Wcdma Final

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Project Documentation WCDMA

DATA PROCESSING DESIGN OF WIDEBAND CODE

DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (WCDMA)

Department of technology, Unier!ity of "almar

Department of technology, #le$inge in!titute of technology

Cy%ertel Soft&are 'imite(

#)

T*UMAT+ E-"ATA RAO

RATA"O-DA RAM)A C*A-DRA

CO-TE-TS

1. Abstract 4

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2. Introduction 2.!Co""unic#tion $#t%&&it%$

2.2 Introduction to Mo'i&% c%&&ur t%&%on*

2.+ Co"on%nt$ o, # c%&&ur $*$t%" -

2. E/o&ution o, c%&&ur on%$ -

3. S*$t%" An#&*$i$ 0

+.! E1i$tin $*$t%" 0

3.2 Proo$%d $*$t%" 0

+.2.! Mu&ti u$%r D%t%ction 0

3.3 Objectives 9

+. Mu&ti&%3#cc%$$ t%cni4u%$ 5

3..! Fr%4u%nc* di/i$ion "u&ti&% #cc%$$ !6

3.4.2 Time division muti!e access 11

3.4.3 "ode division muti!e access 12

+.. Wid%'#nd Cod% di/i$ion "u&ti&% #cc%$$ !

3.# T$e Main %i&&erence bet'een "%MA and ("%MA !

3.- Sr%#d $%ctru" "u&ti&% #cc%$$ !

+.7 Sr%#d $%ctru" t%cni4u%$

!-

3.7.1 )re*uenc+,$o!!in- s!read s!ectrum 16

+.7.2 Ti"%3o%d $r%#d $%ctru" !-

+.7.+ Dir%ct $%4u%nc% $r%#d $%ctru" !-

4. D#t# Proc%$$in D%$in o, WCDMA !0

4.1 seudo,noise se*uence -enerator 20

4.1.1 /inear &eedbac s$i&t re-ister 20

.2 Go&d cod% %n%r#tor

22

4.+ Sr%#d%r 2

4. 8CPC cod%$ 2-

4.4.1 "onvoution and uncturin- rocess in "" 27

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..2 S%#rc crit%rion ,or ood 8CPC cod%$

25

4.# Moduator 30

4.6 %emoduator 31

.7 8CPC d%codin +2

#. M#tc%d Fi&t%r O%r#tion +

#.1 Matc$ed )iter +

#.2 8%c%i/%r P$%udo3Noi$% S%4u%nc% G%n%r#tor +

.2.! 8%c%i/%r Lin%r F%%d'#c9 Si,t 8%i$t%r$ +

.+ D%3Go&d cod% G%n%r#tor +7

#. D%3Sr%#d%r +7

. Fin#& D#t# r%c%i/%d +0

6. Conc&u$ion$ +5

7. A%ndi1 6

7.1 " ro-ram 40

7.2 MAT LAB Pror#"

+

. Bi'&ior#* -

./ABST8ACT

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(ideband %irect,e*uence "ode %ivision Muti!e Access (,"%MA5 is t$e emer-in-

!rotoco &or t$e net -eneration 35 'ireess communication s+stems. (,"%MA $as been

desi-ned to add &eatures suc$ as mutimedia ca!abiities8 $i-$ data rates and muti,rate services

to t$e eistin- 'ireess communication &rame'or. evera standards &or t$ird -eneration

s+stems $ave been !ro!osed and deveo!ed b+ di&&erent industria committees in countries suc$

as t$e .8 Euro!e and a!an. A t$ese standards $ave acce!ted "%MA in one &orm or anot$er

as t$e muti!e access met$od &or 'ireess communications re*uirements.

;n t$is 'or8 'e stud+ t$e im!ementation issues invoved &or one o& t$e !ro!osed ate

"om!atibe unctured "onvoution "odin- ""5 to increase in&ormation rate in ("%MA8

t$e detection a-orit$ms &or base,stations. ;t 'as &ound t$at t$ese !ro!osed a-orit$ms &or

detection $ave di&&erent !rocessin- and !recision re*uirements. ;n t$e rate com!atibe !unctured

convoution &rom eac$ coded s+mbo some o& t$e bits are !unctured in order to ac$ieve t$e

$i-$er in&ormation rate. At t$e same time decodin- becomes *uite eas+ even i& some o& t$e bits

&rom t$e coded s+mbo are not avaiabe.W% #/% :ritt%n t%$% #&orit"$ ,or # $in&% u$%r #t

id%#& condition$ '#$%d on t%or* 'ut not r#ctic#&&*.

0/INT8ODUCTION

2.1 "ommunicationS#t%&&it%$

T$e &irst communication sateites revoution is started in ear+ 194#s b+ an artice based

on "ommunication sateites8 < Etra,Terrestria ea+< !ubis$ed b+ Art$ur ". "ar in '$ic$

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$e discussed astonis$in- secrets o& coverin- '$oe =ue anet b+ t$ree sateites. T$us8 $o' 'e

started ne' era o& communication and no' reac$ed to suc$ etent t$at 'e communicate to ever+

!art 'ord sittin- at $ome8 u!datin- atest in&ormation8 -ettin- contro over surroundin-s8 not

on+ t$is8 it aso made us to researc$ sti dee!er into subject b+ cassi&+in- into various

communication &ieds ie mobie communications8 net'orin- communications8 radar

communication etc.

=asica+ a communication sateite $as severa trans!onders '$ic$ receive some !ortion

o& s!ectrum and transmit it 'it$ anot$er &re*uenc+ and am!itude8 to avoid inter&erence 'it$ t$e

incomin- si-na. T$e do'n'ard beams can be broad> coverin- a substantia &raction o& t$e

eart$?s sur&ace8 or narro'8 coverin- an area on+ $undreds o& iometers in diameter @1.

In %n%r#& t% co""unic#tion $#t%&&it%$ #/% u to # do;%n Tr#n$ond%r$. E#c

tr#n$ond%r #$ # '%#" t#t co/%r$ $o"% ortion o, t% %#rt '%&o: it< r#nin ,ro" # :id%

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0/1 Component! of a cellular !y!tem

MobieBCandset:

T$e main &unction o& $andset is voice trans!onder mieBs!eaer5 and radio

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2.# s+stems are not$in- but etension o& 2 s+stems '$ic$ can be !rovide additiona

&eatures suc$ as !acet,s'itc$ed connection 5 and en$anced data rates C"%8 E%E5

@3.

3G

T$ird,-eneration s+stems su!!ort $i-$ data rates8 '$ic$ are measured in MbitsBsecond.

3 net'ors are introduced in a!an in 20018 in Euro!e and !art o& AsiaBaci&ic in 2002. 3

main+ su!!orts t$e a!!ications '$ic$ are reated to band'idt$,$un-r+ a!!ications suc$ as &u,

motion video8 video,con&erencin- and &u ;nternet access. T$e 3rd -eneration 'ireess

communication objective is to !rovide $i-$ s!eed 'ireess communication to su!!ort muti

media8 data and video in addition to voice@3.

1/ S)STEM A-A')SES

1/. E4i!ting Sy!tem

One o& t$e most im!ortant as!ects t$at e&&ects 'ireess communication s+stem is t$e

amount o& inter&erence !resent in communication c$annes8 since inter&erence is intrinsic in

di&&erent 'ireess s+stems8 as t$e+ are o!erated in muti!e access s+stems. enera+8 muti!e

access s+stem contains muti!e transmitterBreceiver !airs communicate t$rou-$ t$e same

communication c$anne usin- non,ort$o-ona muti!ein-. T$is &abricated inter&erence arises

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du% to Non3$*$t%"ic ,%#tur%$ o, :ir%&%$$ $*$t%"$< &i9% $#rin '#nd:idt :it ot%r di$$i"ir

co""unic#tion $%r/ic%$.

CDMA 8%c%i/%r$ tr%#t$ ti$ Mu&ti&% Acc%$$ Int%r,%r%nc% (MAI) #$ noi$%. A$ t%

nu"'%r o, u$%r$ incr%#$%$< no o, int%r,%r%r$ #&$o incr%#$%d< :ic ,urt%r incr%#$%$< :ic

&%#d$ incr%#$% in t% o:%r o, co""unic#tion c#nn%&< in turn MAI incr%#$%$ #'rut&*.

1/0/. Multi U!er Detection

Multi-User Detection in CDMA is one of the significant concept which ha !een stuie

for several "ears. #ow let us ta$e !rief introuction of so%e Multi-user algorith%s& the first ever

use algorith% is the concept of conventional filter or %atche filter. 'he !asic concept of this

filter is& signal receive fro% a particur u$%r i$ corr%t%d :it # $in#tur% $in#& o, t#t

u$%r< tu$ t% $in#& i$ d%"odut%d< #nd ti$ roc%$$ i$ don% ,or %/%r* u$%r u$in t% $#"%

c#nn%&.

%i&&erent Advanced met$odoo-ies are !ro!osed to overcome MA;8 ie O!tima Mu&ti3

u$%r d%t%ction (@oint Oti"#&< Indi/idu#& Oti"#&)< S%r% d%codin< /#ri#tion#& ,r%% %n%r*

"ini"i;#tion< Mini"u" M%#n S4u#r% Error (MMSE). Ti$ c#n #&$o $uort /#ri#'&% d#t#

r#t%$ '%c#u$% CDMA i$ int%r,%r%nc% &i"it%d< t% roo$%d $*$t%" %"&o*$ Oti"#& #nd

MMSE Mu&ti3u$%r D%t%ction to %&i"in#t% Mu&ti&% Acc%$$ Int%r,%r%nc% (MAI). Oti"#&

Mu&ti3u$%r d%t%ction i$ %"&o*%d :%n :% #/% &%$$ nu"'%r o, u$%r$. Gr#di%nt ro%ction

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#&orit" i$ /%r* "uc %,,ici%nt t#n t% oti"#& "u&ti3u$%r d%t%ction :%n t% nu"'%r o,

u$%r$ i$ r%.

1/1 O%jectie!

G To mani&est ort$o-ona &re*uenc+ division muti!ein- '$ic$ is ot$er &ace o&

ort$o-ona "%MA t$at im!arts *uic si-na !rocessin- at t$e receiver end8 and $as

ver+ e&&icient 'ireess in &or $i-$,s!eed a!!ications.

G To desi-n "%MA s+stem8 aso to simuation o& "%MA rea time environment.

G To -enerate s!readin- and scrambin- codes.

G %ata Tra&&ic Ana+sis

G To eiminate Muti!e ,Access ;nter&erence MA;5 b+ Muti ser %etection

HT$e mani&estation is to !rove t$at s!read,s!ectrum users can s$are a same &re*uenc+

band 'it$out inter&erin- carrier si-na o& one user 'it$ ot$er users8 t$us8 'e can increase t$e

e&&icienc+ 'it$in communication band usedH. ;n order to eiminate MA; in received bit vector

di&&erent Muti,user %etection are im!emented ie o!tima &iters8 !$ere decodin- etc.8 MA;.

Even radient !rojection a-orit$m 'as desi-ned and de!o+ed to resove t$e !robems 'it$

Muti,user %etection=->.

1/5 Multiple6Acce!! Techni7ue!

Muti!e Access is basic in t$e &ied o& sateite communication8 since it is t$e best 'a+

b+ '$ic$ one can cover entire -eo-ra!$+ and ana+Ie nature o& t$e sateite c$anne. T$e

Muti!e Access Tec$ni*ue $as ca!abiit+ to interconnect ar-e number o& eart$ stations to

connect t$eir res!ective voice8 data8 messa-in- and TJ ins t$rou-$ a sateite. Muti!e access

means t$e users o!eratin- at same time8 muti!e can be su!!orted. ;n ot$er 'ords a ar-e

number o& users can s$are a common !oo o& radio c$annes and an+ user can -ain access to an+

c$anne eac$ user a'a+s not assi-ned same c$anne5.

;n anuar+ 1998 ("%MA tec$noo-+ 'as decided to be as muti!e access tec$ni*ues

&or t$e t$ird,-eneration mobie tee!$one s+stem b+ Euro!ean Teecommunication tandard

;nstitute ET;5.

=ased on modern8 a+ered net'or,!rotoco structure8 simiar to t$e !rotoco structure

used in M net'ors8 ("%MA became a services !at&orm to 3. T$is is !articuar+

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desi-ned &or $i-$,s!eed data services and more !articuar+ &or internet,based !acet,data8 '$ic$

is o&&erin- u! to 2Mb!s in stationar+ or o&&ice environments8 and in 'ide area or mobie

environmentsu to +0'$. T% tird %n%r#tion r#dio $t#nd#rd $*$t%" u$%$ CDMA in$t%#d

o, TDMA to incr%#$% t% d#t# tr#n$"i$$ion r#t% in GSM $*$t%" #nd #&$o t#t +G $*$t%" :i&&

o,,%r /oic%< d#t#< "otion3/id%o #nd ot%r "u&ti"%di# c##'i&iti%$. In t% ITU$ +G

$%ci,ic#tion WCDMA #$ '%c#"% t% Dir%ct S%4u%nc% (DS) "od%< :ic inc&ud%$ t% !

Mu&ti3C#rri%r "od% (! MC) #nd + Mu&ti3C#rri%r "od% (+ MC). ! MC (9no:n #$

cd"#2666) #nd + MC con$i$t o, +G ur#d% #t$ ,or c#rri%r$ #&r%#d* u$in CDMA

(cd"#On%) =7>.

T$e -eo-ra!$ic re-ion is divided into ces b+ ceuar s+stems. ;n t$is re-ion t$e base

station is communicated 'it$ t$e $e! o& a mobie unit in eac$ ce. T$e utimate destin+ in

desi-nin- o& t$e ceuar s+stems is to be abe to $ande as man+ cas as !ossibe in a -iven

band'idt$ 'it$ some reiabiit+. T$ere are man+ di&&erent 'a+s to ao' access to t$e c$anne.

T$e+ can be described as &oo's:

G )re*uenc+ division muti!e,access )%MA5

G Time division muti!e,access T%MA5

G "ode di/i$ion "u&ti&%3#cc%$$ (CDMA)

1. )re*uenc+,$o! "%MA

2. %irect,se*uence "%MA

3. Muti,carrier "%MA )C or %5

G (ideband code division muti!e,access

1/5/. 8re7uency Dii!ion Multiple Acce!! 98DMA:

)or ceuar s+stems )%MA 'as t$e &irst ste! o& t$e muti!e,access tec$ni*ue. ;n t$is

tec$ni*ue a user is assi-ned a !air o& &re*uencies '$en !acin- or receivin- a ca. One

&re*uenc+ is used &or do'nin base station to mobie5 and one !air &or u!in mobie to base5.

T$is is caed &re*uenc+ division du!ein-. T$at &re*uenc+ !air is not used in t$e same ce or

adjacent ces durin- t$e ca. Even t$ou-$ t$e user ma+ not be tain-8 t$e s!ectrum cannot be

reassi-ned as on- as a ca is in !ace. ;n )%MA8 eac$ transmitter is assi-ned a distinct

&re*uenc+ c$anne t$at receivers can discriminate amon- t$em b+ tunin- to t$e desired c$anne

@.

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A(antage!

G T$e main advanta-e o& T%MA is t$at t$e radio !art o& t$e mobie $as its o'n timesot to

isten and broad caste. T$e mobie carries out t$e net'or measurements8 surroundin-

transmitter?sd%t%ction on di,,%r%nt ,r%4u%nci%$ ,or t% r%$t o, t% ti"%.

G On&* on # $in&% c#rri%$ t% c#nn%& #"&i,ic#tion i$ don% #t %#c in$t#nt< t% '#nd

:idt i$ occui%d '* #&& t% c#nn%&$. T%r% %1i$t no int%r"%di#tion roduct$ #nd t%

'%n%,it$ o, t% c#rri%r t#t i$ $#tur#tion o, o:%r in t% c#nn%&. But %1i$t%nc% o,

non&in%#rit* co"'in%d :it t% ,i&t%rin %,,%ct$ on tr#n$"i$$ion #nd r%c%i/in.

WCDMA 8eature!?

)u covera-e and mobiit+ &or 144 b!s8 !re&erab+ 34 b!s.

/imited covera-e and mobiit+ &or 2 Mb!s.

"om!ared 'it$ 2 it $as Ci-$ s!ectra e&&icienc+.

;t $as Ci-$ &eibiit+ to introduce ne' services.

An ear+ -oa8 no' ar-e+ abandoned8 'as a -oba air,inter&ace standard.

=and'idt$ o& # MCI or more8 u! to 20 MCI !ro!osed5.

"$i! rates &rom 3.4 miion c$i!s,!er,second u! to 1# Mc!s !ro!osed5.

u!!ort o& muti!e data rates L !acet data.

"o$erent u!in 'it$ u!in !iot c$anne5.

=ase,station antenna beam &ormin-.

Advanced inter&erence su!!ression tec$ni*ues.

WCDMA A(antage!?

("%MA su!!orts $i-$,s!eed data services.

("%MA is better suited &or deveo!ment in t$e ver+ dense cities o& Euro!e and Asia

;t su!!orts t'o basic modes o& du!e.

1/2 The Main Difference! %et&een CDMA an( WCDMACDMA WCDMA

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15 (t supports onl" ata source

25 ;t is 2.# tec$noo-+

35 ;t O!erates in MCI

45 ;ts =it rate is in Fb!s

15 ;t su!!orts Mutimedia a!!ications

25 ;t is 3 tec$noo-+

35 ;t O!erates in CI

45 ;ts =it rate is in Mb!s

Ta%le.< Compari!on %et&een CDMA an( WCDMA

3.6 !read !ectrum Muti!e Access

=asica+ s!read s!ectrum tec$noo-+ 'as ori-ina+ deveo!ed &or miitar+8 anti,jam

sin-e user needs '$ere t$e main aim 'as to transmission o& data secret+8 communication even

in jammin-. T$e main !$enomenon be$ind t$e 'orin- o& s!read s!ectrum is s!readin- ener-+

o& narro', band source si-na e.-.8 10 CI s!eec$5 over a 'ide band'idt$ source si-na e.-.8 1,

10 MCI5. T$e si-nas moduated t$rou-$ s!read s!ectrum are broadband8 noise ie and resistant

to muti!at$.

At !resent t$e major a!!ication o& s!read s!ectrum is muti user environments in 2 and

3 ceuar communications. T$e same t$eoretica ca!acit+ and same duration o& time eists &or

"%MA,based ;,9# and T%M,based MB;,136 @in a -iven band'idt$ = CI5 and time

duration T sec5 ,,, i.e.8 2=T ort$o-ona carriers are !ossibe.

!read !ectrum is a controed5 inter&erence,imited s+stem

G "arriers are c$osen to be Drandom< 'ave&orms 'it$ res!ect to eac$ ot$er

G A uni*ue randomiIed code is assi-ned to eac$ userBcarrier8 di&&erent and near+

ort$o-ona i.e.8 o' cross,correation5 to t$e ot$er codes o& uni*ue time sot o& T%MA

and uni*ue &re*uenc+ o& )%MA.

G To se!arate t$e users "orreation "%MA5 and &re*uenc+ a-ie )re*uenc+ Co!!in-

!read !ectrum ,,,)CB5 receivers are used.

G As+nc$ronous transmission &or t$e users can be done 'it$ res!ect to eac$ ot$er. ;n "ode

%ivision Muti!e Access "%MA5 '%tt%r %r,or"#nc% c#n '% #ci%/%d u$in %$%ci#&&*

Dir%ct S%4u%nc% "u&ti&% #cc%$$.G A/%r#%< o/%r # &on ti"% r%$idu#& int%r,%r%nc% i$ #dd%d to corr%tion '%in r%%ct%d.

(CDMA i$ $#id to '% # noi$%3#/%r#in $*$t%").

G T% cod% i$ # $%udo3noi$% (PN) &i9%< i 'it3r#t% $in#& t#t i$ u$%d to "u&ti&* t%

u$%r in,or"#tion $*"'o&$.

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G T% c##cit* o, # $*$t%" i$ not $u'%ct%d to # #rd &i"it (&i9% TDMA)H incr%#$in t%

nu"'%r o, u$%r$ r%duc%$ t% r%c%i/%d $in#&3to3int%r,%r%nc% r#tio #nd %r,or"#nc%.

1/= Sprea( Spectrum Techni7ue!

T$e main aim o& "ode %ivision Muti!e Access "%MA5 is eac$ subscriber is assi-ned

a uni*ue code t$at can be used b+ t$e s+stem to di&&erentiate t$at user &rom a ot$er users

transmittin- at t$e same instant over t$e same &re*uenc+ band. T$ere are severa tec$ni*ues t$at

$ave been considered &or mobie radio "%MA communications8 incudin-:

G )re*uenc+,Co!!in- !read !ectrum )CB5

G Time,Co!!ed !read !ectrum TCB5

G %irect e*uence !read !ectrum %B5

1/=/. 8re7uency6*opping Sprea( Spectrum

;n a &re*uenc+,$o!!in- s+stem &or duration o& a s!eci&ic time t$e si-na &re*uenc+ is

constant8 re&erred to as a time c$i!. T$e cate-oriIation o& &re*uenc+,$o!!in- can be described in

t'o 'a+s. T$e+ are &ast,$o! or so',$o!8 as t$ere 'i be a notabe di&&erence in t$eir

!er&ormance. )ast,$o! s+stem can be described as a s+stem in '$ic$ &re*uenc+,$o!!in- taes

!ace at a ver+ $i-$ rate t$an t$e bit rate o& t$e messa-e. imiar+ in a so',$o! s+stem8 so'

&re*uenc+,$o!!in- taes !ace at a esser rate t$an t$e messa-e bit rate=!2>.

1/=/0 Time6*oppe( Sprea( Spectrum

T$e time o& transmission is divided into intervas no'n as &rames in a time,$o!!in-

s+stem. Eac$ &rame is divided into M time sots. T$e moduation 'it$ t$e messa-e 'i be done

durin- eac$ &rame one and on+ one time sot. %urin- t$e seected time sot8 a t$e messa-e bits

coected in t$e !revious &rame are transmitted in a burst.

1/=/1 Direct Se7uence Sprea( Spectrum

;n a direct se*uence s+stem8 a !seudo noise code di-ita stream muti!ies t$e base band

si-na transmission. T$e direct se*uence is an avera-in- t+!e s+stem '$ere t$e reduction o&

inter&erence taes !ace because t$e inter&erence can be avera-ed over a ar-e time interva. T$e

avoidance s+stems are &re*uenc+ $o!!in- )C5 and time,$o!!in- TC5 s+stems. Cere8 t$e

occurrence o& reduction in inter&erence is due to t$e si-na bein- made to avoid t$e inter&erence

&or a ar-e &raction o& t$e time.

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Sy!tem A(antage! Di!a(antage!

%irect e*uence =est noise and anti,jam !er&ormance.

Most di&&icut to detect more

!rivate5.

=est discrimination a-ainst muti!at$.

e*uires 'ideband c$anne.

/on- ac*uisition time.

earB&ar !robem.

)re*uenc+,Co!!in- reatest amount o& s!readin-.

"an be !ro-r#""%d to #/oid

ortion$ o, t% $%ctru".

8%ti/%&* $ort #c4ui$ition ti"%.

L%$$ #,,%ct%d '* n%#r,#r ro'&%".

Co"&%1 ,r%4u%nc*

$*nt%$i;%r.

Not u$%,u& ,or r#n%3r#t%

"%#$ur%"%nt.

Error corr%ction r%4uir%d.

Time,Co!!in- Ci-$ band'idt$ e&&icienc+

;"&%"%nt#tion $i"&%r t#n

,r%4u%nc*3oin.

U$%,u& :%n tr#n$"itt%r i$ #/%r#%

o:%r &i"it%d< 'ut not %#9 o:%r

&i"it%d.

N%#r,#r ro'&%" #/oid%d.

Lon #c4ui$ition ti"%.

Error corr%ction r%4uir%d

Ta%le0? Co"#ri$on '%t:%%n CDMA $r%#d $%ctru"$

5. DATA P8OCESSING DESIGN OF WCDMA

T$e %ata rocessin- desi-n in t% tr#n$"itt%r #nd r%c%i/%r :i&& '% di$cu$$%d %r%.

8CPC t%cni4u% i$ '%in i"&%"%nt%d ,or t% codin #nd d%codin uro$% in t% $*$t%".

T%r% #r% no c#nn%&$ ,or t% tr#n$"i$$ion o, t% d#t# $o %1t%rn#& noi$% "od%&$ (%..

AWGN...) #r% not '%in introduc%d into t% $*$t%".

MEE07:36

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T$e codin- $as been im!emented bot$ in " and MAT/A=. MAT/A= 'as used &or

interactive !ottin- and ; !ur!ose.T% o't#in%d r%$u&t$ ,ro" 'ot C #nd MATLAB #r%

$o:n in t% %1#"&%$.

#'OC" D+A3RAM O8 WCDMA W+T* RCPC

MEE07:36

1


19/65

N """O%;

MO%/ATO

%E,

MO%/ATO

""

%E,"O%;

MAT"CE%

);/TEN

%ATAOTT

%ATA

;T

EA%E

%E,EA%E

%ATA OT

O/% "O%EEEATO

N/)1

/)2

N /)2

/)1

TRA-SM+TTER

A; ;TE)A"E

OE5

%E,O/% "O%E

EEATO

RECE+ER


Fiur%!? B&oc9 di#r#" o, WCDMA :it 8CPC

DESCR+PT+O- O8 #'OC" D+A3RAM

MEE07:36

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5.! P$%udo3Noi$% S%4u%nc% G%n%r#tor

T$e e*uences can be -enerated b+ inear &eedbac s$i&t re-isters.

5.!.! Lin%#r F%%d'#c9 Si,t 8%i$t%r

/inear &eedbac s$i&t re-isters /)5#$ (2n

3!) $t#t%$< :%r% JnK i$ t% nu"'%r o,r%i$t%r$ in t% LFS8. At %#c %nd o, c&oc9 %d% t% cont%nt in t% r%i$t%r$ #r% $i,t%d to

rit '* on% o$ition. To i/% t% ,%%d'#c9 t%r% i$ # r%d%,in%d r%i$t%r$ or t#$ in t%

r%i$t%r. T%* :i&& i/% ,%%d'#c9 to t% &%,t "o$t r%i$t%r trou NO8 or O8 #t%. A /#&u%

o, #&& !K$ i$ i&&%#& in t% c#$% o, NO8 ,%%d'#c9 #nd # /#&u% o, #&& 6K$ i$ i&&%#& in t% c#$% o,

O8 ,%%d'#c9 '%c#u$% in ti$ $t#t% t% count%r :ou&d r%"#in &oc9%d3u. %r% :% #r% cr%#tin

$%udo noi$% u$in LFS8$ to con/%rt n#rro: '#nd $in#& into :id% '#nd $in#&.

)or eam!e a3'it LFS8 c#n $%4u%nc% trou (23!) ! $t#t%$ (t% $t#t% !!!! i$

i&&%#& $t#t% in NO8 ,%%d'#c9 #nd t% $t#t% 6666 i$ ,or O8). On t% ot%r #nd< # 3'it

'in#r* u3count%r :ou&d $%4u%nc% trou 2!- $t#t%$ in :ic no i&&%#& $t#t%$. LFS8

count%r$ #r% /%r* ,#$t $inc% t%* donKt u$% c#rr* $in#&$ =!+>.

8igure0< 56#it '8SR, Tap Se7uence; >5, .?

One o& t$e t'o main !arts o& an /) is t$e s$i&t re-ister #nd t% ot%r on% i$ ,%%d'#c9

,unction. T% "#in ,unction o, t% $i,t r%i$t%r i$ to $i,t it$ cont%nt$ into #d#c%nt o$ition$

:it in t% r%i$t%r or i, it i$ t% o$ition on t% %nd< out o, t% r%i$t%r. T% o$ition on t%

ot%r %nd i$ &%,t %"t* un&%$$ $o"% n%: cont%nt i$ $i,t%d into t% r%i$t%r.

U!e! of a !hift regi!ter are

"onvert bet'een !arae and seria data

%ea+ a seria bit stream

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An /) is aso9no:n #$ $t#t% "#cin%. T% 'it$ u$%d ,or t% ,%%d'#c9 ,unction #nd

t% outut o, t% ,%%d'#c9 ,unction to%t%r :i&& d%cid% t% $t#t% o, t% LFS8. Wit %#c $i,t.

)rom a !arent code o& rate 1Bn8 'e obtain a &ami+ o& n,15! di&&erent codes 'it$ rates P

!Bn!58 !Bn!,15 RR. !B!N15. T$e !robem 'it$ "" codes is t$e imited number o& code

rates. o' t$e codes 'it$ constraint en-t$s o& 7 are avaiabe. =ut &or t$e ceuar s+stem 'e

need codes o& constraint en-t$s o& at east 9. o 'e are combinin- t$e "" codes and nested

convoutiona codes to -et t$e desired codes. ested codes are obtained b+ etendin- a code rate

o& 1Bn to a rate o& 1BnN15.

T% "#in o'%cti/% o, 8CPC cod%$ (:ic i$ $u%$t%d '* C*'%rt%& $o,t:#r% &i"it%d

Co"#n*) i$ i $%curit* '%c#u$% ,or %/%r* u$%r :% #r% #&&ottin # uni4u% uncturin "#tri1

:ic c#nnot '% #cc%$$%d '* ot%r u$%r$. I, t% 'it r#t% incr%#$%$ t% co$t incr%#$%$ 'ut t%

u$%r c#n '%#r ti$ co$t ,or i $%curit* r%#$on$ #nd ,or t% $*$t%" to '% ro'u$t. T% "#in

dr#:'#c9 o, 8CPC cod%$ i$ incr%#$% in '#nd:idt du% to i 'it r#t%.

5/5/. Conolution an( Puncturing proce!! in RCPC

=oc %ia-ram1

MEE07:36

""

!readeroB!

ModuatoriB!

"onvoution uncturin-

27


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=oc %ia-ram2

Fiur%5? B&oc9 di#r#" !Q2 $o:$ t% Con/o&ution #nd Puncturin roc%$$ in 8CPC

;n t$e convoution !rocess t$e re-isters are assi-ned 'it$ a de&aut vaue o& ,1. ($en t$e

out!ut &rom t$e s!reader is -iven to t$e convoution dia-ram8 t$e &irst bit &rom t$e out!ut is

!rocessed t$rou-$ t$e re-isters and t$e vaues in t$e re-isters are s$i&ted b+ one bit. T$at means

t$e bit in t$e &irst re-ister is s$i&ted to second one and t$e bit in t$e second re-ister is s$i&ted to

t$ird re-ister so on. /ie t$at t$e !rocess is continued &or a t$e bits in t$e out!ut o& t$e

s!reader.

For %1#"&% t% outut ,ro" t% $r%#d%r i$ 3!6!. T%n t% ,ir$t 'it ,ro" t% outut J!K

i$ #$$in%d to t% ,ir$t r%i$t%r #nd t% /#&u% in t#t r%i$t%r i$ $i,t%d to t% $%cond on% #nd $o

on. T%n t% /#&u%$ in t% r%i$t%r$ #r% !3!3!. For on% inut 'it :% :i&& %t tr%% outut 'it$.

;n t$e !uncturin- !rocess t$e out!ut t$at obtained &rom t$e convoution !rocess is

com!ared 'it$ t$e !uncturin- "#tri1. T% uncturin "#tri1 :i&& '% di,,%r%nt ,or di,,%r%nt

u$%r$. T% ,ir$t 'it ,ro" t% con/o&ution roc%$$ i$ co"#r%d :it t% ,ir$t 'it ,ro" t%

uncturin "#tri1. I, t% ,ir$t 'it in t% "#tri1 i$ J!K:% :i&& t#9% t#t 'it #nd i, it i$ J6K :% :i&&

cut t#t 'it #nd co"#r% t% $%cond 'it ,ro" t% con/o&ution roc%$$ :it t% $%cond 'it ,ro"

t% "#tri1. So in ti$ :#* :% :i&& r%duc% t% con/o&ution outut 'it$.

MEE07:36

,1 ,1

Out!ut1

Out!ut2

Out!ut3

!reader

oB!

,1

2


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5..2 S%#rc Crit%rion ,or Good 8CPC Cod%$

T$ere is no s+stematic met$od is avaiabe &or constructin- -ood rate "" codes. o

our a!!roac$ is based on t$at D-ood codes -enerate -ood codes


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8igure.< Co(ing Re!ult of RCPC co(e

5. Modutor

T$e moduation tec$ni*ue used is in t$is !roject is =inar+ $ase $i&t Fe+in-. T$e

simuation o& t$e moduator is done b+ t$e o-ic but not usin- an+ &ormua.

T$e o-ic used in t$is is8 tae t'o con$i4uti/% 'it$ #nd co"#r% t%" i, t%* #r%

$#"% 9%% t%" #$ it i$< i, t%* #r% not $#"% int%rc#n% t%".

W% c#n initi#t% t% BPS Outut MSB :it %it%r ! or 6< :% #/% co$%n to

initi#t% t% MSB :it 6. To o't#in t% /#&u% o, MSB3! 'it o, t% BPS outut< :% c%c9 t%

MSB #nd MSB3! 'it$ o, t% Mu&ti&i%r Outut. T% ,iur% !! $o:$ t% r%$u&t o, t%

"odutor.

E4ample


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#y u!ing @c an( mat la% the re!ult co(e i! -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1

! ! 3! 3! 3! 3! 3! ! 3! ! 3!

3! 3! 3! 3! 3! ! ! ! 3! 3! !

8igure..< Co(ing Re!ult of Mo(ulator Tran!mitte( !prea(e( %it!

5.- D%"odutor

;t 'ors on t$e same !rinci!e as t$at o& Moduator. T$e moduation tec$ni*ue used is

=inar+ $ase $i&t Fe+in-. T$e simuation $as been done t$e o-ic e!ained beo' and not

usin- t$e &ormua.

Tae to consecutive bits and com!are t$em i& t$e+ are same ee! t$em as it is8 i& t$e+ are not

same interc$an-e t$em. T$e &i-ure12 s$o's t$e codin- resut o& demoduator.

E4ample: eceived data 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

%ata a&ter demoduation 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,1 1 1 1 1

T$e out!ut &rom t$e Moduator is ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 1 ,1 1 ,1 1 ,1

1 1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 1 ,1 1 ,1

3! 3! 3! 3! 3! ! ! ! 3! 3! !

T%n t% outut ,ro" t% D%3"odutor i$

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B* u$in JcK #nd "#t ' t% r%$u&t cod% i$ ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 1 ,1 1 ,1 1

1 1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 1 ,1 1 ,1 ,1

,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 1 1 ,1 1 1 ,1

8igure.0< Co(ing Re!ult of Demo(ulator Output

5.7 8CPC D%codin

T$e out!ut obtained &rom t$e %e,moduator is a convouted one i.e. done b+ t$e ""

codin-8 so to -et t$e out!ut at receiver end 'e need "" decodin- a&ter t$e %e,moduator. T$e

"" decodin- 'ors same as t$at o& "" codin-. T% ,iur%!+ $o:$ t% codin r%$u&t o,

8CPC D%codin.

E4ample) T% outut ,ro" t% D%3"odutor i$ ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 1 ,1 1 ,1 1

1 1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 1 ,1 1 ,1 ,1

,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 1 1 ,1 1 1 ,1

T%n t% d%con/o&ut%d outut i$B* u$in JcK #nd "#t ' t% r%$u&t cod% i$-1 ,1 1 1 1 ,1 ,1 1 1 ,1 ,1 ,1 1 1

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8igure.1< Co(ing Re!ult of RCPC Deco(ing

2. MATCED FILTE8 OPE8ATION

2.! M#tc%d Fi&t%r

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8igure!? Con/%ntion#& Cod% G%n%r#tor (M#tc%d Fi&t%r)

Matc$ed &iter8 '$ic$ is aso no' as "onventiona %etector is used to reduce t$e noise

si-na content in t$e ori-ina si-na. T$e o!eratin- !rinci!e o& a matc$ed &iter is t$at 'e 'i

send a no'n si-na to t$e si-na t$at contains noise in t$at. T$en t$e no'n si-na8 or tem!ate8

correates 'it$ an unno'n si-na to detect t$e !resence o& noise in t$at. T$e matc$ed &iter 'i

maimiIe t$e si-na to noise ratio 5 in t$e !resence o& additive stoc$astic noise. ;t is

es!ecia+ &or sin-e user desi-ns8 as it doesn?t consider an+ ot$er users in t$e communication

c$anne8 t$ere&ore its not so robust to as+nc$roni$"< ,#din c#nn%&$ or PN $%4u%nc%$ :it

cro$$ corr%tion =!0>. T% ,iur% $o:$ # "od%& o, "#tc%d ,i&t%r or con/%ntion#& cod%

d%t%ctor. A$$u"in # 'it $*ncronou$ $*$t%" :it no c#nn%& d*n#"ic$ or o:%r /#ri#tion$

end

&i-ure>stemrcode5>

tite^receiver -od code^5>

BPror#" ,or rcc d%codinn$!H

n$2H

o&dH

$r%#dH

cod!H

uncH

"oduH

r%/!=! ! !>H u$%d #$ r%/ $t#t% in ord%r to d%cod% t% $*"'o&

r%c%!=>H d%cod%d "%$$#%

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#


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d%conc!=>H d%con/o&utio outut

9!H count$ nu"'% ro, 'it$ r%c%i/%d

&on6H

=ro:$ co>$i;%(cco!)H ,or i!?!?ro:$ rccord%"odH

r%ccord%"odHr%ccot1ccoH

r&%&%nt(r%cco)H

nit,&oor(r&%0)H

dnit"od(r&%


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dddd6H

%nd

curr!cco!(i


61/65


i, curr! = ! 3! 3! >

d%conc! = d%conc! ! >H

%&$%i, curr! = 3! ! ! >

d%conc! = d%conc! 3! >H

%nd

%&$%i, r%/! = 3! ! 3! > i, curr! = ! 3! ! >


%&$%i, curr! = 3! ! 3! >


%nd

%nd

%&$%

i, r%/! = ! ! >

i, curr! = ! ! >

d%conc! = d%conc! ! >H %&$%i, curr! = 3! 3! >


%&$%i, curr! = ! 3! >


%&$%i, curr! = 3! ! >


%nd

%&$%i, r%/! = 3! 3! >

i, curr! = ! ! >


%&$%i, curr! = 3! 3! >


%&$%i, curr! = ! 3! >


%&$%i, curr! = 3! ! >


%nd

%&$%i, r%/! = ! 3! >

i, curr! = ! ! >


%&$%i, curr! = 3! 3! >


%&$%i, curr! = ! 3! >


%&$%i, curr! = 3! ! >


%nd

%&$%i, r%/! = 3! ! >

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i, curr! = ! ! >


%&$%i, curr! = 3! 3! >


%&$%i, curr! = ! 3! >

d%conc! = d%conc! ! >H %&$%i, curr! = 3! ! >


%nd

%nd

%nd

r%/!curr!H

%nd

,or &oo %nd$

%nd:i&% &oo %nd$

r%c%!d%conc!H

,iur%H

$t%"(r%c%!


63/65


99!H

,or !?!?$&%n

d%()#()Zrcod%()H

%nd

on%$6H

"on%$6H ,or !?!?$&%n

i, d%() !

on%$on%$!H

%&$%i, d%() 3!

"on%$"on%$!H

%nd

%nd

i, on%$ Y "on%$

d#t#out(9)!H

%&$% d#t#out(9)3!H

%nd

99!H

%nd

,iur%

$t%"(dout


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1.JJCo"ut%r n%t:or9$KK '* Andr%: S. T#n%n'#u" Fourt Edition< Pu'&i$%r? Pr%ntic% #&&

Wcdma Final

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