Way forward In IOR/EOR Processes - Webs...Enhanced Oil Recovery ( EOR ) is … • Oil recovery by injection of fluids not normally present in reservoir. • Excludes pressure maintenance

Way forward In

IOR/EOR Processes

Shyamal BhattacharyaGeneral Manager

Sub-Surface Manager N & H

Outline

• Global Scenario

• Setting the scene : Why IOR/EOR

• EOR / IOR … Today : The Game Changer

• Simple mathematics

• IOR/ EOR … Way forward

• Conclusions

Global Oil DiscoveredGlobal Oil Discoveredtrillion barrelstrillion barrels

DISCOVEREDDISCOVEREDLight oils (>25 API)Light oils (>25 API) 9.4 9.4 Medium/Heavy (11Medium/Heavy (11--25 API)25 API) 1.51.5Xtra Hvy (<11 API)Xtra Hvy (<11 API) 3.0_________14 Tbo3.0_________14 TboPRODUCEDPRODUCED 1.11.1………………………………………… 10%10%STILL IN THE GROUND STILL IN THE GROUND 90% !!!!!90% !!!!!Current Avg. Current Avg. WorldWorld Recovery Factor 22% Recovery Factor 22% US US Recovery Factor Recovery Factor 39%39%North Sea Recovery FactorNorth Sea Recovery Factor 46%46%Tech. attainableTech. attainable Recovery Factor 70%Recovery Factor 70%

• More than 40,000 oil and gas fields discovered (Onshore & Offshore)

• 94% of the oil is coming from 1500 fields only.

Offshore/Onshore Oil ProductionOffshore/Onshore Oil Production

0.00

10,000.00

20,000.00

30,000.00

40,000.00

50,000.00

60,000.00

70,000.00

80,000.00

90,000.00

1950

1953

1956

1959

1962

1965

1968

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

OffshoreOnshore

1000 X BOPD

Worldwide EOR Production

0200000400000600000800000

100000012000001400000

CO2Miscible

CO2Immiscible

H/C Miscible Polymer Steam Combustion

Process

Oil

Rat

e, b

bl/d

Process Prodn, bbl/dCO2 Miscible 268983CO2 Immiscible 16735H/C Miscible 755622Polymer 57327Steam 1326802Combustion 34185Total 2459654

WORLDWIDE EOR PRODUCTION

3 % of production is from EOR

“Half of the world’s production which comes from the 100 biggest fields, almost all of these are more than 25 years old”

Source: The G forces of Energy Insecurity; C D Ruppel, 2006

E&P ScenarioE&P Scenario……GlobalGlobal

66

Primary Sources of Oil and GasPrimary Sources of Oil and Gas

•• To 1960To 1960 5050--60% from new fields60% from new fields

•• To 1990To 1990 2020--25% from new fields25% from new fields

•• TodayToday 1212--15% from new fields15% from new fields

•• Tomorrow Tomorrow 77--10% from new fields10% from new fields

Most of the oil and gas will not come from new fields

The Importance of Mature FieldsThe Importance of Mature Fields

To date, we have produced approximately 1 trillion To date, we have produced approximately 1 trillion barrels of oil from existing fieldsbarrels of oil from existing fields

About 10 % has Recovered with an average worldwide About 10 % has Recovered with an average worldwide recovery of 22% of oil in place.recovery of 22% of oil in place.

If we increase our recovery rate in these existing fields to If we increase our recovery rate in these existing fields to 35 35 -- 40 %, we will add another trillion barrels of 40 %, we will add another trillion barrels of recoverable oil reserves to the global inventory.recoverable oil reserves to the global inventory.

The same is true for natural gasThe same is true for natural gas

88

Future challengesFuture challenges

1.1. Identify bypass oil Identify bypass oil 2.2. increased oil recovery in exsisiting fieldsincreased oil recovery in exsisiting fields3.3. development of smaller fieldsdevelopment of smaller fields4.4. Induction of State of Art technologiesInduction of State of Art technologies

99

Enhanced Oil Recovery ( EOR ) is …

• Oil recovery by injection of fluids not normally present inreservoir.

• Excludes pressure maintenance or water flooding.• Changes the intrinsic properties of oil by using chemical

thermal , Gas etc.

Improved Oil Recovery ( IOR) is …• EOR Plus additional technologies dealing with drilling,

Production, Operations and reservoir Characterization for reducing reservoir heterogeneity effect and capture bypassed oil to improve flow and recovery ofliquid hydrocarbons.

What is EOR/IORWhat is EOR/IOR

PRIMARY Recovery

Natural Flow

Secondary Recovery

Artificial lift, Stimulation

Thermal Gas miscible/immiscible Chemical & other

Water floodingInfill drilling etc.

Tertiary Recovery

Pressure maintenance

EOR

IOR

Redevelopment

1111

The Real EORThe Real EOR-- IOR ChallengesIOR Challenges

Recovery Factor = 22 %Recovery Factor = 22 %1 %1 % increase in increase in == 100 billion barrels added reserves 100 billion barrels added reserves Recovery Factor Recovery Factor of traditional light oilsof traditional light oils

= 4 years of current production= 4 years of current production

= 10 years of exploration efforts for= 10 years of exploration efforts for

new reservesnew reserves

EOR …Today

TOTALThermal 166Chemical 4

Gas Injection 244

Concepts & Methodologies…

1616

1717

Surfactant flood Surfactant flood --FIELD PERFORMANCEFIELD PERFORMANCE

Glenn Pool Field, OK

1984 86 87 88 89 90 91 9285

1,000

100

10

OIL

WOR

Indian perspectiveIndian perspectiveEOR EOR -- Game Changer Technology Game Changer Technology

1818

His_102005.irfHis_102005_water.irf

Time (Date)

Wat

er C

ut S

CTR

- %

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050

20

40

60

80

100

Polymer Flood : Sanand Field

Water Flood Vs Polymer Flood

1919

Summary………

• Oil Recovery 22.5% till date against 14.7% with water-flood

• Reduced water cut as compared to water flood.

• Possibility of enhancing recoveries with higher polymer concentration

2020

199192 93 94 95 96 97 98 99200001 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

250

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1000

1250

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Rat

e (m

3/d)

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Date

199192 93 94 95 96 97 98 99200001 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

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199192 93 94 95 96 97 98 99200001 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

250

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1250

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Rat

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3/d)

Oil

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Pres

sure

(kg/

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Date

Oil

rate

, m3 /d

Pres

sure

, ksc

Miscible HC Gas Injection, Gandhar Waterflood Recovery : 36 %HC Miscible Gas Injection recovery : 58 %Gas Injectors : 13 (6.7 Lakh m3/d)Avg Res Pressure : 235kscOil rate / water cut : 650 m3/d / 7%Recovery as on Jan-10 : 40 %

Miscible Gas Injection : GS-12 Sand, Gandhar

2121

2222222222222222

Oil contribution from pilot & offset producersOil rate - WAG Pilot performance

GS-11 sand, Gandhar field

0

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, m3 /d Oil gain - 74248 T

WAG Pilot Started

WAG Process: GS-11 sand, Ganghar

0100200300400500600700800900

10001100

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EOR

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Wat

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00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8

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Air

Rat

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MS

m3 /d

EOREOR

0100200300400500600700800900

10001100

1985

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1989

1990

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1992

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Wat

er C

ut, %

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8

1985

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m3 /d

EOR

0100200300400500600700800900

10001100

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Wat

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00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8

1985

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Inje

ctor

s

In-situ Combustion : Balol

• Commercial application

• Phase-I : Oct. 1997

• Phase-II: 2000-01

• Strategy : Updip line drive

• Primary Recovery: ~ 13 %

• Envisaged additional recovery :36 %

2323

Indian perspectiveIndian perspectiveIORIOR -- Game Changer Technology Game Changer Technology

2424

IOR ProgrammeIOR Programme

ONGC, National Oil Company of India ONGC, National Oil Company of India launched Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) launched Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) programme in 1999programme in 1999

The aim to augment declining domestic The aim to augment declining domestic production production

15 major fields including 3 offshore around 15 major fields including 3 offshore around the country, holding 85% of total reserves the country, holding 85% of total reserves identifiedidentified

2525

Offshore

MHN RedevelopmentMHS Redevelopment

Addl. Dev. Heera Pt-I

IOR – Neelam

Addl. Dev. Heera Pt-II

OnshoreIOR – GandharIOR- KalolIOR- North Kadi Ph-IIOR- SobhasanIOR- JotanaIOR- SanthalIOR – Lakwa LakhmaniIOR – GelekiIOR – RudrasagarIOR North Kadi Ph-II

IOR ProjectsIOR Projects

2727

Location of Mumbai High

WO-24

Mumbai High fieldMumbai High field

IOIP, MMt 1659Cumulative Oil Prodn, MMt 396Recovered, % 23.9Water Cut,% 65Number of platforms 110

Strings on Production 721

Strings on Injection 238Number of Gas producers 35

SURATNORTH TAPTI

MID TAPTI

SOUTH TAPTI

SD-4C-24

C-26A

DAHANUCD

SD-1

SD-14

C-22

CADAMAN

B-55

B-163

B-15B-

188B-48

B-46

B-45

D-12 B-192AB-192

B-121B-119

PANNA

VASAI

MUKTA

D-1

D-18

B-80

NEELAM

HEERAR-15A

B-147

B-51 MUMBAI

MUMBAI HIGH

OIL FIELDGAS FIELD

LEGEND

2929

Re development’s Focus Areas

•Improve oil recovery •Locate by-passed / un-drained oil pockets•Hi-tech infill wells•Surveillance on health of reservoir

•Offset declining production

•Modernize and re-engineer ageing surface facilities.

•Assimilate Cutting Edge Technology

•Reduce cost and add value

•Dynamism to learn and use during the project

Drilling & Completion : Conventional to high tech

• New technology in Drilling – Horizontal sidetracks, Multilateral and Fishboneto reach by-passed oil.

• Drain hole to increase Reservoir contactand productivity.

• Advanced non-damaging Drilling fluid • Application of new logging systems-

LWD,MWD,CHFR, MDT, DFA …

•Segmented Completion•Multilateral Level-3 Completion•Surface controlled Intelligent completion•Use of Swell Packers.

3232

Performance of Mumbai High FieldPerformance of Mumbai High Field

Performance of Mumbai High Field

0100000200000300000400000500000600000700000800000900000

100000011000001200000

Mar

-76

Mar

-78

Mar

-80

Mar

-82

Mar

-84

Mar

-86

Mar

-88

Mar

-90

Mar

-92

Mar

-94

Mar

-96

Mar

-98

Mar

-00

Mar

-02

Mar

-04

Mar

-06

Mar

-08

Mar

-10

Oil

(bop

d), W

I (bw

pd)

0

100

200

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400

500

600

Cum

Oil

(MM

t), W

C% &

GO

R (V

/V)

Oil, bopd WI, bwpd CumOIl (M M t) GOR, V/V WC (%)

Start of Re-dev-Ph-I

3232

3333

TodayToday

Majority of our producing fields have produced through Majority of our producing fields have produced through their peakstheir peaks

80% of total indigenous production coming from such 80% of total indigenous production coming from such mature fieldsmature fields

CostCost--intensive IOR/ EOR processes are required to keep intensive IOR/ EOR processes are required to keep them flowingthem flowing

3434

As on 1.4.2008 Oil Gas

Initially In-place 5895 3239

Ultimate Reserves 1646( 27.9 %)

1755( 54 %)

Indian Scenario

3535

3636

IOR/ EOR (NOC Perspective)Total

Offshore( 2675~61 %)

Onshore1722~ 39 %Total

4397 MMTTotal

4397 MMT

3737

IOR/ EOR (NOC Perspective)Total ~ 4397 MMt

Majors( 65 %)

Small , Isolated / Marginal Fields~ 20 %

Others15 %

3838

IOR/ EOR (NOC Perspective)Offshore

Majors( 73 %)


Others8 %

3939

IOR/ EOR (NOC Perspective)Onshore

Majors( 53 %)


Others31 %

4040

Simple Mathematics ( India)

Aim : 40 % Recovery factor ~ 800 MMt of oil

With current production rate ~ 25 year

NOC Perspective

Offshore

Majors …. 33% >>> 40 % >>>> 136 MMt – IOR-2nd phase

Others….30% >>>> 35 % >>> 11 MMt – IOR- 1st phase

Marginal….16 % >>> 83 MMt – Put on production

Total… >>> 236 MMt

4141

Simple Mathematics

NOC Perspective

Onshore Majors …. 31.8% >>> 40 % >>>> 75 MMt – IOR-2nd Phase/ EOR

Others….27% >>>> 40 % >>> 69 MMt – IOR – 1st phase / EOR Pilot

Marginal….16 % >>> 45 MMt – Put on production

Total… >>> 189 MMt

Initial target IOR / EOR by 2025 ~ 325 MMt

42

Redevelopment / Additional Development of

Fields through

• integrated schemes of IOR/ EOR

• Fast track development of new finds

• Drilling of Hi-Tech and Side track wells

• Put the marginal and small pool on production

Extracting the last dropExtracting the last drop

Continuous review and foresightedness has the Continuous review and foresightedness has the potential to extend the life of a fieldpotential to extend the life of a fieldAnticipating the future performance by monitoring; Anticipating the future performance by monitoring; surveillance; and diagnostics holds the key to a long surveillance; and diagnostics holds the key to a long producing life producing life Pinpointing the residual oil reserves area is another Pinpointing the residual oil reserves area is another aspect to extend the life of fieldaspect to extend the life of field

4343

Tools , Equipment & Technology Induction

Improved Oil Recovery In Brown Fields- A Game Changer

Western Offshore India

•• Conceptual road map based on redevelopment Conceptual road map based on redevelopment experienceexperience

•• Main strategy : 40% path by 2025Main strategy : 40% path by 2025•• Broad framework for long term developmentBroad framework for long term development

–– Type of development Type of development –– LT commitments requiredLT commitments required

•• Rolling plan, next 10 years following the Rolling plan, next 10 years following the redevredev•• Frame work 2006Frame work 2006--09 09

–– PlanningPlanning–– Monitor, course correction, review and upgrade the road Monitor, course correction, review and upgrade the road

mapmap

•• Areas for future focusAreas for future focus•• Frame work plan 2007Frame work plan 2007--1212•• Continue to develop as understanding improvesContinue to develop as understanding improves

40 % RECOVERY 40 % RECOVERY

Conceptual exercise of disintegration into reasonable activity specific targets

so that strategies can be worked out and implemented

for achieving them systematically. Specific projects have to be worked out with

details for investment purpose.

4545

0

5

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15

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2580

-81

83-8

4

86-8

7

89-9

0

92-9

3

95-9

6

98-9

9

01-0

2

04-0

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07-0

8

10-1

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13-1

4

16-1

7

19-2

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25-2

6

28-2

9

Oil

MM

t

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% R

ecov

ery

40% Rec plan FR MHRDProjects before MHRD % recoveryWater Cut %

Rolling plan target for next 10 yearsRolling plan target for next 10 years

Periods of low investment

1 billion barrelsadditional oil

1.2 Billion bbls to be produced under approved schemes 27%

32%40%

13.5-14 MMt

Phase wise productionPhase wise production

0

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30000

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50000

60000

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80000

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Phase-1 Phase-2 S. Heera Phase-3 Add-1 Add-2 Redevelopment

Drilling :Drilling :–– Long Distance Sidetracks (LDST)Long Distance Sidetracks (LDST)–– Medium Radius Drain Hole (MRDH)Medium Radius Drain Hole (MRDH)–– Short Radius Drain Hole (SRDH)Short Radius Drain Hole (SRDH)–– Ultra Short Radius (USR)Ultra Short Radius (USR)

ERD wellsERD wellsUse of Use of

Expandable tubularsExpandable tubularsSOBMSOBMAutotrackAutotrack

LevelLevel--3 completions in wells where more than one 3 completions in wells where more than one pay is promisingpay is promisingMassive Hydraulic FracturingProfile Modification

New TechnologiesNew Technologies

Improved well completions Segmentation for Layer

Control with Swell packers

Level-3 Completion in HZ# 7

Well Completions

N.Kadi (Kalol sands)• Use of Geocellular model• Mapping of heterogeneity (phi, k)• Revisit to ROS (24%) and Rel. Perm. • Oil gain envisaged by high liquid withdrawal in flank wells

Cum oil 26.4 MMm3 (by 2030)•26 wells (incl 10 horizontal)•RF 36.3 % >>> 45 %•Peak Qo 1570 m3/d

North Kadi :IOR

North Kadi : Perform ance and Potential

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

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1600

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Oil

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. Oil

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Oil Rate, (tpd) Cum Oil, (MMt)

Extending Plateau

5151

EOR ….Way forward

EOR : CO2 FloodingEOR : CO2 Flooding

Carbon dioxide flooding (continuous or alternating Carbon dioxide flooding (continuous or alternating with waterwith water--WAG) is the dominant EOR process in WAG) is the dominant EOR process in US.US.This is due to the high availability of lowThis is due to the high availability of low--cost CO2.cost CO2.

In simple terms, if CO2 is available it will remain the In simple terms, if CO2 is available it will remain the most sound choice for EOR.most sound choice for EOR.

In India Natural source of CO2 not established .In India Natural source of CO2 not established .•• Plan for a pilot in Plan for a pilot in AnkleswarAnkleswar Field Field •• Offshore no Plan : Miscible Co2 not possible due to Offshore no Plan : Miscible Co2 not possible due to

depleted Pressure . Limitdepleted Pressure . Limited Source.ed Source.

5252

InIn--Situ Combustion (Air Injection)Situ Combustion (Air Injection)Air injection into heavy and light crude oil reservoirs is Air injection into heavy and light crude oil reservoirs is known as ISCknown as ISCAir injection may be one of the viable EOR process Air injection may be one of the viable EOR process for offshore and onshore mature fields for offshore and onshore mature fields ..–– For heavy oil NOC Has good experienceFor heavy oil NOC Has good experience–– For light Oil For light Oil

Onshore : Pilot under commissioning.Onshore : Pilot under commissioning.

Offshore : Laboratory studies in progress Offshore : Laboratory studies in progress Bottle neck: Old Surface infrastructure and Bottle neck: Old Surface infrastructure and

well completions. well completions.

5353

Hydrocarbon Gas InjectionHydrocarbon Gas InjectionMiscible and immiscible hydrocarbon gas injection is Miscible and immiscible hydrocarbon gas injection is still a viable recovery process used widely in the U.S. still a viable recovery process used widely in the U.S. However, this recovery process has been applied However, this recovery process has been applied mainly in sandstone reservoirs.mainly in sandstone reservoirs.

If there is no other way to monetize natural gas, then If there is no other way to monetize natural gas, then a more practical use of natural gas would be to use it a more practical use of natural gas would be to use it in pressure maintenance projects or in WAG in pressure maintenance projects or in WAG processes.processes.

Both Miscible and WAG Implemented Successfully in Both Miscible and WAG Implemented Successfully in GandharGandhar..Currently all the produced gas are committed. Currently all the produced gas are committed.

5454

5555

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

CHEMICAL METHODS

PolymerSurfactantAlkali Micellar

ASP

EOR : Chemical MethodsEOR : Chemical Methods

5656

Success of polymer flood projects are limited. High Success of polymer flood projects are limited. High Temperature & High Salinity are the constraint .Temperature & High Salinity are the constraint .In the case of carbonate reservoirs, most of the reported In the case of carbonate reservoirs, most of the reported polymer floods used as part of a mobility control strategy to polymer floods used as part of a mobility control strategy to improve sweep efficiency and enhance the final oil recovery improve sweep efficiency and enhance the final oil recovery of water flood projects.of water flood projects.

MP and ASP flooding hold the greatest MP and ASP flooding hold the greatest potentialpotential for for commercial success commercial success may play a key role in both mature may play a key role in both mature and water flooded sandstone reservoirs in the near future.and water flooded sandstone reservoirs in the near future.


5757

• Sanand polymer commersialised in 1995 , is a success :Since then no reservoir identified for Polymer :

• Encouraging Laboratory Results of ASP / AS/ SP flooding However Field test Failed.

• Research Shows EOR Chemical methods in Offshore carbonate reservoirs have made a relatively marginal contribution. No commersial success reported for offshore carbonate reservoirs with temperature more than 100 deg C and having formation water of high MG++ & Ca ++ .


5858

EOR Observations…

• But still it moves

• EOR is a drag

• Don’t bank on it

• Size is important

• Gravity is our friend

• The more you inject, the more you get

5959

• Multi-time developmentthrough infill drilling

— major method to improve oil recovery by Exploiting un-sweptareas of the reservoir.

• Foresighted pilot tests,technical preparation,and fit-for-purposetechnique innovation areessential for maximizingoil recovery

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

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Phase-1 Phase-2 S. Heera Phase-3 Add-1 Add-2 Redevelopment

Conclusions

ConclusionsConclusions

Over the last decade, Enhanced Oil Recovery via gas Over the last decade, Enhanced Oil Recovery via gas injection has been the dominant recovery method for injection has been the dominant recovery method for crude oil reservoirs, especially in carbonate reservoirs.crude oil reservoirs, especially in carbonate reservoirs.

Widening the domain of air injection to encompass Widening the domain of air injection to encompass matured water flooded and light oil reservoirsmatured water flooded and light oil reservoirsChemical floods offer the Chemical floods offer the only chanceonly chance of commercial of commercial success in many depleted and water flooded reservoirssuccess in many depleted and water flooded reservoirs

Chemical flooding is Chemical flooding is here to stayhere to stay because it holds the because it holds the key to maximizing the reserves. The processes must be key to maximizing the reserves. The processes must be rere--evaluatedevaluated under the current technical and economic under the current technical and economic conditionsconditions

6060

Integrated approach enhances Asset value

Innovations and technology – key for Rejuvenation

Identify bypass oil – “ Fit for Purpose technology “

Better Reservoir characterization

State of art Drilling & Completion

24 * 7 Gas lift / ESP optimization thru Smart technology

ConclusionsConclusions

6161

6262

The Bottom Line …

IOR / EOR in combination with…

More WellsImproved Reservoir Characterization

Intelligent WellsReal time monitoring

Decision analysis ProceduresOther Simulation technologies

And ( Of course) a high oil Price

Will make Ultimate recoveries of 65 % Possible and even routine

We Must Bridge the GapWe Must Bridge the Gap

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Way forward In IOR/EOR Processes - Webs...Enhanced Oil Recovery ( EOR ) is … • Oil recovery by injection of fluids not normally present in reservoir. • Excludes pressure maintenance

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