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Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9 11.5 - 11.9
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Page 1: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Water PollutionWater Pollution

Chapter 11Chapter 11

11.5 - 11.911.5 - 11.9

Page 2: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Question of the DayQuestion of the Day

The Leading cause of water pollution is?The Leading cause of water pollution is?

Page 3: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Answer of the DayAnswer of the Day

Agricultural activitiesAgricultural activities which cause which cause sediment erosion from agricultural sediment erosion from agricultural lands and overgrazed rangeland, lands and overgrazed rangeland, followed by fertilizers and pesticides, followed by fertilizers and pesticides, and bacteria form livestock and food and bacteria form livestock and food processing wastes, also excess salt processing wastes, also excess salt form soils of irrigated cropland.form soils of irrigated cropland.

Page 4: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Water Pollution: Types, Effects, Water Pollution: Types, Effects, and Sourcesand Sources

What is water pollution?What is water pollution?

Major types of pollutants, sources and effects (Table 11-1, p. 254)Major types of pollutants, sources and effects (Table 11-1, p. 254)

Point and nonpoint sourcesPoint and nonpoint sources

Is the water safe to drink?Is the water safe to drink?

Page 5: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Table 11-1, p. 254

Page 6: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Polluted StreamsPolluted Streams Factors influencing stream recovery from pollutionFactors influencing stream recovery from pollution

Oxygen sag curveOxygen sag curve

Importance of wastewater treatment plants Importance of wastewater treatment plants

Improvements in quality of US streamsImprovements in quality of US streams

Cuyahoga River of OhioCuyahoga River of Ohio

Effect of regulations in USEffect of regulations in US

Pressures from US citizen groupsPressures from US citizen groups

Problems with nonpoint, accidental and illegal releasesProblems with nonpoint, accidental and illegal releases

Problems in developing countriesProblems in developing countries

Page 7: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Clean ZoneDecomposition

Zone

Septic ZoneRecovery

Zone

Clean Zone

Normal clean water organisms(trout, perch, bass,

mayfly, stonefly)

Trash fish(carp, gar,leeches)

Fish absent, fungi,sludge worms,bacteria

(anaerobic)

Trash fish(carp, gar,leeches)

Normal clean water organisms(trout, perch, bass,

mayfly, stonefly)

8 ppmDissolved oxygen (ppm)

Biological oxygendemand

8 ppmTypes of

organisms

Fig. 11-24, p. 256

Pollution in StreamsPollution in Streams

Page 8: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Lake PollutionLake Pollution Dilution less effective than with streamsDilution less effective than with streams

Stratification in lakes and relatively little flow hinder rapid dilution of Stratification in lakes and relatively little flow hinder rapid dilution of pollutantspollutants

Lakes more vulnerable to pollutants than streamsLakes more vulnerable to pollutants than streams

How pollutants enter lakesHow pollutants enter lakes

Eutrophication: causes and effectsEutrophication: causes and effects

Oligotrophic and eutrophic lakesOligotrophic and eutrophic lakes

Cultural eutrophicationCultural eutrophication

Preventing or removing eutrophicationPreventing or removing eutrophication

Page 9: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Oligotrophic and Eutrophic Oligotrophic and Eutrophic LakesLakes

Fig. 11-25, p. 257

Page 10: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Groundwater Pollution: Causes Groundwater Pollution: Causes and Persistenceand Persistence

Sources of groundwater pollutionSources of groundwater pollution

Slow flowing: slow dilution and dispersionSlow flowing: slow dilution and dispersion

Consequences of lower dissolved oxygenConsequences of lower dissolved oxygen

Fewer bacteria to decompose wastesFewer bacteria to decompose wastes

Cooler temperatures: slow down chemical reactionsCooler temperatures: slow down chemical reactions

““Degradable” and nondegradable wastes in groundwaterDegradable” and nondegradable wastes in groundwater

Page 11: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Coal strip mine runoff

Pumping well

Waste lagoon

Accidental spills

Groundwater flow

Confined aquifer

Discharge

Leakage from faulty casing

Hazardous waste injection wellPesticides

and fertilizers

Gasoline station

Buried gasoline and solvent tank

SewerCesspool septic tank

De-icing road salt

Unconfined freshwater aquifer

Confined freshwater aquifer

Water pumping well

Landfill

Polluted air

Fig. 11-26, p. 258

Groundwater PollutionGroundwater Pollution

Page 12: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Extent of Groundwater PollutionExtent of Groundwater Pollution

Not much is known about groundwater pollutionNot much is known about groundwater pollution

Organic contaminants, including fuel leaksOrganic contaminants, including fuel leaks

ArsenicArsenic

Protecting groundwater: Prevention is bestProtecting groundwater: Prevention is best

Page 13: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Pump nanoparticles of inorganic compounds to remove pollutants (may be the cheapest, easiest, and most effective method but is still being developed)

Find substitutes for toxic chemicalsKeep toxic chemicals out of the environment

Install monitoring wells nearlandfills and underground tanks

Require leak detectors on underground tanks

Ban hazardous waste disposalin landfills and injection wells

Inject microorganisms to clean up contamination (less expensive but still costly)

Store harmful liquids in aboveground tanks with leak detection and collection systems

Prevention Cleanup

Pump to surface, clean, and return to aquifer (very expensive)

Solutions

Groundwater Pollution

Fig. 11-27, p. 259

Preventing and Cleaning Up Preventing and Cleaning Up Pollution in GroundwaterPollution in Groundwater

Page 14: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Ocean PollutionOcean Pollution

How much pollution can oceans tolerate?How much pollution can oceans tolerate?

Some pollutants degrade and dilute in oceansSome pollutants degrade and dilute in oceans

Ocean dumping controversiesOcean dumping controversies

Page 15: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Fig. 11-28, p. 260

IndustryNitrogen oxides from autos and smokestacks; toxicchemicals, and heavymetals in effluents flow into bays and estuaries.

CitiesToxic metals andoil from streets andparking lots pollutewaters; sewageadds nitrogen andphosphorus.

Urban sprawlBacteria and viruses from sewers and septic tanks contaminate shellfish beds and close beaches; runoff of fertilization from lawns adds nitrogen and phosphorus.

Construction sitesSediments are washed into waterways,choking fish and plants, cloudingwaters, and blocking sunlight.

FarmsRun off of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers adds toxins and excess nitrogen and phosphorus.

Red tidesExcess nitrogen causes explosive growth of toxic microscopic algae, poisoning fish and marine mammals.

Healthy zoneClear, oxygen-rich waterspromote growth of planktonand sea grasses, and support fish.

Toxic sedimentsChemicals and toxic metalscontaminate shellfish beds,kill spawning fish, andaccumulate in the tissuesof bottom feeders.

Closed shellfish beds

Closedbeach Oxygen-depleted

zone

Coastal Water PollutionCoastal Water Pollution

Oxygen-depleted zoneSedimentation and algae overgrowth reduce sunlight, kill beneficial sea grasses, use up oxygen, and degrade habitat.

Page 16: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Fig. 11-29, p. 261

MississippiRiver Basin

MissouriRiver

OhioRiver

MississippiRiver

LOUISIANAMississippi

River

Depleted Oxygen

Gulf of Mexico

Oxygen-depleted Water in Oxygen-depleted Water in the Gulf of Mexicothe Gulf of Mexico

Page 17: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

Largest US estuaryLargest US estuary

Pollution “sink”Pollution “sink”

Oxygen depletionOxygen depletion

Chesapeake Bay Chesapeake Bay ProgramProgram

Fig. 11-30, p. 261

Page 18: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Effects of Oil on Ocean LifeEffects of Oil on Ocean Life Crude and refined petroleumCrude and refined petroleum

Tanker accidents and blowoutsTanker accidents and blowouts

Exxon ValdezExxon Valdez

Volatile hydrocarbons kill larvaeVolatile hydrocarbons kill larvae

Tar-like globs coat birds and marine mammalsTar-like globs coat birds and marine mammals

Oil destroys insulation and buoyancyOil destroys insulation and buoyancy

Heavy oil sinks and kills bottom organismsHeavy oil sinks and kills bottom organisms

Coral reefs dieCoral reefs die

Slow recoverySlow recovery

Oil slicks ruin beachesOil slicks ruin beaches

Limited effectiveness of clean up methodsLimited effectiveness of clean up methods

Page 19: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Prevention Cleanup

Ban dumping of wastes and sewage by maritime and cruise ships in coastal waters

Reduce input of toxic pollutants

Separate sewage and storm lines

Regulate coastal development

Recycle used oil

Require double hulls for oil tankers

Require at least secondary treatment of coastal sewage

Use wetlands, solar-aquatic, orother methods to treat sewage

Sprinkle nanoparticles over an oil or sewage spill to dissolve the oil or sewage without creating harmful byproducts(still under development)

Protect sensitive areas from development, oil drilling, and oil shipping

Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous dredged material

Improve oil-spill cleanup capabilities

Solutions

Coastal Water Pollution

Fig. 11-31, p. 263

Preventing and Cleaning Up Preventing and Cleaning Up Pollution in Coastal WatersPollution in Coastal Waters

Page 20: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Preventing Nonpoint Source Preventing Nonpoint Source PollutionPollution

Mostly agricultural wastesMostly agricultural wastes

Use vegetation to reduce soil erosionUse vegetation to reduce soil erosion

Reduce fertilizer useReduce fertilizer use

Use plant buffer zones around fieldsUse plant buffer zones around fields

Integrated pest management: Only use pesticides when necessaryIntegrated pest management: Only use pesticides when necessary

Use plant buffers around animal feedlotsUse plant buffers around animal feedlots

Keep feedlots away from slopes, surface water and flood zonesKeep feedlots away from slopes, surface water and flood zones

Page 21: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Laws for Reducing Point Source Laws for Reducing Point Source PollutionPollution

Clean Water ActClean Water Act

Water Quality ActWater Quality Act

Discharge trading controversiesDischarge trading controversies

Page 22: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Question of the DayQuestion of the Day

Wastewater sewage treatment plants Wastewater sewage treatment plants can be broken into two levels of can be broken into two levels of treatment, Primary and Secondary. treatment, Primary and Secondary. (Note: There is Tertiary also which we (Note: There is Tertiary also which we will discuss)will discuss)

Make a list of the processes which Make a list of the processes which occur in each level and identify which occur in each level and identify which is physical and which is a biological is physical and which is a biological process.process.

Page 23: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Question of the Day Question of the Day

PrimaryPrimary SecondarySecondary

StepsSteps

In ProcessIn Process

Which is Which is

Bio. Or Phys.Bio. Or Phys.

Page 24: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Answer of the DayAnswer of the Day

PrimaryPrimary SecondarySecondary

Steps Screens AerationSteps Screens Aeration

In Process Grit Tank Settling TankIn Process Grit Tank Settling Tank

Settling Tank DisinfectionSettling Tank Disinfection

Which is Which is

Bio. Or Phys. Physical BiologicalBio. Or Phys. Physical Biological

Page 25: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Sewage Treatment SystemsSewage Treatment Systems Sewage treatment in rural and suburban areasSewage treatment in rural and suburban areas

Septic tanksSeptic tanks

Primary (physical) sewage treatmentPrimary (physical) sewage treatment

Secondary (biological) sewage treatmentSecondary (biological) sewage treatment

Urban sewage treatment (Clean Water Act)Urban sewage treatment (Clean Water Act)

Sewage treatment facilities in many cities fail to meet federal Sewage treatment facilities in many cities fail to meet federal standardsstandards

Bleaching and disinfectionBleaching and disinfection

Disinfectants: chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet radiationDisinfectants: chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet radiation

Page 26: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Fig. 11-32, p. 264

Typical Septic Tank SystemTypical Septic Tank System

Householdwastewater

Perforated pipe

Distribution box (optional)

Septic tank with manhole (for cleanout)

Drainfield

Vent pipe

Nonperforated pipe

Gravel orcrushedstone

Page 27: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Primary and Secondary Sewage Primary and Secondary Sewage TreatmentTreatment

Fig. 11-33, p. 265

Raw sewagefrom sewers

Bar screen Grit chamber Settling tank Aeration tank Settling tankChlorinedisinfection tank

Sludge

Sludge digester

Activated sludge

Air pump

(kills bacteria)

To river, lake,

or ocean

Sludge drying bed

Disposed of in landfill or ocean or applied to cropland, pasture, or rangeland

Primary Secondary

Page 28: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Improving Sewage TreatmentImproving Sewage Treatment

Systems that exclude hazardous wastesSystems that exclude hazardous wastes

Non-hazardous substitutesNon-hazardous substitutes

Composting toilet systemsComposting toilet systems

Working with nature to treat sewageWorking with nature to treat sewage

Using wetlands to treat sewageUsing wetlands to treat sewage

Page 29: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Ecological Wastewater TreatmentEcological Wastewater Treatment

Fig. 11-34, p. 265

Page 30: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Reducing Water Pollution from Reducing Water Pollution from Point Sources in the USPoint Sources in the US

ImprovementsImprovements

Bad newsBad news

Page 31: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Should the Clean Water Act be Should the Clean Water Act be Strengthened?Strengthened?

Yes: environmentalistsYes: environmentalists

No: farmers, libertarians, manufacturers, No: farmers, libertarians, manufacturers, and developersand developers

State and local officials want more State and local officials want more discretiondiscretion

How Would You Vote How Would You Vote exerciseexercise

Page 32: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Drinking Water QualityDrinking Water Quality

Purification of urban drinking waterPurification of urban drinking water

Purification of drinking water in Purification of drinking water in developing countriesdeveloping countries

Bottled waterBottled water

Page 33: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Fig. 11-35, p. 267

Solutions

Water Pollution

• Prevent groundwater contamination

• Greatly reduce nonpoint runoff

• Reuse treated wastewater for irrigation

• Find substitutes for toxic pollutants

• Work with nature to treat sewage

• Practice four R's of resource use (refuse,

reduce, recycle, reuse)

• Reduce resource waste

• Reduce air pollution

• Reduce poverty

• Reduce birth rates

Reducing Water PollutionReducing Water Pollution

Page 34: Water Pollution Water Pollution Chapter 11 11.5 - 11.9.

Fig. 11-36, p. 268

What Can You Do?

Water Pollution

• Fertilize your garden and yard plants with

manure or compost instead of commercial

inorganic fertilizer.• Minimize your use of pesticides.• Never apply fertilizer or pesticides near a body

of water.• Grow or buy organic foods.• Compost your food wastes.• Do not use water fresheners in toilets.• Do not flush unwanted medicines down the

toilet.• Do not pour pesticides, paints, solvents, oil,

antifreeze, or other products containing harmful

chemicals down the drain or onto the ground.

What Can We Do?What Can We Do?