:

chmod g+r <filename>

• change who owns a file:

chown <user> <filename>

• change to which group the file belongs:

chgrp <group> <filename>

Page 16: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

touch

• look at the full listing again:

>ls -l .forward-rw-r--r-- 1 darin csua 23 Jan 23 2002 .forward

• Each file has a date stamp of when it was modified.

• Use touch to set the timestamp to the current clock.

touch <filename>

• Touch creates the file if it didn’t exist beforehand.

• You can only touch a file to which you can write.

Page 17: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Symbolic Links

• use ln -s <old file> <second name> to create a symbolic link to a file.

>ls -l .forward*-rw-r--r-- 1 darin csua .forwarddrwxr-xr-x 1 darin csua .forward.link@ -> .forward

• The first “l” tells you that it’s a symbolic link.

• Symbolic links can be used as if it were its target.

Page 18: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

OutlineI. getting helpII. the file systemIII. the shellV. email optionsVI. and lesser editorsVII. input and output redirection

VIII.printingIX. process managementX. X

Page 19: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

what’s a shell?

• The shell is the program that

runs when you log in. It prints

the prompt and reads what you

type, invokes programs, etc.

• your window to the Unix world.

• use “chsh <new shell>” to change your shell

Page 20: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

File Globbing

• some commands can work on many files at once:

~> rm file1 file2 file27

• Use * to match any number of unknown characters

~> rm file*

• Use ? to match one unknown character.

~> rm file??

Page 21: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

(un)aliasing

• create shortcuts for yourself

~>alias ll “ls -la”

Use alias with no arguments to discover current aliases

~>alias

rm rm -i

ll ls -la

• Type “unalias rm” to remove alias.

Page 22: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

shell variables, echo

(tcsh) ~>setenv BOB “joe”

(tcsh) ~>printenv BOB

joe

(tcsh) ~>echo $BOB

joe

Page 23: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

PATH: a very important shell variable

>echo $PATH/home/d/da/darin/bin:/opt/local/bin:/opt/local/bin/

pbmutils:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/opt/SUNWspro/bin:/usr/ccs/bin:/opt/local/X11/bin:/usr/dt/bin:/usr/openwin/bin:/opt/local/gnu/bin:/opt/local/games/bin:/usr/ucb:./

• If a program (like ls) is in one directory found in your path, then typing it (~>ls <enter>) will execute it.

• Otherwise you can type the full absolute address to execute a program (~>/usr/bin/ls <enter>)

Page 24: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

finding things in your PATH.

• Type “which <command>” to find the location of the program which would be run when you type <command>.

• If you don’t remember if it was chgrp or chgroup, type “ch<control-d>” to get a list of commands that starts with ch.

• when all else fails, use “find” to find a file.

~>find <start dir> -name “*.doc”

Page 25: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Other useful pre-defined shell variables

• HOST what computer you’re logged into

• PAGER program used display man pages

• PWD current directory

• GROUP what group you’re in

• USER your login

Page 26: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Shell scripts.

• If you have a bunch of commands you’d like to automate, you can put them on separate lines of a file. Then type “source <file>” to run the script.

• If the first line of your script looks like

#!<program name>then you can make the script executable. When it

executes, it uses <program name> to interpret the contents of the script.

Page 27: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Login scripts

• Most people have a script that executes when they log in. It is commonly used to set up one’s PATH and aliases.

• Ask someone to help you start your own login script.

Page 28: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

screen is your friend

• You can use the program “screen” to run several shells from one window.

• create a new shell by pressing <ctrl-a> c

• switch shells by pressing <ctrl-a> <number>

• use “<ctrl-a> d” to detach a session and come back to it later.

Page 29: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

OutlineI. getting helpII. the file systemIII. the shellV. email optionsVI. and lesser editorsVII. input and output redirection

VIII.printingIX. process managementX. X

Page 30: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Your Options

• Abstinence

(switch majors, unplug your computer)

• monogamy

(use only one computer, do not use network)

• protection

(also known as encryption)

Page 31: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

What not to use.

• telnet, ftp, rlogin

• all your data (including your password) is transmitted plain text over the network.

• from library machines you can use the java ssh client from a web browser.

Page 32: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

using ssh keys

• use “ssh-keygen” to generate a public/private set of keys. You keep the private key and append the public key to authorized_keys.

• You can now log in using either your password or the private key file.

Page 33: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

using secure copy: scp

• copy local to remotescp <source file> user@machine:<path>

• copy remote to localscp user@machine:<path> <source file>

Page 34: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

OutlineI. getting helpII. the file systemIII. the shellV. email optionsVI. and lesser editorsVII. input and output redirection

VIII.printingIX. process managementX. X

Page 35: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

the program mail

• “mail”: useful for sending:

>mail darin@csuaSubject: helloCc:hi therethis is a message.

Page 36: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

other console based options

• elm - quick and simple, easy to use, but doesn’t handle attachments very well.

• pine - more complete. the “standard”

• mutt - most modern/complex.

Page 37: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

accessing mail remotely• netscape, outlook, eudora, and others can get at your mail

using POP or IMAP.

• POP takes the messages off the server to your local computer.

• IMAP only reads headers, but leaves mail how it is on the server. Works well if you wish to use console based email.

• ALWAYS use SSL (encryption).

Page 38: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

OutlineI. getting helpII. the file systemIII. the shellV. email optionsVI. and lesser editorsVII. input and output redirection

VIII.printingIX. process managementX. X

Page 39: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

vi

• is an editor available on all decent Unix systems. Developed at Berkeley.

• Has two modes: command and insert. In insert mode you can type normally.

• Press escape to get into command mode. In command mode each letter is a command.

hjkl

Page 40: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

pico - the pine composer

• the simplest visual editor available on most Unix systems.

• all possible commands displayed at bottom of screen. (control-somethings)

• no real surprises

Page 41: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Outline

I. getting helpII. the file systemIII. the shell

V. email optionsVI. and lesser editorsVII. input and output redirectionVIII.printingIX. process managementX. X

Page 42: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

STD*

• All terminal programs have:

– standard output, which is usually your screen– standard input, which is usually your keyboard– standard error, which is also the screen

Page 43: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

redirect output to a file with >

• If you type who at the prompt, you will get a list of who is logged into the system.

• If you type who >f, a file named f will be created and the standard output of who will be placed in that file instead of to your screen.

Page 44: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

> vers >>

• By default, who >f will overwrite the file f.

• Use who >>f to append to f rather than overwriting it.

Page 45: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

redirecting input from a file with <

• The program sort will sort its standard input and then print it on standard out.

• To sort the lines of file1 and display:

sort < file1

• To sort the lines of file1 and save in file2:

sort < file1 > file2

Page 46: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

The output of one program can be the input to another.

who | sort >file1

• The output of who is sorted and shown on your terminal screen.

Page 47: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

grep

• grep shows only those lines containing its search pattern.

• To see all lines in a file containing ‘bob’:

grep ‘Dropped Packet’ < file1 >file2

Page 48: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

The cat command

• the arguments to cat are concatenated together and displayed on stdout. To view a file:

cat file1

• if no arguments, cat puts on stdout whatever you type on stdin, so this does the same thing:

cat < file1

Page 49: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

Outline

I. getting helpII. the file systemIII. the shellV. email optionsVI. and lesser editorsVII. input and output redirectionVIII. process managementIX.Other Useful commands

Page 50: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

how to print a .ps file

• syntax:

lp -D<printer> <filename>

• example:

lp -Dlw330 myfile.ps

Page 51: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

How to check the printer’s queue.

• syntax:

lpq -P<printer_name>

• example:

lpq -Plw330

Page 52: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

OutlineI. getting helpII. the file systemIII. the shellV. email optionsVI. and lesser editorsVII. input and output redirection

VIII.printingIX. process managementX. X

Page 53: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

To start a process in the background, use “&”.

• example:

big_program > output &

• big_program will not have input!

Page 54: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

managing jobs

• To suspend the currently active program, use <control-z>.

• To return to the program you just suspended, type “fg”

• To put the program you just suspended in the background, type “bg”

Page 55: Welcome to Unix. Redistribution The authors (nor anyone else) provides no warranty or claim of accuracy of this document. Use at your own risk. You may.

To see a list of your programs running, type “ps”.

>ps -eaf PID TTY TIME CMD 866 pts/1 00:00:00 tcsh 872 pts/1 00:00:00 ps

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use kill to end a process

>ps PID TTY TIME CMD 866 pts/1 00:00:00 tcsh 874 pts/1 00:00:00 cat 875 pts/1 00:00:00 ps

>kill 874[1] Terminated cat

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kill -9

• If kill <PID> doesn’t end your process, use kill -9 <PID>