Web Test Automation

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Practical Web Test Automation

Automated test web applications wisely with open source

test frameworks: Watir and Selenium

Zhimin Zhan

This book is for sale athttp://leanpub.com/practical_web_test_automation

This version was published on 2014-08-18

This is aLeanpubbook. Leanpub empowers authors and publishers with the Lean Publishingprocess.Lean Publishingis the act of publishing an in-progress ebook using lightweight tools andmany iterations to get reader feedback, pivot until you have the right book and build traction onceyou do.

2012 - 2014 Zhimin Zhan
http://leanpub.com/manifestohttp://leanpub.com/http://leanpub.com/practical_web_test_automation


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I would dedicate this book to my mother and father for their unconditional love.


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Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iWho should read this book? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiHow to read this book? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiWhats inside the book? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiiTest scripts, Screencasts and Other resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Send Me Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ivAcknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

1. What is Web Test Automation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Test Automation Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Reality Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Reasons for Test Automation Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Successful Web Test Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Learning Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Next Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2. First Automated Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Test Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Installing TestWise (about 2 minutes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Create a Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Create Test Case From Recorded Test Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Run test in IE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13When a test failed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Wrap up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3. How Automated Testing works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Web Test Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Automated Testing Rhythm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Test Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Run Tests From Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

4. TestWise - Functional Testing IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Philosophy of TestWise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30TestWise Project Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31


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PrefaceOn April 3 2013, Wired published an article The Software Revolution Behind LinkedIns GushingProfits. The revolution completely overhauled how LinkedIn develops and ships new updatesto its website and apps, taking a system that required a full month to release new features andturning it into one that pushes out updates multiple times per day. LinkedIn is not alone, Googlehas accomplished this long before that. As a matter of fact, LinkedIns success is tracked back toluring a Google veteran in 2001.Facebook is released twice a dayand they claimedkeeping upthis pace is at the heart of our culture.

Release software twice a day! For many, thats unimaginable. You may wonder how they could

ensure quality (and you know the high standard from them). The answer is, as the article pointedout, using automated tests designed to weed out any bugs.

After working on numerous software projects for a number of years, I witnessed and had been partof many what I call release panic syndromes. That is, with the deadline approaching, the teamspanic level rises. Many defects were found from the last round of manual testing by the testers, themanager started priortizing the defects (or adjusting some to features), and programmers rushing tofix just the critical ones. Testers restarted the testing on the new build which fixed some but not allthe defects. Then here came the bad news: several previously working features were now broken,Argh!

I believe there is a better way to do software development that does not involve this kind of stress

and panic. This is how my interest in automated testing started (in 2006). I made the right decision touse free, open source and programming based test frameworks. (It is quite obvious now, as Seleniumis the best sought after testing skill on the job market. Back then, people turned to record/playbackcommercial tools with vendor proprietary test script syntax). The first test framework I used (formy pet projects) was Watir. Wow! I was convinced that this approach was the answer.

In 2007, I had the opportunity to put my approach into practices in a government project. Theoutcome was beyond everyones expectation: over two years and countless releases, there were nomajor defects reported by customers. The team had high confidence in the product. These automatedtests also provided the safety net for some major refactorings, which would not be possible withoutthem. A business analyst once said, before every demonstration to our customers, it is a good

feeling of knowing every release has been thoroughly tested. The synergy of flexible test framework,maintainable test design, team collaboration with the same simple testing tool and continuousintegration supporting functional test execution really made a big difference.

http://www.wired.com/business/2013/04/linkedin-software-revolution/http://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/ship-early-and-ship-twice-as-often/10150985860363920http://www.seleniumconf.org/speakers/
http://www.seleniumconf.org/speakers/http://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/ship-early-and-ship-twice-as-often/10150985860363920http://www.wired.com/business/2013/04/linkedin-software-revolution/http://www.seleniumconf.org/speakers/http://www.seleniumconf.org/speakers/http://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/ship-early-and-ship-twice-as-often/10150985860363920http://www.wired.com/business/2013/04/linkedin-software-revolution/http://www.wired.com/business/2013/04/linkedin-software-revolution/


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Preface ii

There is now a clearly converging trend in web application development on technology choices,such as cloud deployment, light and productive web frameworks such as Ruby on Rails, JQueryJavaScript Library, Twitter BootStrap UI themes, Font Awesome icons, , etc. The competitionsamong web applications are less on technologies, but weigh more on the development process to

ensure pushing out high quality releases often. A fact: Facebook was not the first social networkingweb site.

A friend of mine, who developed a quite successful public web application, told me in an uneasytone that he just found out another competitor product at a cheaper price. This is inevitable, thecompetition among web applications is global, which means, there are people work at 10% ofyour hourly rate to compete against you. The only way to win the race, in my opinion, is togreatly enhance your productivity and reduce maintenance cost. This can be achieved by applyingtest automation and continuous integration with instant benefits without much effort (if doing itproperly). My reply to my friend: If your competitors seriously start to invest in test automation,you shall be worried.

In Appendix II, I share my experience on developing ClinicWise, a modern web-based clinicmanagement system. Thanks to comprehensive automated UI testing, ClinicWise is frequentlyreleased (daily) with new features and updates. ClinicWise is developed and maintained in my sparetime.

The motivation of this book is to share my journey of test automation for web applications: fromwriting the first test to developing and maintaining large number of automated test scripts.

Who should read this book?

Everyone working on a software team (including testers, programmers, business analysts, architectsand managers) building a web application who wants to improve the quality of software whilesaving time and money can benefit from reading this book. It may sound like a bold statement, butit is the outcome I obtained from some projects whose team members embraced the techniques andpractices presented in this book. Those projects delivered reliable software releases frequently, stressfree. You can achieve this too.

Prior experience with automated testing is not necessary. Basic programming concepts will help,but again, not necessary.

How to read this book?I strongly recommend readers to read through Chapters 1-9 in order, only skip Chapter 4 if you havedecided on the testing editor/IDE. Chapters 10-15 are largely independent from one another. You cantherefore read them in the order that suits your interests. Readers can also just skim through andcome back for details later if necessary.

http://yourstory.com/2013/02/startup-technologies-top-6-technologies-used-at-startups/
http://yourstory.com/2013/02/startup-technologies-top-6-technologies-used-at-startups/http://yourstory.com/2013/02/startup-technologies-top-6-technologies-used-at-startups/


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Preface iii

Some chapters contain hands-on exercises (with step by step guides). Typically it will take about10-30 minutes to complete an exercise. Readers can choose to follow the exercises while or afterreading a chapter. The main point is: to master test automation, you have to do it.

Whats inside the book?

In part 1, I introduce Web Test Automation and its benefits, which many believe but few actuallyachieve it. I use a metaphor to illustrate practical reasons why most software projects conductfunctional testing manually despite knowing the great benefits of test automation. Then the journeystarts with a case study to help write your first Watir automated test in about 10 minutes.

In part 2, I present a brief introduction of test frameworks and tools, followed by a case study showingthe development of six Watir/RWebSpectests for a live test site with the help of a recorder. Alongthe way, some testing techniques are introduced.

In part 3, I present an intuitive and maintainable automated test design: using reusable functionsand page objects, followed by a case study showing the transforming of recorded test scripts to amaintainable way. Then I introduce an important concept: functional test refactoring, a process oftesters applying refactorings to test scripts efficiently with refactoring support in testing tools suchasTestWise IDE.

With a growing number of automated tests, so is the test execution time. Long feedback loops reallyslow down development. In part 4, I show how team collaboration and continuous integration canhelp to improve the feedback time greatly.

In Part 5, I switch the attention to two other frameworks: Selenium-WebDriverandCucumber,

with two case studies showing the test design and techniques are applicable generally. Finally Ishare some strategies to apply test automation to your project.

Test scripts, Screencasts and Other resources

To help readers learn more effectively, the book has a dedicated site at: http://zhimin.com/books/pwta,which contains the following resources:

Software. Test automation is not necessarily expensive. All test frameworks featured in thisbook are free and open-sourced. Testing tools used for the exercises in this book are also free,and there are instructions to cater for other text-based testing tools.

https://github.com/zhimin/rwebspechttp://testwisely.comhttp://seleniumhq.org/http://cukes.info/http://zhimin.com/books/pwta
http://zhimin.com/books/pwtahttp://cukes.info/http://seleniumhq.org/http://testwisely.com/https://github.com/zhimin/rwebspechttp://zhimin.com/books/pwtahttp://cukes.info/http://seleniumhq.org/http://testwisely.com/https://github.com/zhimin/rwebspec


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Preface iv

Sample test scripts. The sample test scripts for the exercises are ready-to-run. This bookcovers several popular test and syntax frameworks: Watir, Selenium, RWebSpec, RSpec andCucumber. To help readers understand the differences, I have created 8 test projects withdifferent combinations:https://github.com/zhimin/adminwise-ui-tests.

Sample web sites. For readers who need web sites to try out automated test scripts, I haveprepared two test sites for you:

Agile Travel: a simple flight booking site, which is used in the exercises. AdminWise: a feature rich web 2.0 site with modules such as membership and library.

Tutorial screencasts. There are screencasts for readers who learn better with audio and video,so you will be able to see how it is done step by step.

Send Me Feedback

Id appreciate hearing from you. Comments, suggestions, errors in the book and test scripts are allwelcome. You can submit your feedback on the book web site (http://zhimin.com/books/pwta).

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank everyone who sent feedback and suggestions, particularly Darren James, MingliZhou, Tim Wilson, Lloyd Blake and Hoang Uong, for their time and wisdom.

I owe a huge thank you to people behind great open-source testing frameworks such as Watir,Selenium-WebDriver and RSpec, and of course, the beautiful Ruby language.

Functional testing via User Interface is practical and light on theory, so is this book. I hope you findthis book useful.

Zhimin ZhanMay 2014

https://github.com/zhimin/adminwise-ui-tests
https://github.com/zhimin/adminwise-ui-testshttps://github.com/zhimin/adminwise-ui-tests


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1. What is Web Test Automation?Web Test Automation, or automated functional testing for web applications via the Graphic UserInterface (GUI), is the use of automated test scripts to drive test executions to verify the webapplication meets requirements. Simply, during execution of an automated test for a web site, yousee mouse and keyboard actions such as clicking a button and typing text in a text box in a browser,without human intervention. Web Test Automation sits under the category of black-box functionaltesting, where the majority of test efforts is in software projects.

Functional Testing vs Unit Testing vs Non-Functional Testing

Functional testing is to verify function requirements:what the system does. For example, User

can request a password reset by providing a valid email. This is the focus of this book.

Unit testing is a type of white box testing performed by programmers at source code level. It is of

no concerns to software testers. Unit test is a term that gets misused a lot. A more correct term

would be Programmer Test. A product that passes comprehensive programmer tests can still fail

on many functional tests. Thats because programmers tests are from a programmers perspective,

while functional tests are from a users perspective. A programmer test is also a kind of automated

test.

Non-functional testing is the testing ofhowthe system works. For example, The response time of

the home page must not exceed 5 seconds. Some type of non-functional testings, load testing in

particular, utilize automated test tools too.

Test Automation Benefits

The benefits of test automation are many. Below are four common ones:

Reliable. Tests perform precisely the same operations each time they are run, thereby

eliminating human errors. Fast. Test execution is faster than done manually.

Repeatable. Once tests are created, they can be run repeatedly with little effort, even at lunchtime or after working hours.

Regression Testing. The intent of regression testing is to ensure that a change, such as abugfix, did not introduce new faults [Myers, Glenford 04]. Comprehensive manual regressiontesting is almost impossible to conduct for two reasons: the time required and human errors.


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What is Web Test Automation? 3

These reasons sound about right to most people. However, saving time and money are two benefits oftest automation, isnt that a contradiction (for lack of time and budget)? What are the real difficultiesor challenges, apart from political/ project management ones, that projects encounter during theiradventures in automated testing?

To make it easy to understand, we can compare a projects test automation attempt with a boy who istrying to climb over a standing two-hump camel from the front. Lets consider each of the followingchallenges he faces:

Test Automation Camel

Figure 1-1 Test Automation Camel (graphics credit: www.freevectordownload.com)

1. Out of reach: Expensive

Commercial testing tools are usually quite expensive (I wont list prices here, in fact, I couldntget prices for some so-called leading testing tools on their web sites, which is telling in itself).Automated testing is one of a few activities in software projects that the whole team can contributeto and benefit from. Besides testers, programmers may run automated tests for self verification andbusiness analysts may utilize automated tests for customer demonstrations. However, high price ofcommercial testing tools makes the whole teams adoption of automated testing unfeasible.

There are free, open-source testing frameworks, such as Selenium and Watir, both of which arefeatured in the classic book Agile Testing by Lis Crispin and Janet Gregory. However the idea offree and open-source testing frameworks is still not appealing to many test managers. Lack of skills,

dedicated tools and support are their main concerns.

2. Steep Learning Curves: Difficult to learn

Traditional commercial tools are usually focused on a Record and Playback approach with test scriptsin a vendor proprietary syntax. It looks easy when you watch the sales presentations. In real life,

http://www.agiletester.ca/
http://www.agiletester.ca/http://www.agiletester.ca/


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unfortunately, it is a quite different story (a programmers minor change to the application can ruinyour hours of recording). When testers have to open the raw test scripts (generated by recorders) toedit, reality bites.

Open source test frameworks, on the other hand, require some degree of programming efforts, Watir,Selenium and WebTest are among the popular ones. With programming, they provide flexibilityneeded for automated testing. However, the fact is that the majority of software testers do not possessprogramming skills, and many of them feel uncomfortable to learn it. There are few dedicated testingtools supporting these open-source test frameworks designed to suite testers. (Programming IDEsare designed for programmers, not for testers who can find them complicated and overwhelming).

3. Hump 1: Hard to maintain

Software under development changes frequently, and automated UI test scripts are vulnerable toapplication changes. Even a simplest change to the application could cause many existing test scriptsfail. This, in my view, is the most fundamental reason for test automation failures.

4. Hump 2: Long feedback loop

Compared to programmer tests (which if written well, should have an execution time under 0.1second), automated functional tests through UI are relatively slow. There is practically very littlethat testers can do to speed up execution of functional tests. With the number of test cases growing,so will be the test execution time. This leads to long feedback gap, from the time programmerscommitted the code to the time test execution completes. If programmers continue developing newfeature/fixes during the gap time, it can easily get into a tail-chasing problem. This will hurt teamsproductivity badly, not to mention teams morale.

New Challenges for testing Web applications

Specifically to web applications, with adoption of AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)and increasing use of JavaScripts, websites nowadays are more dynamic, therefore, bringing newchallenges to web test automation.

Successful Web Test Automation

Having identified the reasons for test automation failures in projects, it becomes clear what it takesto succeed in web test automation:

1. Test scripts must be easy to read and maintain.2. Testing framework/tools are easy to learn, affordable and support team collaboration.

3. Test execution must be fast.

Is that all possible? My answer is Yes. The purpose of this book is to show how we can achieve justthat.


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Learning Approach

This is not yet another book on testing theories, as there are no shortage of them. In this book, we

will walk through examples using test framework RWebSpec/Watir/Selenium and functional testingIDE TestWise. The best way to learn is to just start doing it.

My father is a well respected high school mathematics teacher in our town, his teaching style isteaching by examples. That is, he gets students to work on his carefully selected math exercisesfollowed by concise instruction, then guide students who face challenges (often he gives themanother exercise ). That is also the way I learn things. By working with testers, I found this is themost effective way for testers to master automated testing quickly.

For most web sites, regardless of technologies they are developed on, Internet Explorer on Windowsis often the target platform (at least for now). It will be the main platform for our exercises in thisbook:

Operating System: Windows XP or later

Web Browser: Internet Explorer v8-10 (IE11 is not well supported yet)

Test Framework: Watir (with RWebSpec extension)

Testing Tool: TestWise IDE

If you are Mac user, like myself, the learning process is the same (majority of the test scripts runwithout change) except the screenshots shown in the book look different.

Operating System: Mac OS X

Web Browser: Firefox or Chrome

Test Framework: Selenium-WebDriver (with RWebSpec extension)

Testing Tool: TestWise IDE Mac Edition

I will cover more on Selenium to drive tests against Firefox or Google Chrome Browser on Mac orLinux in Chapter 13 (I am a Mac user myself). All the techniques and even test scripts are directlyapplicable for cross-browser testing.

On testing tools, I use TestWise community edition, a free testing IDE supporting Watir andSelenium, in this book. For readers who prefer their favourite editors/IDEs, you can still use them,as all test scripts shown in this book are plain text. I will also provide instructions on how to executetests from the command line.

Example test scripts for chapters in this book can be downloaded athttp://zhimin.com/books/pwta,and you can try them out by simply opening in TestWise and run. Also, I have provided screencaststhere so that readers can watch how it is done.

In this book, we will focus on testing standard web sites (in HTML), excluding vendor specifictechnologies such as Flash and SilverLight. The techniques shown in this book are applicable to

https://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/InternetExplorerDriver#IE_11_Supporthttp://zhimin.com/books/pwta
http://zhimin.com/books/pwtahttps://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/InternetExplorerDriver#IE_11_Supporthttp://zhimin.com/books/pwtahttps://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/InternetExplorerDriver#IE_11_Support


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general testing practices.

Next Action

Enough theory for now. Lets roll up sleeves and write some automated tests.


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2. First Automated TestA journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step. - Lao Tzu

Lets write an automated web test. If you are new to automated testing, dont feel intimidated. Youare going to see your first automated test running in Internet Explorer in about 10 minutes, and thatincludes installing the test tool!

Test Design

A test starts with a requirement (called User Story in agile projects). Quite commonly, the firstsimple requirement to test is: User Authentication. We will use this requirement for our first test inthis exercise.

By analysing the requirement and the application (see the screenshot below),

Agile travel login

we can start to collect the test data:


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First Automated Test 9

TestWise Recorder. TestWise comes with a lightweight recorder (a Firefox extension) torecord user operations in a Firefox browser into executable test scripts.

To install, navigate to folder C:\agileway\TestWise\thirdparty\FireFox_AddOns(or click thelink from Start Page in TestWise), then drag testwise_recorder.xpito an active Firefox Window.

Locate recorder

A window with title Software Installation will popup from Firefox to confirm installation,click Install Now, then restart Firefox.

Install recorder

In Firefox, select menu Tools -> TestWise Recorder Sidebar to enable recording.


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Enable recorder

Create a Test

Now we are ready to create the test for our requirement: User can login the site. Hope you stillremember the test design steps and test data.

Create New Test Project

TestWise has a project structure to organize test scripts. That structure is simply a folder containingall test related files such as test scripts and test data.

As we start from scratch, we need to create a new project first. If a sample project is already openedin TestWise, we need to close it. Select menu File New Project, which will bring up the window

shown below.

Create Project


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Enter project name, project folder and URL of web site to be tested. In this case, we enter AgileTravel, C:\testprojects\AgileTravel and http://travel.agileway.net respectively, and then clickOK button. TestWise will create the project with skeleton files created for you.

Project Skeleton

Create Test Script File

Now create the test script file for our test. Select File -> New File,

New test

Type text login and press Enter to create new test script file:login_spec.rb

Tip: Try naming the test script file something related to the requirement, so you can find it easilylater.

A new editor tab is created and opened with test skeleton:


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Login test

Recording

Open the site URL http://travel.agileway.net in Firefox and enable TestWise Recorder SideBar.Perform the test steps below manually:

1. Enter username agileway

2. Enter password testwise

3. Click Sign In button

4. To add verification for text Welcome agileway, highlight the text in browser, right mouseclick and select Add verify Text for Welcome agileway.

5. Click Sign off link

Recording

Test steps are recorded along the way. Once done, inside the TestWise Recorder window, right mouseclick and select Copy all to clipboard. If you see the test stepgoto_url(about:blank)(that step tellswhere the current URL is, we dont need for this case), delete it.


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Recorder copying test steps

Create Test Case From Recorded Test Steps

Switch to the TestWise IDE (the login_spec.rbeditor tab shall be still active), paste recorded testscripts into the test case.

Paste test steps

The test case is created, while we are here, update the test cases name to User can login with validuser name and password.

Run test in IE

Press on the toolbar (indicated as in the screenshot below) to run the test case, and you canwatch the test execution in an Internet Explorer window.


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TestWise run

The green tick (indicated as ) means the test passed.

When a test failed

We just saw a successful automated test. Naturally, you will ask what will happen when a test fails?As a matter of fact, during development of an automated test script, we are more likely to get errorsor failures before we get it right. It is up to the technical testers to analyse the cause: is it a realapplication error or incorrect test scripts?

Next, we will make a simple change to the above test script to make it fail:

enter_text("password", "invalid") # now can't log in

Click to run the test. As expected, the test failed.


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Test failed

In TestWise, the test execution is marked as Failed and is shown on line 18 of the test scriptindicating where the failure is.

We, as human, knew the reason for this failure: a wrong password was provided. From the testscripts point of view, it failed due to this assertion not met: finding the text Welcome agilewayon the page.

If you want to find more details about the cause for test failure, check the text output of test executionincluding error trace under Test Output tab.

Failed in IE


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Wrap up

Lets review what we have done in this chapter. Besides test design, we

Installed TestWise IDE

Installed TestWise Recorder

Created a test project in TestWise IDE

Recorded test scripts using TestWise Recorder in Firefox

Created test script from pasted test steps

Ran test case in IE (pass and failed)

Hopefully you were able to do all that within 10 minutes! You can view the screencast for thisexercise online at the books website athttp://zhimin.com/books/pwta.

http://zhimin.com/books/pwta
http://zhimin.com/books/pwtahttp://zhimin.com/books/pwta


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3. How Automated Testing worksIn the previous chapter, we created an automated functional test running in a web browser, InternetExplorer. This was done by simulating a user interacting with the browser: typing texts and clickingbuttons.

Before we move on, let us examine our test targets: web applications (or web sites). Simply speaking,a web site consists of many web pages. Behind each web page there is an HTML (HyperText MarkupLanguage) file. Browsers download the html files and render them.

HTML defines a set of standard web controls (aka elements) we all are familiar with, such as textboxes, hyperlinks, buttons, checkboxes, etc. For web application testing, we interact with these

controls as well as the text that get marked up in the HTML such as labels and headings.

Now let us review the test script we created in last exercise:

Within a test case, test steps can be classified into the following two categories:

Operation(also called step). Performing some kind of keyboard or mouse action on a webpage. The above example test has three operations:

enter_text("userName", "agileway")

enter_text("password", "testwise")click_button("Sign In")

Check(also called assertion). Verifying the web page meets the requirement.

page_text.should contain("Welcome agileway")


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How Automated Testing works 18

Web Test Drivers

Web test drivers enable web controls to be driven by test scripts with a certain syntax, for testing

purposes. All web test drivers covered in this book are free and open-source.

Watir

Watir (Web Application Testing in Ruby) is a free and open source library for automated testingweb applications in Internet Explorer. As its name suggests, test scripts actually are Ruby scripts, agrowing popular programming language with an elegant syntax that is natural to read and easy towrite[ruby01].

Watir is the most compelling alternative [to Fit] for filling the automated acceptance

testing need. Ward Cunningham

Watir was created in 2005 by Bret Pettichord and Paul Rogers, and it is maintained by many othercontributors. Inspired by Watirs success, there are clone frameworks in .NET and Java platforms:WatiN and Watij respectively.

Here is a sample Watir test:

require "watir"

browser = Watir::Browser.new

browser.goto "http://www.google.com"

browser.text_field(:name, "q").set "Watir IDE"

browser.button(:name, "btnG").click # "btnG" is the 'Search' button

Selenium

Selenium was originally created in 2004 by Jason Huggins, who was later joined by his otherThoughtWorks colleagues. Selenium supports all major browsers and tests can be written in manyprogramming languages and run on Windows, Linux and Macintosh platforms.

Selenium 2 is merged with another test framework WebDriver led by Simon Stewart at Google(thats why you see selenium-webdriver), Selenium 2.0 was released in July 2011.

The above test in Selenium:


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require "selenium-webdriver"

browser = Selenium::WebDriver.for(:firefox) # or :ie, :chrome

browser.navigate.to "http://www.google.com"

browser.find_element(:name, "q").send_keys "Watir IDE"

browser.find_element(:name, "btnG").click #"btnG" is the 'Search' button

RWebSpec

RWebSpec is a wrapper around Watir and Selenium. It provides an alternative syntax plus someextra goodies. Here is a sample RWebSpec script.

require 'rwebspec'

include RWebSpec::Core

open_browser "http://google.com"

enter_text("q", "Watir IDE")

click_button_with_id("gbqfb")

One obvious difference from Watir or Selenium is that RWebSpec test statements are in activevoice. The following two statements in RWebSpec

enter_text("q", "watir IDE")

click_button_with_id("gbqfb")

are equivalent to

browser.text_field(:name, "q").set "watir IDE"

browser.button(:id, "gbqfb").click

in Watir.

Many might find the RWebSpec syntax is more concise and easier to read.

You may mix Watir or Selenium test statements in RWebSpec test scripts like below:

enter_text("q", "Watir IDE") # RWebSpecbutton(:name, "btnG").click # Watir

browser.find_element(:name, "q").send_keys("Selenium full featured IDE") # Selen\

ium

click_button_with_id("gbqfb") # RWebSpec


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Automated Testing Rhythm

Regardless of which test framework you use, the testing rhythm is the same:

1. Identify a web control

2. Perform operation on the control

3. Go to step 1 until reach a check point

4. Check

5. Go to step 1 until the test ends

Identify Web Controls

To drive controls on a web page, we need to identify them first.

Lets look at this sample web page:

Its HTML source (you can view the HTML source of a web page by right mouse clicking in the webpage and selecting View Page Source):

User name:

Password:

Though the username and password appear the same (text box) on the browser, they are quitedifferent in source. Some attributes in HTML tags tell web browsers how to render it, such assize=20 in user name text box; More importantly, application developers use attributes such asname (not exclusively) to determine users input is associated to which control.

We can identify web controls by using these attributes for testing. Here is one way to identify themin Watir:


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text_field(:name, "username")

text_field(:id, "pwd_box")

button(:value, "Sign in")

As you can see, these three test steps use three different attributes for three controls.

Obviously the easiest way to identify web controls is to use a recorder (a tool records users operationand generate test scripts), if you have one installed. However, in my opinion, it is essential fortechnical testers to master and be comfortable to do it manually. The reasons are:

Some test frameworks dont have recorders or have outdated ones

Recorders might not work for certain circumstances

Lack of freedom of choosing preferred attribute (for identifying controls)

In modern browsers, it is actually quite easy to identify element attributes (in HTML source)manually:

Internet Explorer: Developer Tools

IE8 (and later version) has built-in developer tools. You can invoke it by pressing F12 key and Ctrl+Bin the Developer Tools window to inspect a web control.

IE Developer Tools

Firefox with Firebug Add-on


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Firebug is a popular Firefox extension, one of its feature is to inspect elements source. Once installedand enabled, right mouse click one control and select Inspect element:

Firebug add-on

Google Chrome

Google Chrome (and Apple Safari) browser has built-in support for inspecting web controls:


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Check

The purpose of testing is to verify a piece of function meeting its purpose. After driving theapplication to a certain point, we do checks (maybe thats why is called checkpoint in some testing

tools).

In the context of web testing, typical checks are:

verify certain texts are present

verify certain html fragment are present (different from above, this is to check raw page source)

verify page title

verify a link is present

verify a web control is present or hidden

One key feature of Test frameworks (more in next section) is to provide syntax conventions toperform verifications like the above. Here are some examples:

RWebSpec

page_source.should contain("Payment Successful!")

assert_link_present_with_text("Continue")

page_title.should == "User Registration"

xUnit (assertion style) with Watir

browser.html should include("Payment Successful!")

assert browser.button(:text, "Choose Watir").enabled?

assert browser.title == "User Registration"

RSpec with Selenium

driver.page_source.should include("Payment Successful!")

# RSpec 2 uses be_true, be_false; RSpec 3 uses be_truthy, be_falsey

browser.find_element(:link_text, "Continue").displayed?.should be_truthy

expect(driver.title).to eq("User Registration")

Test Frameworks

Web test drivers such as Watir and Selenium drive browsers. However to make effective use ofthem for testing, we need put them in a test framework which defines test structures and providesassertions (performing checks in test scripts).


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xUnit

xUnit (JUnit and its cousins) test frameworks are widely used for unit testing by programmers. xUnitcan be used in functional test scripts too, but it is not my preference, as it is not as expressive as the

ones below.

RSpec

RSpec is a popular Behaviour Driven Development (BDD) framework in Ruby.

More expressive

Comparing to xUnit test frameworks, RSpec tests are easier to read. For example, for the JUnit testbelow:

class UserAuthenticationTest {public void testCanLoginWithValidUsernameAndPassword {

// ...

}

public void testAccessDeniedForInvalidPassword() {

// ...

}

}

Its RSpec version will be like this:

describe "User Authentication" do

it "User can login with valid login and password" do

# ...

end

it "Access denied for invalid password" do

#...

end

end

Execution Hooks

Execution hooks are similar to setUp() and tearDown() functions in JUnit. Test steps inside aexecution hook are run before or after test cases depending on the nature of the hook. The examplebelow shows the order of execution in RSpec:


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describe "Execution Order Demo" do

include RWebSpec::RSpecHelper

before(:all) do

puts "Calling before(:all)"

end

before(:each) do

puts "Calling before(:each)"

end

after(:each) do

puts "Calling after(:each)"

end

after(:all) do

puts "Calling after(:all)"

end

it "First Test Case" do

puts "In First Test Case"

end

it "Second Test Case" do

puts "In Second Test Case"

end

end

Output

Calling before(:all)

Calling before(:each)

In First Test Case

Calling after(:each)

Calling before(:each)

In Second Test Case

Calling after(:each)

Calling after(:all)

Whats the use of execution hooks? Lets look at the RWebSpec test script below (RWebSpec extendsfrom RSpec, so we can use storyortest_caseas the start of a test case). There are three login relatedtest cases in a single test script file.


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specification "User Login" do


story "Can login as Registered User" do

open_browser

login_as("james", "pass") # login_as is a function defined elsewhere

page_text.should contain("Welcome James")

logout

close browser

end

story "Can login as Guest" do

open_browser

login_as("guest", "changeme")

page_text.should contain("Login OK")

logout

close browser

end

story "Can login as Administrator" do

open_browser

login_as("admin", "secret")

assert_link_present_with_text("Settings")

logout

close browser

end

end

By utilizing execution hooks, we can refine these test cases to:

specification "User Login" do


before(:all) do

open_browserend

after(:each) do

logout

end


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after(:all) do

close_browser

end

story "Can login as Registered User" do

login_as("james", "pass")

page_text.should contain("Welcome James")

end

story "Can login as Guest" do

login_as("guest", "changeme")

page_text.should contain("Login OK")

end

story "Can login as Administrator" do

login_as("admin", "secret")

assert_link_present_with_text("Settings")

end

end

By utlizing RSpecsbefore(:all),after(:each)andafter(:all)hooks, this version is not only concise,but more importantly, every test case is now more focused (distinguished from each other) and testscripts are more readable. For readers who are new to RSpec, dont worry, I will cover it more inlater chapters.

Cucumber

Cucumber, another relatively new BDD framework in Ruby, is gaining popularity rapidly. To avoiddistraction, we will focus on test practices using Watir+RSpec. There will be a dedicated chapter onCucumber towards the end of this book.

Run Tests From Command Line

In Chapter 2, we created an automated test script using a recorder and ran the test from TestWise.

One advantage of open-source test frameworks such as Watir and Selenium2 is freedom. You canedit the test scripts in any text editor and run them from command line.

You need to install Ruby first, then install RSpec and preferred web test driver and library (calledGem in Ruby). Basic steps are:


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install Ruby interpreter

Window installer: http://rubyinstaller.org Mac: pre-installed with OS Linux: get from packagemanager or compile from source

install RSpec> gem install rspec

install test framework gem(s)

> gem install watir

or

> gem install selenium-webdriver

For windows users, especially the ones who have difficulty installing gems behind a corporateproxy, you may simply download and install free pre-packaged RubyShell (based on Ruby Windows

Installer) athttp://testwisely.com/testwise/downloads.Once the installation (takes about 1 minute) is complete, we can run a RSpec test from command line.you need to have some knowledge on typing commands in console (called Command on Windows).

To run test cases in a test script file, enter command

> rspec google_spec.rb

Run multiple test script files in one go:

> rspec first_spec.rb second_spec.rb

Run individual test case in a test script file, supply a line number in chosen test case range.

> rspec google_spec.rb:30

To generate a test report (HTML) after test execution:

> rspec -fh google_spec.html > test_report.html

The command syntax is the same for Mac OS X and Linux platforms.


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4. TestWise - Functional Testing IDEIn Chapter 2, we wrote a simple automated test case using TestWise, a functional testing IntegrationDevelopment Environment (IDE). You are free to use any text-based editors/IDEs to develop Watiror Selenium tests, in that case, you can safely skip this chapter. If you want to be more productivewith TestWise, then you might find this chapter useful.

Philosophy of TestWise

The Philosophy of TestWise:

The Power of Text(inspired from the classic book Pragmatic Programmers)

Convention over Configuration(inspired from popular Ruby on Rails framework)

Simple

The Power of Text

Unlike some testing tools, the main window of TestWise is a text-based editor, with various testingfunctions such as test execution, test refactoring, test navigation,.., etc. The benefits of using plaintext (test scripts):

Use of Source Control system to track revision and compare differences

Powerful text editing, such as Snippets

Search and replace, even across multiple files in project scope

Refactoring (we will cover this in later chapter)

Easy view or edit using any text editors without dependency on proprietary tool

Convention over Configuration

The principle of Convention over Configuration is gaining more acceptance with the success ofRuby on Rails framework. It makes sense for writing automated tests as well. In the context of testing,with conventions in place, when a tester opens a new test project, she/he should feel comfortableand can get working straight way.

TestWise defines simple conventions for the test project structure, test file naming and page classes,as you will see later in this chapter. This helps communication among team members or seekinghelp externally when necessary.


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TestWise - Functional Testing IDE 31

Simple

TestWise is designed from the ground up to suit testers, without compromises often found in testingtools that are based on programming IDEs (which are designed for programmers). Every feature in

TestWise has one single purpose: a better testing experience.To make new-to-automation testers more willing to adopt, TestWise is designed to be small (around13.5MB), easy to install, launch quickly and get you started in minutes.

Next-Generation Functional Testing Tool

In October 2007, The Agile Alliance held a Functional Testing Tools Visioning Workshop to

envision the next-generation of functional testing tools: We are lacking integrated development

environments that facilitate things like: refactoring test elements, command completion, incremen-

tal syntax validation (based on the domain specific test language), keyboard navigation into the

supporting framework code, debugging, etc. [AAFTTVW 07]

TestWise was designed and implemented before the workshop, but shares the same vision.

TestWise Project Structure

The project structure in TestWise is simple.

Project structure

There are several file types distinguished by icons in TestWise:

Test script files(xxx_spec.rb)One test script file may contain one or more test cases (the extension .rb means it is a Rubyscript file).

Page class files(xxx_page.rb under /pages folder)Page class are for reusable Ruby class representing a web page, we will cover it in detail in thenext chapter.


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Test Helper (test_helper.rb)Common reusable functions are defined in Test Helper. It is included at the beginning of alltest script files and the functions are available for all test scripts.

Project file(xxx.tpr)

Store project settings. To open a TestWise project, look for a xxx.tpr file

RakefileConfiguration file for Rake build language (equivalent build.xml in Ant), which can be usedto execute all or a custom suite of test cases.

Test data(under /testdata folder, optional)The place to put your test data.

Test Execution

Test execution, obviously, is the most important feature for testing tools. TestWise offers severalways to run tests.

Run test cases in a test script file (F10)

A test script file may contain one or more test cases, which commonly form a logic group.

Run individual test case (Shift+F10)

When developing or debugging (trying to find out what went wrong) a new test case, and you just

want to run this single test case and prefer to leave the web browser at the state when an erroroccurred for analyse. And yes, this is the most frequently used method for executing tests.

Run All Tests in folder

Also you can run all tests under a folder.

Run selected tests: Test Suite

A Test Suite is a group of selected test script files to allow a custom set of test cases to be executedtogether.


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Keyboard Navigation

One criteria identified by Agile Alliance work for Next-Gen Functional Testing tools is keyboard

navigation into the supporting framework code. Those used to operating with a mouse all the timemight find keyboard navigation is just a matter of personal preference, and wonder how it is madeinto the list?

For any projects that are doing serious automated testing, there will be a large number of test scripts.When the number is big, being able to find the test case quickly (which at the fast end of spectrum,means via the keyboard), keyboard navigation becomes more than just a convenience.

Go to Test Script File (Ctrl+T)

Go to file

Go to Test Case (Ctrl+Shift+T)

Go to test case

Rockys mouse

Once I worked with a tester nicknamed Rocky who was in his fifties. Despite many doubts, he fell

in love with automated testing quickly. He developed RSI (Repetitive Strain Injury, a potentially

disabling illness caused by prolonged repetitive hand movements) with his mouse hand. Certainly

years of the using computer mice had contributed to that. When we worked together on test cases,

I moved the mouse to the far right side and sometimes even put a piece of paper between him

and the mouse. Changing a habit is never easy, but Rocky was doing admirably well. Weeks later,Rocky used the keyboard than the mouse and felt more productive as a result. Months later after I

left the project, I met one of his colleagues, who told me: he saw Rocky once snapped the mouse

on his desk, and said to himself: Zhimin said not to use it.


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Snippets

Snippets in TestWise are small bits of text that expand into full test script statements. The use of

snippets helps to create test steps more effectively when crafted manually. For example, type clthen press Tab key in a script editor, TestWise will expand it into the test statement below (clickinga hyperlink):

There are two ways to insert a snippet:

1. Enter snippet abbreviation, then press Tab key

2. Press Ctrl+J and select from the list, or type to narrow down the selection.

After a snippet is expanded, you may type over the highlighted text and press Tab to move to nextone if there is any. For instance,

Snippet

type username then press Tab key, the test statement becomes:

Snippet: move to next stop

Script Library

For testers who are new to the test framework and do not know the script syntax, may have manyhow-to questions such as: What is the test script syntax for clicking a button?, How to assert thecheckbox is checked?, , etc. TestWises built-in script library can provide the answers.


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Script Library

Test Refactoring

Test Refactoring is a process of refining test scripts to make it easier to read, and more importantly,easier to maintain. One unique feature of TestWise is its refactoring support, performing testrefactoring efficiently and reliably.

We will cover this important topic in later chapters.

Wrap UpWe quickly introduced some features of TestWise to help you develop test scripts more efficiently.For more details, please check TestWise online documentation and screencasts.


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5. Case StudyIn this chapter, we will write six automated tests for a test web site.

Test Site

In this over-simplified flight booking system: Agile Travel (http://travel.agileway.net), there are 4high level functions on 4 web pages:

Sign in Select flights Enter passenger details Pay by credit card (then check confirmation)

Some may suggest: the confirmation has its own page normally. Thats correct, however I combinedthe payment page and the confirmation page for a reason: testing AJAX.

We are going to write several test cases to verify core functions below:

Sign in

Select flights

Enter passenger details

Pay by credit card

We will create four test script files, inside which are test cases that are dedicated to testing each corefunction.

I suggest you spend a few minutes playing with this web site to get familiar to it, as you do for yourwork.

Preparation

The automated test framework used in this case study are Watir (with RWebSpec extension) + RSpec,and automated tests will be executed in Internet Explorer. (For readers who are more interested in

Selenium or running tests against Firefox and Chrome, we will cover in later chapters. I stronglyrecommend all readers go through this exercise.)

http://travel.agileway.net
http://travel.agileway.net/http://travel.agileway.net/


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Case Study 37

Web Site: http://travel.agileway.net

Test user login: agileway/testwise

Platform: IE9 on Windows 7 (works on IE8 and Windows XP as

well) or Mac

Software to be installed: TestWise Community Edition or TestWise Mac Edition,FireFox with TestWise Recorder plug-in

Create Test Project

Objective

Create a test project in TestWise

Assume there is an existing folder c:\work\agiletravel, we can add a folderui-testsunder it to storeour automated test scripts.

In TestWise, select menu File -> New Project (close the existing project first if there is one), specify

name of test project

test project folder

web site URL

If you want to open this project in TestWise later, select menu File -> Open Project, locate theproject fileagiletravel-ui-tests.tprunderc:\work\agiletravel\ui-testsfolder.


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Case Study 38

Test Suite: Sign in

Objective

Create test cases using a recorder

Multiple test cases in same test script file

Analyse test error

Understand test execution interference

Test Design

We start with two simple (and common) test cases: one positive and one negative

Sign in OK Sign in failed with invalid password

Positive Case: User can sign in OK

Select menu File -> New File, enter file name as login_spec.rb

A test case skeleton is created in newly created test script filelogin_spec.rb:

test_case "New Test Case" do

# Test Steps go here

end

Set test case name by changing the text New Test Case to User can sign in OK.

Start FireFox browser, navigate to our test site URL: http://travel.agileway.net, and enable TestWiseRecorder by selecting menu Tools -> TestWise Recorder Sidebar. In Firefox, sign in by enteringuser name and password (agileway/testwise), and clicking Sign in button.

A test case is not complete without checks. We could use the presence of the text Welcome(username) as the determination of a user is signed in successfully. To create this assertion step,highlight Welcome XXX text, right mouse click and select Add verifyText for .


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Case Study 39

Now right mouse click in the recorder window and Copy all recorded test steps:

Paste recorded test steps in the test case in TestWise. Now we get:

test_case "User can sign in OK" do

enter_text("username", "agileway")

enter_text("password", "testwise")

click_button("Sign in")

assert_text_present("Welcome agileway")

end

Run the test (right mouse click any line within the test case and selectRun User can sign in OK)

It passed! (indicated by the green tick)

Negative Case: User failed to sign in due to invalid password

Now we continue to add another login related test case in login_spec.rb: user failed to sign in withinvalid password. By using TestWise Recorder, we can quickly create this negative test case as below:


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Case Study 40

test_case "User failed to sign in due to invalid password" do


enter_text("password", "bad pass")


assert_text_present("Invalid email or password")

end

Run the test and you might get the error below (on line 24):

(If you didnt get this error, you probably closed the browser before executing this test)

Clicking the Test Output tab, error trace tells us that the element with name username could notbe located:

Why? If you switch to the Internet Explorer window, the page showing in IE is the one after signingin successfully, as the result of executing the first test case. Our second test case was expecting thehome page to enter a user name in a text box. Well, since now page showing in the browser is notthe home page, the test failed.


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Case Study 41

If you close the IE window and run this test case again, it will pass.

How can you prevent execution of the first test case from affecting the second one? One solution isto add a sign off step: click_link("Sign off")at the end of the first test case.

story "User can sign in OK" do




page_text.should contain("Welcome agileway")

click_link("Sign off")

end

Now Click on the toolbar to run the two test cases inlogin_spec.rb. Both should pass now.

Test Suite: Select Flights

Objective

Verify text across pages

Check dynamic page

Test Case Design

There are quite a few scenarios we could write tests for on this page. For this exercise, we will writejust two:

A return trip

A one-way trip


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Case Study 42

Case 1: Return trip

Create a new test script file:flight_spec.rb.

test_case "Return trip" do




click_radio_option("tripType", "return")

select_option("fromPort", "Sydney")

select_option("toPort", "New York")

select_option("departDay", "02")

select_option("departMonth", "May 2012")

select_option("returnDay", "04")

select_option("returnMonth", "June 2012")click_button("Continue")

assert_text_present("2012-05-02 Sydney to New York")

assert_text_present("2012-06-04 New York to Sydney")

end

You might notice the step below


wasnt included in the recorded test steps. This is because this radio button was already pre-selected.You may skip this step. I added this step as I want to make sure this radio button is selected. To recordthis step, you

click One way radio button

right mouse click in the recorder to clear test steps

click Return radio button

Or you could try inspecting the HTML source manually (see Identify Web Controls section inChapter 3).

Case 2: One-way trip

Still inflight_spec.rb, add the second test case: one-way trip.


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Case Study 43

test_case "One-way trip" do




click_radio_option("tripType", "oneway")





click_button("Continue")


end

You may try adding sign off steps to make both the test cases work. But there is another easier andcleaner way.

Technique: Use execution hooks

You might have noticed that both test cases start with same 3 sign-in test steps (and end with signoff test step). If we think about it, we dont have to test the functionality of signing in and signingoff for each test case. In fact, our focus is testing the different scenarios after signed in.

With the knowledge of RSpec, we can move these 3 test steps into a before(:all) execution hook.This way, we only need to sign in once regardless of how many test cases in this test script file.

before(:all) do

open_browser




end

after(:all) do

close_browser unless debugging?

end

test_case "Return trip" do


# ...

end


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Case Study 44



# ...

end

If you run the test script file (both test cases), the second test case failed. Thats because afterexecution of first test, the browser has gone to the next page: Passenger Page. To make the secondtest case (as well the first one) pass, we could use another execution hook: before(:each).

before(:each) do

goto_page("/flights/start") #before each test, make sure on flight page

end

Tip: you could use TestWise Snippets to enter this test step: type gp then press Tab key.

There is no need to use the recorder here, just type in the test step (a good test automation specialistmay use recorders wisely but wont totally depend on them). The string /flights/start is the relativeURL of test site, which you can get by examining the address showing in a browser.

Technique: Check Dynamic UI

In the second test case, when we select the one way trip radio button, the return date section ishidden. It is done via JavaScript. How do we check that in automated test scripts? We can inspectthe HTML source and review the section containing the return date element. Below is a screenshot

of using FireBug in Firefox.

The HTML fragment is the section that will be hidden when the One wayradio button is clicked.


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Case Study 45

Click the script library icon on the toolbar in TestWise, which provides help on finding test orassertion steps. Type in hidden and press Enter, we see the assertion statement we need. Navigatethe caret to the right place (after clicking oneway radio button) and press the Insert button, thefollowing statement will be added in the test script editor:

assert_hidden(:tag, :element_id)

Update it to:

assert_hidden(:div, "returnTrip")

This sounds more complex than it actually is. The screenshot below shows how easy it really is.

The complete test case:



assert_hidden(:div, "returnTrip")





click_button("Continue")


end


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Case Study 46

Enter Passenger Details

Objective

Validation

Assert value in a text field

Use raw Watir test steps

Test Design

For the passenger page, a business rule states that a last name must be provided. We could createa separate test case for validation, but this seems like overkill. We can simply add the validationwithin the main stream test case. That is,

submit the form without entering last name

verify the validation error message

enter first name and last name

submit the form

verify the passenger name is saved

If the passenger details are saved properly, the full name is pre-populated as card holder name on the

credit card page. We could use this as our check, i.e., getting value of text box with name holder_-name.


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Case Study 47

So far the test scripts I have showed are in RWebSpec, an extension of Watir. However at some pointyou really need to know Watir, as it provides ultimate flexibility. For this passenger test case, we aregoing to write it in Watir syntax. Watir test syntax can be directly used in RWebSpec tests.

TestWise recorder records operations in Watir as well. This time, we create the test case fromrecorded test steps under Watir tab.

Now we get the test case (in Watir):

test_case "Can enter passenger details (watir)" do

# sign in steps in before(:all)

if RWebSpec.framework =~ /watir/i

browser.radio(:name => "tripType", :value => "return").click

browser.select_list(:name, "fromPort").select("New York")

browser.select_list(:name, "toPort").select("Sydney")

browser.select_list(:id, "departDay").select("04")

browser.select_list(:id, "departMonth").select("March 2012")

browser.select_list(:id, "returnDay").select("07")

browser.select_list(:id, "returnMonth").select("April 2012")

browser.button(:value,"Continue").click

# now on passenger page

browser.button(:value,"Next").click

browser.text.should include("Must provide last name")

browser.text_field(:name, "passengerFirstName").set("Bob")

browser.text_field(:name, "passengerLastName").set("Tester")


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Case Study 48

browser.button(:value,"Next").click

text_field(:name, "holder_name").value.should == "Bob Tester"

end

end

The last assertion step is not from the recorder, you type it in. Also you might have noticed the lasttest step missed browser.. Thats OK, RWebSpec allows that.

For Mac/Linux users, equivalent test script in Selenium-WebDriver:

test_case "Can enter passenger details (selenium)" do

if RWebSpec.framework =~ /selenium/i

browser.find_elements(:name => "tripType").each { |elem| elem.click && break\if elem.attribute("value") == "return" && elem.attribute("type") == "radio" }

Selenium::WebDriver::Support::Select.new(browser.find_element(:name, "fromPo\

rt")).select_by(:text, "New York")

Selenium::WebDriver::Support::Select.new(browser.find_element(:name, "toPort\

")).select_by(:text, "Sydney")

Selenium::WebDriver::Support::Select.new(browser.find_element(:id, "departDa\

y")).select_by(:text, "04")

Selenium::WebDriver::Support::Select.new(browser.find_element(:id, "departMo\

nth")).select_by(:text, "March 2012")

Selenium::WebDriver::Support::Select.new(browser.find_element(:id, "returnDa\

y")).select_by(:text, "07")Selenium::WebDriver::Support::Select.new(browser.find_element(:id, "returnMo\

nth")).select_by(:text, "April 2012")

browser.find_element(:xpath,"//input[@value='Continue']").click

# now on passenger page

browser.find_element(:xpath,"//input[@value='Next']").click

browser.text.should include("Must provide last name")

browser.find_element(:name, "passengerFirstName").send_keys("Bob")

browser.find_element(:name, "passengerLastName").send_keys("Tester")

browser.find_element(:xpath,"//input[@value='Next']").click

browser.find_element(:name, "holder_name")["value"].should == "Bob Tester"

end

end


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Case Study 49

Book confirmation after payment

Objective

AJAX Testing

Retrieving text or value from specific element

Test Design

We navigate our way to the payment page. After filling in credit card details and clicking the Paynow button, an animated loading image (see below) shows up indicating processing in progress.

After a few seconds, the flight book confirmation is displayed containing booking number and flightdetails (and animated loading image disappeared).

Technique: Testing AJAX

I am sure that you are now quite familiar with this kind of user experience - the web page processes

information and shows the results without having to refresh the whole page. The term used todescribe the technology responsible for this enhanced user experience is AJAX. From the testingperspective, an AJAX operation immediately completes after the mouse/keyboard action (such asclicking the Pay now button), no page reload is observed. After the server finished processing therequest, seconds or even minutes later, some part of web page may be updated.

One simple solution for testing an AJAX operation is to wait long enough time for the AJAXoperation to fully complete, then perform assertions like below:


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Case Study 50

click_button("Pay now")

sleep 30 # wait 30 seconds

assert_text_present("Booking number")

The above approach works, but is not efficient. If the AJAX operation finishes early, test executionwill still pause there and wait unnecessarily. RWebSpec introduces a convenient function try_-

for(seconds) { test steps }to keep trying next test steps every 1 second up to a specified time. Ifthe operation was performed successfully within the given time, it moves on to the next test step. Ifthe operation still cannot be performed after that time, an error is thrown.

try_for(30) { assert_text_present("Booking number")}

Technique: Displaying value from specific HTML element in

console

Sometimes it may be useful to get a value or text from a specific element on the page. For example,if the booking number in this web site is in some number pattern (such as 20120228-123), we canfurther verify the booking number against the pattern.

During the development of a test case, we often want to seek confirmation by displaying what wereturned (also known as printing out). In the instance, a tester may want to print to the console theconfirmation number from the test output. In TestWise, you can use thedebugfunction to displaytext in the console window, as illustrated below:

The test scripts for this test case:


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Case Study 52

Wrap Up

We have created several automated test cases in RWebSpec/Watir. Along the way, some techniqueswere introduced. After this exercise, you should be ready to write real tests for your project. I expectthat some of you might be very excited, especially after seeing execution of a couple of real tests for

your project, and think that test automation is easy.Here I want to remind you of the test automation camel . After writing dozens of test scripts, yousoon will face the first hump: Hard to Maintain. But thats OK. In Chapter 7 and 8, I will show youhow to overcome that hump!

After this comparatively long hands-on exercise, we will examine the characteristics of testautomation in next chapter.

Web Test Automation

Documents