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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
CHAPTER 3:Environmental Microbiology
CHAPTER 10 : CHAPTER 10 : CHAPTER 10 : CHAPTER 10 :
TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
Water Water
Distribution Distribution
System System
Water Water
Distribution Distribution
System System
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Menu
1) Introduction
2) Water Distribution
3) Distribution Types
4) Distribution Requirement
5) Storage Reservoir
6) Distribution Pipes
7) Wastage
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
- “Delivery of water from pumping station by gravity flow and delivers it thorughout the district to be served.
- Includes reservoirs for purposes of storage, equalizing pressures and subsequent distribution, together with pipes, valves, hydrant and other appurtenances for carrying waters, service pipes, meters etc.
- Enable the water utility to deliver water to its customer with maintaining the biological quality of water in the distribution system. Assessment : Collecting routine water quality samples from the distribution system and analyzing them for the presence or absence of total coliform bacteria.
Introduction
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
- “To stop, start or control the flow of water’
- Different valves are used to perform different functions
- Some valves, e.g. butterfly, globe, pinch and needle valves are also used for throttling the flow
- Other types; e.g. check valves used to control the direction of the flow of water
Distribution System Valves
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
- Damage :
i. Corrosion or rusting internally – Water quality
ii. Corrosion or rusting externally – Nature of soil conditions.
- Materials : Adequate strength and durability
- Sufficient pressures must be maintained
- Must be installed at sufficient depths below the ground surface – protection against traffic loads.
Water Distribution
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
- Quality of distribution system influence internal corrosion rate of distribution system pipes.
- Main quality parameters affect corrosion rates:
1. pH 5) Chlorides
2. Hardness 6) Sulphates
3. Dissolved Oxygen 7) Chlorine
4. Total Dissolved Solids 8) Hydrogen sulphide
9) Bacteria
Damage
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
1) Sufficient capacity of water
2) Sufficient pressure
3) Low-cost
4) Easier to maintain
5) Stable condition
Distribution - Requirement
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
TYPESTYPES
GRAVITY GRAVITY DIRECT PUMPEDDIRECT PUMPED
GRAVITY AND PUMPEDGRAVITY AND PUMPED
Distribution - Types
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
1) Gravity force
2) The water level or water distribution plant located higher from the service areas
3) Not using pump
4) Low-cost and effective
1 – Gravity System
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
GRAVITY FLOW
Supply Source (Dam)
Treatment Plant
Service Reservoir
Service Area
GRAVITY SYSTEM
1 – Gravity System – Con’d
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
1) Pumped direct to the consumer
2) Level of water sources is at the same height or lower from the service areas
3) Power failure – breakdown the system
4) Several types of pump
5) Expensive
6) Less Effective
2 – Direct Pumped System
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
River
Treatment Plant
Service Area
DIRECT PUMP SYSTEM
Pump
Pump
Direct Pumped System – Con’d
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
1) Combination – Pump and Gravity
2) Excess water during low water demand will kept in the storage tank
3) Economical, pump used at constant rate
3 – Gravity & Pumped System
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
River
Treatment PlantService Area
GRAVITY AND COMBINATION SYSTEM
Pump
Pump
Service Reservoir
Gravity Flow
Gravity & Pumped System
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
- Supply water during emergencies
- Equalize supply and demand
- Maintain constant pressure in the distribution system
- Other functions :
1) Provide water during peak demand
2) Provide disinfectant contact time
3) Allow for blending
4) Allow for one-shift treatment operations
5) Allow for optimization of pumping costs
6) Provide water hammer protection
7) Provide water during blackouts and natural disasters
Storage Reservoir
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
DEAD END / DEAD END / TREE SYSTEMTREE SYSTEM
GRID SYSTEMGRID SYSTEM
RING / RING / CIRCLE SYSTEMCIRCLE SYSTEM
LAYOUT OF LAYOUT OF PIPE SYSTEMPIPE SYSTEM
Pipe System
RADIAL SYSTEMRADIAL SYSTEM
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
1) Sub main pipe connect to main pipe
2) Old town and cities – irregular developed & no definite patterns of roads and streets.
3) Cheap and easily designed
4) Not effective
5) Water pressure drop at the end of the distribution pipe
6) Water become stagnant at the end of the distribution pipe
A – Dead End/Tree System
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Kampung A
Kampung B
Main Pipe
DEAD END/TREE SYSTEM
Dead End/Tree System
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
1) Main pipe and branches arranged in grid sequences.
2) Effective during maintenance work
3) Effective during fire or emergency
4) No stagnant water
5) Design method more complex
6) High cost
B – Grid System
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Main Pipe
GRID SYSTEM
Grid System
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
1) Main pipe is positioned covering the outer of the service area
Main Pipe
RING/CIRCLE SYSTEM
C – Ring or Circle System
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
1) Town or city divided into various circular or square zones and distribution reservoirs placed at the centre of each zone.
2) Suitable when town or city can be oriented with radial roads and streets.
3) Water from main reservoir is allowed to flow through main pipe and sub-main pipe and get collected at the distribution reservoir of each zone
4) Water is supplied to consumers through distributor pipe lines.
D– Radial System
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Radial System
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
WASTAGEWASTAGE
LEAKING PIPELEAKING PIPE WATER METERWATER METER
STOLENSTOLEN
Distribution - Wastage
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
- Main function : provide water for firefighting
- Spacing and location : Depends on fire protection and insurance needs
- Other function :
i. Flush the distribution system lines to remove sediments and biogrowth accumulation
ii. Supply water to construction projects
iii. Provide water to water trucks and street sweepers
Fire Hydrant
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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
THANKS FOR THANKS FOR
YOUR ATTENTION…..YOUR ATTENTION…..
THANKS FOR THANKS FOR
YOUR ATTENTION…..YOUR ATTENTION…..