Water in Earth’s Processes

Water in Earth’s Water in Earth’s ProcessesProcesses

Lesson 10Lesson 10

A Wet Planet A Wet Planet EQ: How is Earth’s EQ: How is Earth’s water distributed water distributed among saltwater among saltwater and freshwater?and freshwater?

How is Earth’s water How is Earth’s water distributed among saltwater distributed among saltwater and freshwater and freshwater • Some people call Earth the “blue planet” Some people call Earth the “blue planet”

because over because over 70%70% of Earth’s surface is of Earth’s surface is covered with water.covered with water.

• MostMost of Earth’s of Earth’s freshwaterfreshwater is found in the is found in the polar ice capspolar ice caps near the North and South near the North and South Poles.Poles.

• From largest to smallest, the amounts of water From largest to smallest, the amounts of water on Earth are on Earth are salt water (97%),salt water (97%), solid fresh solid fresh water (2%),water (2%), liquid freshliquid fresh water (1%).water (1%).

Salt WaterSalt Water

• Most of the water on Earth is in Earth’s oceansMost of the water on Earth is in Earth’s oceans

• Oceans contain salt water.Oceans contain salt water.

• The salinity, or salt concentration, averages The salinity, or salt concentration, averages about 3.5%, or 35 grams of salt per kg of about 3.5%, or 35 grams of salt per kg of water.water.

• In order of size from largest to smallest, In order of size from largest to smallest, Earth’s oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic, and Earth’s oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.Indian Oceans.

Fresh WaterFresh Water• MostMost of the Earth’s of the Earth’s freshwaterfreshwater is located in the is located in the

polar capspolar caps..

• Lakes, rivers, streams, and glaciers hold the rest Lakes, rivers, streams, and glaciers hold the rest of Earth’s surface freshwater.of Earth’s surface freshwater.

• A A glacierglacier is a very slow moving river of ice. is a very slow moving river of ice.

• A large portion of the rest of Earth’s freshwater A large portion of the rest of Earth’s freshwater is is trappedtrapped between between underground layers of underground layers of rockrock. This trapped freshwater is called . This trapped freshwater is called groundwatergroundwater. .

Quick CheckQuick Check

About how much of Earth’s surface is About how much of Earth’s surface is covered by water?covered by water?

A. 0%A. 0%

B. 30%B. 30%

C. 70%C. 70%

D. 100%D. 100%


From the largest to smallest, the amounts of From the largest to smallest, the amounts of water on Earth arewater on Earth are

A.A. liquid fresh water, solid fresh water, salt liquid fresh water, solid fresh water, salt water.water.

B. salt water, solid fresh water, liquid fresh water.B. salt water, solid fresh water, liquid fresh water.

C. salt water, liquid fresh water, groundwater.C. salt water, liquid fresh water, groundwater.

D. groundwater, salt water, solid fresh water.D. groundwater, salt water, solid fresh water.


A glacier isA glacier is

A. a river of liquid water.A. a river of liquid water.

B. an ice cap.B. an ice cap.

C. a solid lake.C. a solid lake.

D. a slow river of ice.D. a slow river of ice.

Lesson 25Lesson 25

Sun, Wind, Sun, Wind, and Waterand Water

EQ: How does a drop of EQ: How does a drop of water move through the water move through the

water cycle?water cycle?

WindWind

• Earth Earth receives heat energyreceives heat energy from the s from the sunun through through RadiationRadiation..

• RadiationRadiation is the is the movement of energymovement of energy through through empty spaceempty space..

• Air at different places on Earth heats up Air at different places on Earth heats up unevenly. The uneven heating up of Earth’s unevenly. The uneven heating up of Earth’s air is what produces wind.air is what produces wind.

• Cool air moves toward warmer air. Warm air Cool air moves toward warmer air. Warm air moves away from cooler air. moves away from cooler air. Moving air is Moving air is windwind..

WaterWater

• Very little water is ever lost on EarthVery little water is ever lost on Earth

• The The sunsun is the is the source of energysource of energy that that drives the drives the water cyclewater cycle..

• Energy from the sun Energy from the sun causescauses the the water particleswater particles to to move fastermove faster and and escape into the air as escape into the air as water vaporwater vapor..

WaterWater• Water vapor rises into the air and Water vapor rises into the air and cools cools

down. The water molecules move down. The water molecules move slowerslower and come and come closercloser together, or together, or condensecondense. . This is called This is called condensationcondensation..

• CondensationCondensation forms clouds and forms clouds and precipitationprecipitation such as rain, sleet, hail, and such as rain, sleet, hail, and snow.snow.

• The The precipitation fallsprecipitation falls to the ground and to the ground and gathers there in puddles, ponds, rivers, gathers there in puddles, ponds, rivers, lakes, and oceans. (Accumulation)lakes, and oceans. (Accumulation)

• Some water seeps into the ground and Some water seeps into the ground and collects there. This collects there. This underground waterunderground water is called is called groundwatergroundwater. (runoff). (runoff)

WaterWater• Some Some groundwatergroundwater finds its way into oceans. finds its way into oceans.

• Water on the surface is warmed again by the Water on the surface is warmed again by the sun and will evaporate. So will water in the sun and will evaporate. So will water in the soil.soil.

• Water vapor also enters the air from plants. Water vapor also enters the air from plants.

This is called This is called transpirationtranspiration..

• This keeps the water cycle going.This keeps the water cycle going.


What is the source of energy that What is the source of energy that produces winds and causes produces winds and causes evaporation?evaporation?

A. lightningA. lightning

B. Earth’s rotationB. Earth’s rotation

C. the moonC. the moon

D. the sunD. the sun


Heating liquid water producesHeating liquid water produces

A. snow.A. snow.

B. rain.B. rain.

C. water vapor.C. water vapor.

D. groundwater.D. groundwater.


The sun’s energy reaches Earth The sun’s energy reaches Earth throughthrough

A. evaporation.A. evaporation.

B. condensation.B. condensation.

C. radiation.C. radiation.

D. wind.D. wind.


What process produces rain?What process produces rain?

A. condensationA. condensation

B. evaporationB. evaporation

C. warmingC. warming

D. solidificationD. solidification


Water vapor is aWater vapor is a

A. liquidA. liquid

B. solidB. solid

C. gasC. gas

D. form of energyD. form of energy


The cooling of water vapor leads FIRST The cooling of water vapor leads FIRST toto

A. cloud formation.A. cloud formation.

B. evaporation.B. evaporation.

C. formation of groundwater.C. formation of groundwater.

D. precipitation.D. precipitation.


What process produces a cloud?What process produces a cloud?

A.A. EvaporationEvaporation

B.B. CondensationCondensation

C.C. RadiationRadiation

D.D. warmingwarming

Lesson 11Lesson 11

The World’s The World’s OceansOceans

•EQ: How does the EQ: How does the composition and composition and topography of earth’s topography of earth’s oceans vary by location?oceans vary by location?

Location of the World’s Location of the World’s OceansOceans

• The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean. It is bordered by North America, South It is bordered by North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and AntarcticaAmerica, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica

• The Atlantic is the second largest The Atlantic is the second largest ocean. It is bordered by N. America, S. ocean. It is bordered by N. America, S. America, Africa, Europe, and America, Africa, Europe, and Antarctica.Antarctica.

• The third largest ocean is the Indian The third largest ocean is the Indian Ocean. It lies between the countries of Ocean. It lies between the countries of India, Pakistan, Australia, and the India, Pakistan, Australia, and the continents of Africa and Antarctica.continents of Africa and Antarctica.

Composition of the World’s Composition of the World’s OceansOceans

• The main substance dissolved in ocean water is The main substance dissolved in ocean water is sodium chloride (NaCl) or table salt.sodium chloride (NaCl) or table salt.

• Other dissolved solid substances are sulfate, Other dissolved solid substances are sulfate, magnesium, calcium, and potassium.magnesium, calcium, and potassium.

• Solid substances dissolved in sea water come Solid substances dissolved in sea water come from rivers, streams, rocks from the shore, from rivers, streams, rocks from the shore, volcanoes and underwater hot springs.volcanoes and underwater hot springs.

• The concentration of all the dissolved substances The concentration of all the dissolved substances in sea water is about 3.5%.in sea water is about 3.5%.

Composition of the World’s Composition of the World’s OceansOceans

• The oceans also hold dissolved gases, The oceans also hold dissolved gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.

• Marine life such as fish need dissolved Marine life such as fish need dissolved oxygen in sea water to live.oxygen in sea water to live.

• Sea plants such as seaweeds need carbon Sea plants such as seaweeds need carbon dioxide to survive. They get it from the dioxide to survive. They get it from the dissolved carbon dioxide in sea water.dissolved carbon dioxide in sea water.

Topography of the World’s Topography of the World’s OceansOceans

• Oceanographers have mapped the ocean Oceanographers have mapped the ocean floors by using special equipment.floors by using special equipment.

• Echo sounding, (pings), measure the time it Echo sounding, (pings), measure the time it takes a pulse of sound to go from the ship takes a pulse of sound to go from the ship to the ocean floor and echo back to the to the ocean floor and echo back to the ship.ship.

• The speed of sound in sea water averages The speed of sound in sea water averages about 1520 m per second.about 1520 m per second.


Which continents border the Atlantic Ocean?Which continents border the Atlantic Ocean?

A. North America, South America, Asia, A. North America, South America, Asia, AustraliaAustralia

B. Asia, Australia, AfricaB. Asia, Australia, Africa

C. North America, South America, Europe, C. North America, South America, Europe, AfricaAfrica

D. South America, Europe, Asia, AustraliaD. South America, Europe, Asia, Australia


Which substance do fish need to live and Which substance do fish need to live and take in from water that you take in from take in from water that you take in from air?air?

A. saltA. salt

B. oxygenB. oxygen

C. carbon dioxideC. carbon dioxide

D. waterD. water


Pings from an echo sounder aboard a ship Pings from an echo sounder aboard a ship make a round trip in 8 seconds. How make a round trip in 8 seconds. How far beneath the ship is the ocean floor?far beneath the ship is the ocean floor?

A. 2,920 metersA. 2,920 metersB. 6,080 metersB. 6,080 metersC. 11,680 metersC. 11,680 metersD. 23,360 metersD. 23,360 meters


Which shows the order of Earth’s three Which shows the order of Earth’s three major oceans from largest to smallest?major oceans from largest to smallest?

A. Pacific, Atlantic, IndianA. Pacific, Atlantic, Indian

B. Atlantic, Pacific, IndianB. Atlantic, Pacific, Indian

C. Indian, Atlantic, PacificC. Indian, Atlantic, Pacific

D. Atlantic, Indian, PacificD. Atlantic, Indian, Pacific


If you were to walk along the ocean If you were to walk along the ocean bottom from a beach, which of the bottom from a beach, which of the following features would you reach following features would you reach after the continental shelf?after the continental shelf?

A. the abyssal plainA. the abyssal plainB. a seamountB. a seamountC. the mid-ocean ridgeC. the mid-ocean ridgeD. the continental slopeD. the continental slope


About how deep is the deepest pat of About how deep is the deepest pat of the world’s oceans?the world’s oceans?

A. 4000 metersA. 4000 meters

B. 8000 metersB. 8000 meters

C. 11,000 metersC. 11,000 meters

D. 14,000 metersD. 14,000 meters

The Water CycleThe Water CycleSection 11-1Section 11-1

• How is Earth’s water How is Earth’s water distributed among distributed among saltwater and saltwater and freshwater freshwater resources?resources?

• How does Earth’s How does Earth’s water move through water move through the water cycle?the water cycle?

• How do people and How do people and other living things other living things use water?use water?

Water on EarthWater on Earth

• Most of Earth’s water is saltwater Most of Earth’s water is saltwater (97%)(97%)

• Most saltwater is found in the oceansMost saltwater is found in the oceans

• Only about 3% of water is freshwaterOnly about 3% of water is freshwater

• All living things must share about 1% All living things must share about 1% of the total amount of water on Earthof the total amount of water on Earth

Distribution of Water on Distribution of Water on EarthEarth• Saltwater oceans and lakes (97%)Saltwater oceans and lakes (97%)• Freshwater (3%)Freshwater (3%)

– Ice (76%)Ice (76%)– Shallow Groundwater (12%)Shallow Groundwater (12%)– Deep Groundwater (11%)Deep Groundwater (11%)– Lakes and rivers (.34%)Lakes and rivers (.34%)– Water Vapor (0.037%) Water Vapor (0.037%)

• All living things share less than 1% of All living things share less than 1% of total water on Earth!total water on Earth!

The Water Cycle 1The Water Cycle 1• Water is naturally recycled through a Water is naturally recycled through a

process known as the water cycleprocess known as the water cycle

• Water moves from bodies of water, Water moves from bodies of water, land, and living things from Earth’s land, and living things from Earth’s surface, up to the atmosphere and surface, up to the atmosphere and then back to Earth’s surface.then back to Earth’s surface.

• Steps for the water cycle are: Steps for the water cycle are: evaporation, condensation, and evaporation, condensation, and precipitationprecipitation

The Water Cycle 2The Water Cycle 2

• The source of energy that drives the The source of energy that drives the water cycle is the SUN!water cycle is the SUN!

• Clouds formation – water vapor loses Clouds formation – water vapor loses energy, cools down, condenses into liquid energy, cools down, condenses into liquid water droplets, droplets clump together water droplets, droplets clump together around tiny dust particles, forming cloudsaround tiny dust particles, forming clouds

• Most evaporated water comes from Most evaporated water comes from oceans, and most precipitation falls back oceans, and most precipitation falls back into the oceansinto the oceans

The Water Cycle 3The Water Cycle 3

• Evaporation – the process by which liquid Evaporation – the process by which liquid water on the surface change to a gaswater on the surface change to a gas

• Condensation – process by which gas Condensation – process by which gas molecules change into a liquid. This molecules change into a liquid. This process forms cloudsprocess forms clouds

• Precipitation – process in which clouds Precipitation – process in which clouds become too heavy to hold the water become too heavy to hold the water droplets, and the droplets fall to the droplets, and the droplets fall to the Earth’s surface as rain, sleet, snow or hailEarth’s surface as rain, sleet, snow or hail

How Do People Use Water?How Do People Use Water?• Humans use water for household Humans use water for household

purposes, agriculture, industry, purposes, agriculture, industry, transportation, and recreation.transportation, and recreation.

• Irrigation is the process of supplying Irrigation is the process of supplying water to areas for growing cropswater to areas for growing crops

• Industry – to make products, cool off Industry – to make products, cool off machinesmachines

• Transportation – travel upon the Transportation – travel upon the oceans, lakes and riversoceans, lakes and rivers

• Recreation – exercise and sportsRecreation – exercise and sports

Water and Living ThingsWater and Living Things

• Water important for living things to Water important for living things to grow, reproduce and carry on other grow, reproduce and carry on other essential processes.essential processes.

• Photosynthesis – process of water, Photosynthesis – process of water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to make carbon dioxide and sunlight to make their own foodtheir own food

• Habitat – place an organism lives and Habitat – place an organism lives and provides the things it needs to surviveprovides the things it needs to survive


More than 97% of Earth’s total water More than 97% of Earth’s total water supply is found insupply is found in

A. ice sheets.A. ice sheets.

B. groundwater.B. groundwater.

C. the atmosphere.C. the atmosphere.

D. the oceans.D. the oceans.


The energy the drives the water cycle The energy the drives the water cycle comes fromcomes from

A. the sun.A. the sun.

B. the Earth.B. the Earth.

C. the rain.C. the rain.

D. oceans.D. oceans.


Rain that falls on a steep, paved street Rain that falls on a steep, paved street during a thunderstorm will most likely during a thunderstorm will most likely becomebecome

A. groundwater.A. groundwater.

B. runoff.B. runoff.

C. a spring.C. a spring.

D. a reservoir.D. a reservoir.


More than two-thirds of Earth’s More than two-thirds of Earth’s freshwater is found infreshwater is found in

A. rivers and streams.A. rivers and streams.

B. ponds and lakes.B. ponds and lakes.

C. glaciers and icebergs.C. glaciers and icebergs.

D. wetlands.D. wetlands.


How does the water cycle renew How does the water cycle renew Earth’s supply of fresh water?Earth’s supply of fresh water?

A. evaporation.A. evaporation.

B. condensationB. condensation

C. the sunC. the sun

D. precipitationD. precipitation

Ocean Water ChemistryOcean Water Chemistry• How salty is ocean How salty is ocean

water?water?

• How do the conditions How do the conditions in the ocean change in the ocean change with depth?with depth?

• Describe one factor Describe one factor that increases the that increases the salinity of seawater salinity of seawater and one factor that and one factor that decreases salinity.decreases salinity.

The Salty OceanThe Salty Ocean• The average amount of salt in ocean water is

about 3.5% or 35 grams of salt per one kilogram of water

• Ocean water carries many different dissolved salts

• Sodium Chloride (table salt) is the most abundant salt in the ocean

• Factors increasing salinity include evaporation and freezing; factors decreasing salinity include precipitation and rivers

• Most oxygen in oceans come from the atmosphere because it is closer to the surface of the water.

The Salty OceanThe Salty Ocean• Two gases found in the oceans are Two gases found in the oceans are

necessary for living things: oxygen and necessary for living things: oxygen and carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

• Temperature decreases in the ocean with Temperature decreases in the ocean with depthdepth

• Pressure increases with depth in the Pressure increases with depth in the oceanocean

• Scuba divers are prevented from Scuba divers are prevented from descending father than 40 m because of descending father than 40 m because of pressurepressure

Divisions of the Global Divisions of the Global OceansOceans• Pacific- the largest ocean; getting Pacific- the largest ocean; getting

smallersmaller• Atlantic- the second largest; getting Atlantic- the second largest; getting

largerlarger• Indian- third largest;Indian- third largest;• Southern- located along the border of Southern- located along the border of

AntarcticaAntarctica• Artic- smallest ocean; most Artic- smallest ocean; most

oceanographers consider it as an oceanographers consider it as an extension of the Pacific, Atlantic, and extension of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian OceansIndian Oceans

How Did the Oceans Form?How Did the Oceans Form?

• About 4 billion years ago, the Earth About 4 billion years ago, the Earth cooled enough for water vapor to cooled enough for water vapor to condense.condense.

• The water began to fall as rain.The water began to fall as rain.

• The rain filled the deeper levels of The rain filled the deeper levels of Earth’s surface and the first oceans Earth’s surface and the first oceans began to form.began to form.

Characteristics of Ocean Characteristics of Ocean WaterWater

• Ocean water is saltyOcean water is salty

• Chock-full of solidsChock-full of solids

• Climate affects salinityClimate affects salinity

• Water movement affects salinityWater movement affects salinity

• Temperate zonesTemperate zones

• Surface temperature ChangesSurface temperature Changes

Ocean Water is SaltyOcean Water is Salty

• Most of the salt found in oceans is Most of the salt found in oceans is sodiumsodium chloridechloride (table salt). (table salt).

• Salts have been added to the oceans for Salts have been added to the oceans for billions of years by running waters (rivers, billions of years by running waters (rivers, streams) which dissolve various minerals, streams) which dissolve various minerals, and then dump the water into the oceans.and then dump the water into the oceans.

• Also, solid materials come from volcanic Also, solid materials come from volcanic eruptions, hot springs, ocean waves eruptions, hot springs, ocean waves crashing against rockscrashing against rocks

Chock-Full of SolidsChock-Full of Solids

• Salinity- the measure of the amount of Salinity- the measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of water.water.

• Measured in grams (g).Measured in grams (g).• 1 kg (1000 g) of ocean water carries 1 kg (1000 g) of ocean water carries

an average of 35 g of salt (3.5%).an average of 35 g of salt (3.5%).• During the water cycle, fresh water During the water cycle, fresh water

from the ocean is evaporated leaving from the ocean is evaporated leaving only the salts behind.only the salts behind.

Climate Affects SalinityClimate Affects Salinity

• Some parts of the ocean are saltier than Some parts of the ocean are saltier than other parts of the ocean.other parts of the ocean.

• Coastal waters in places with hotter, drier Coastal waters in places with hotter, drier climates have a higher salinity.climates have a higher salinity.

• Coastal waters in places with cooler, more Coastal waters in places with cooler, more humid climates have a lower salinity.humid climates have a lower salinity.

• Main reason: evaporationMain reason: evaporation

• Coastal waters have less salinity because Coastal waters have less salinity because more fresh water from rivers run into the more fresh water from rivers run into the oceans in these areas.oceans in these areas.

Water Movement Affects Water Movement Affects SalinitySalinity

• Some parts of the ocean (bays, seas, Some parts of the ocean (bays, seas, gulfs) move less than other parts.gulfs) move less than other parts.

• Also, some parts of the open ocean Also, some parts of the open ocean that do not have currents run that do not have currents run through them can be slow moving.through them can be slow moving.

• Slower-moving areas of water Slower-moving areas of water develop high salinity.develop high salinity.

Temperate ZonesTemperate Zones

• Temperature of ocean water Temperature of ocean water decreases with depth.decreases with depth.

• Water in the ocean is divided into Water in the ocean is divided into three layers by temperate.three layers by temperate.

• Top layer (surface zone)Top layer (surface zone)

• Middle layer (thermocline zone)Middle layer (thermocline zone)

• Bottom layer (deep zone)Bottom layer (deep zone)

Temperature ChangesTemperature Changes

• Temperature in the surface zones Temperature in the surface zones vary with latitude and the time of the vary with latitude and the time of the year.year.

• Parts of the ocean along the equator Parts of the ocean along the equator are warm because it receives more are warm because it receives more direct sunlight per year than areas direct sunlight per year than areas closer to the poles.closer to the poles.


Ocean water is more dense than Ocean water is more dense than freshwater at the same temperature freshwater at the same temperature because ofbecause of

A. pressure.A. pressure.

B. salinity.B. salinity.

C. the Coriolis effect.C. the Coriolis effect.

D. upwelling.D. upwelling.


The most common substances The most common substances dissolved in ocean water aredissolved in ocean water are

A. sodium and chloride.A. sodium and chloride.

B. potassium and chloride.B. potassium and chloride.

C. potassium and sodium.C. potassium and sodium.

D. calcium and chloride.D. calcium and chloride.


The concentration of all dissolved The concentration of all dissolved substances in seawater is 3.5%. How many substances in seawater is 3.5%. How many grams of dissolved substances are in 200 grams of dissolved substances are in 200 grams of saltwater?grams of saltwater?

A. 3.5A. 3.5

B. 7.0B. 7.0

C. 57C. 57

D. 200D. 200


What is the salinity of saltwater?What is the salinity of saltwater?

As you descend deeper into the ocean As you descend deeper into the ocean temperature _____________ and temperature _____________ and pressure __________.pressure __________.

The two sources of oxygen in ocean The two sources of oxygen in ocean water are __________ and __________. water are __________ and __________.

Exploring the Exploring the OceanOcean

EQ: What are some EQ: What are some features of the ocean features of the ocean floor?floor?

What factors make ocean What factors make ocean floor floor research difficult?research difficult?

• Because of darkness, cold, and extreme Because of darkness, cold, and extreme pressure, scientists had to develop new pressure, scientists had to develop new technology to enable them to study the technology to enable them to study the deep ocean floor.deep ocean floor.

• SONAR stands for SONAR stands for sosound und nnavigation avigation aand nd rranging.anging.

• Oceanographers study the oceans by:Oceanographers study the oceans by:

--sonarsonar

-satellite-satellite

What are some of the features What are some of the features of the ocean floor? of the ocean floor?

• The eight features of the ocean floor are:The eight features of the ocean floor are:– Continental shelfContinental shelf: a gentle sloping, shallow : a gentle sloping, shallow

area of the ocean floor that extends outward area of the ocean floor that extends outward from the edge of the continent.from the edge of the continent.

– Continental slopeContinental slope: marks the true edge of a : marks the true edge of a continent, a steady slope where rock that continent, a steady slope where rock that makes up the continent stops and the rock makes up the continent stops and the rock that makes up the ocean floor begin.that makes up the ocean floor begin.

– SeamountsSeamounts: mountains completely under : mountains completely under water; extinct volcanoeswater; extinct volcanoes

What are some of the features What are some of the features of the ocean floor? of the ocean floor?

– Abyssal plainAbyssal plain: smooth, flat region of the ocean floor: smooth, flat region of the ocean floor– Mid-ocean ridgeMid-ocean ridge: a continuous range of mountains : a continuous range of mountains

that wind around Earth’s ocean floor.that wind around Earth’s ocean floor.– Volcanic IslandVolcanic Island: very tall mountains created by the : very tall mountains created by the

cooling and hardening of erupting volcanoes on the cooling and hardening of erupting volcanoes on the ocean floor.ocean floor.

– Deep-sea TrenchDeep-sea Trench: canyons on the ocean floor that : canyons on the ocean floor that are the deepest spots on Earth.are the deepest spots on Earth.

– GuyotGuyot- flat-top mountain flattened by the action of - flat-top mountain flattened by the action of waveswaves

– SONAR stands for SONAR stands for sosound und nnavigation avigation aand nd rranging. It anging. It is a system that uses sound waves to calculate the is a system that uses sound waves to calculate the distance to an object.distance to an object.


A smooth, nearly flat region of the A smooth, nearly flat region of the ocean floor is call a(n)ocean floor is call a(n)

A. trench.A. trench.

B. mid-ocean ridge.B. mid-ocean ridge.

C. abyssal plain.C. abyssal plain.

D. sea mount.D. sea mount.


Which ocean floor feature makes up Which ocean floor feature makes up the deepest parts of the ocean?the deepest parts of the ocean?

A. abyssal plainA. abyssal plain

B. mid-ocean ridge.B. mid-ocean ridge.

C. deep-sea trench.C. deep-sea trench.

D. sea mountD. sea mount


What three (3) factors make ocean What three (3) factors make ocean floor research difficult?floor research difficult?

1.1.______________

2.2. ____________

3.3. ____________


What are some features of the ocean floor?What are some features of the ocean floor?

1.1.____________________

2.2. ____________________

3.3. ____________________

4.4. ____________________

5.5. ____________________

6.6. ____________________

Lesson 12Lesson 12

Waves, Waves, Currents, and Currents, and

TidesTides

EQ: What causes the ocean to EQ: What causes the ocean to move?move?

WavesWaves

• A wave is a disturbance that transfers A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space.energy through matter or space.

• Wind transfers energy into the sea causing Wind transfers energy into the sea causing waves to occur.waves to occur.

• Undersea earthquakes and landslides can Undersea earthquakes and landslides can also put energy into the water to produce also put energy into the water to produce ocean waves.ocean waves.

WavesWaves

• The size of a wave depends on the amount of The size of a wave depends on the amount of energy that is transferred to the water.energy that is transferred to the water.

• The amount of energy transferred depends on The amount of energy transferred depends on three things:three things:– Wind speedWind speed– Length of time it blowsLength of time it blows– Distance over which it blowsDistance over which it blows

• As each of these factors increase, so does the As each of these factors increase, so does the size of the wave.size of the wave.

Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents

• Winds Winds are responsible for ocean currents.are responsible for ocean currents.

• A A surface currentsurface current is an ocean current that is an ocean current that moves along the top part of an ocean.moves along the top part of an ocean.

• Surface currents are moved by Surface currents are moved by prevailing windsprevailing winds..

• Prevailing winds are winds that blow in Prevailing winds are winds that blow in regular regular directions almost all the time.directions almost all the time.

Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents

• Surface currents can be cold or warm.Surface currents can be cold or warm.

• Those that flow from the poles toward the Those that flow from the poles toward the equator are cold.equator are cold.

• Those that flow from the equator towards Those that flow from the equator towards the poles is warm.the poles is warm.

• The The Gulf Stream is a warm currentGulf Stream is a warm current that flows that flows northward up the east coast of the United northward up the east coast of the United States toward Great Britain and western States toward Great Britain and western Europe.Europe.

TidesTides

• A A tidetide is the rise and fall of the is the rise and fall of the ocean’s surface ocean’s surface caused mostlycaused mostly by by the the gravitationalgravitational pull of pull of the moonthe moon..

• At high tide, the ocean water has At high tide, the ocean water has risen as high as it will go on a shore.risen as high as it will go on a shore.

• At low tide, the ocean water has At low tide, the ocean water has fallen as low as it can go on a shore.fallen as low as it can go on a shore.

TidesTides

• Earth’s rotation on its axis affects which Earth’s rotation on its axis affects which tides will occur at a certain place on Earth.tides will occur at a certain place on Earth.

• High tides occur about every 12 hrsHigh tides occur about every 12 hrs..

• Low tides occur about every 12 hoursLow tides occur about every 12 hours..

• The The time between low tide and high tide is time between low tide and high tide is about 6 hrs.about 6 hrs.


What causes tides but NOY waves and What causes tides but NOY waves and currents?currents?

A. winds and the moon’s gravityA. winds and the moon’s gravity

B. mostly the moon’s gravityB. mostly the moon’s gravity

C. mostly the sun’s gravityC. mostly the sun’s gravity

D. only windsD. only winds


What is the main cause of the Gulf What is the main cause of the Gulf Stream?Stream?

A. stormsA. storms

B. winds that blow now and thenB. winds that blow now and then

C. winds that blow in regular directionsC. winds that blow in regular directions

D. the moon’s gravityD. the moon’s gravity


If the first high tide of the day occurs If the first high tide of the day occurs at 1:00 a.m., the next high tide will at 1:00 a.m., the next high tide will come closest tocome closest to

A. 7:00 a.m.A. 7:00 a.m.

B. 7:00 p.m.B. 7:00 p.m.

C. 1:00 a.m. the next dayC. 1:00 a.m. the next day

D. 1:00 p.m.D. 1:00 p.m.


What is the cause waves and What is the cause waves and currents but NOT tides?currents but NOT tides?

A. windA. wind

B. the moon’s gravityB. the moon’s gravity

C. the sun’s gravityC. the sun’s gravity

D. Earth’s gravityD. Earth’s gravity


What is the cause of most ocean What is the cause of most ocean waves?waves?

A.A. The climateThe climate

B.B. The large ships in the oceanThe large ships in the ocean

C.C. The moonThe moon

D.D. The windThe wind


A wave will increase in height when A wave will increase in height when the distance over which the wind the distance over which the wind blows over the seablows over the sea

A. increases.A. increases.B. decreases.B. decreases.C. stays the same.C. stays the same.D is 0 kilometers.D is 0 kilometers.


The wave will increase in height when The wave will increase in height when the speed of the windthe speed of the wind

A. remains unchanged for a long time.A. remains unchanged for a long time.

B. decreases.B. decreases.

C. increases.C. increases.

D. changes direction.D. changes direction.


Which will produce the highest wave?Which will produce the highest wave?

A. wind speed of 10 km/hA. wind speed of 10 km/h

B. wind speed of 20 km/hB. wind speed of 20 km/h

C. wind speed of 30 km/hC. wind speed of 30 km/h

D. wind speed of 40 km/hD. wind speed of 40 km/h


Which unit of measurement would you Which unit of measurement would you use to express the area of the Atlantic use to express the area of the Atlantic Ocean?Ocean?

A. mA. m

B. kmB. km

C. m²C. m²

D. km² D. km²

Section 13 – 1Section 13 – 1

Wave ActionWave Action

Wave ActionWave Action

How does a wave form?How does a wave form?

How does wavelength How does wavelength and wave height and wave height change as a wave change as a wave enters shallow water?enters shallow water?

How do water particles How do water particles move within a wave?move within a wave?

How Waves FormHow Waves Form

• Most waves form when winds blowing Most waves form when winds blowing across the water’s surface transmit across the water’s surface transmit their energy to the water. their energy to the water.

• Near shore, the wave height Near shore, the wave height increases and the wavelength increases and the wavelength decreases.decreases.

• As the energy in a wave passes, As the energy in a wave passes, water particles move in a circular water particles move in a circular path, ending in their original position.path, ending in their original position.

Describing WavesDescribing Waves

• Crest – highest part of a waveCrest – highest part of a wave• Trough – lowest part of a waveTrough – lowest part of a wave• Wavelength – horizontal distance Wavelength – horizontal distance

between crests or troughsbetween crests or troughs• Wave height – vertical distance from Wave height – vertical distance from

the crest to the troughthe crest to the trough• Frequency – number of waves that Frequency – number of waves that

pass a point in a certain amount of pass a point in a certain amount of timetime

How Waves Change Near How Waves Change Near ShoreShore• In deep waters, waves travel as long, In deep waters, waves travel as long,

low waves called swells.low waves called swells.

• Near shore, the wave height increases Near shore, the wave height increases and the wavelength decreases.and the wavelength decreases.

• When the wave reaches a certain When the wave reaches a certain height, the crest of the wave topples. height, the crest of the wave topples. The wave breaks onto the shore, The wave breaks onto the shore, forming surf.forming surf.

How Waves Affect the ShoreHow Waves Affect the Shore

• Longshore DriftLongshore Drift – movement of sand – movement of sand along the beachalong the beach

• Rip CurrentsRip Currents – a rush of water that – a rush of water that flows rapidly back to sea through a flows rapidly back to sea through a narrow openingnarrow opening

• SandbarSandbar –as waves slow down, they –as waves slow down, they deposit the sand they are carrying on deposit the sand they are carrying on the shallow, underwater slope in a the shallow, underwater slope in a long ridgelong ridge

Reducing Beach ErosionReducing Beach Erosion

• Over time, erosion can wear away a Over time, erosion can wear away a beach beach

• Threatens homes, buildings, propertyThreatens homes, buildings, property

• groingroin – a wall of rocks or concrete to – a wall of rocks or concrete to reduce erosion along a stretch of beachreduce erosion along a stretch of beach

• Building groins can increases the Building groins can increases the amount of erosion father down the amount of erosion father down the beachbeach


What is the cause of most ocean What is the cause of most ocean waves?waves?

A.A. The climateThe climate

B.B. The large ships in the oceanThe large ships in the ocean

C.C. The moonThe moon

D.D. The windThe wind


Rolling waves with a large distance Rolling waves with a large distance between crests have a longbetween crests have a long

A.A. wave heightwave height

B.B. wavelengthwavelength

C.C. frequencyfrequency

D.D. troughtrough


Groins are built to reduce the effect ofGroins are built to reduce the effect of

A.A. tsunamis.tsunamis.

B.B. longshore drift.longshore drift.

C.C. rip currents.rip currents.

D.D. deep currents.deep currents.


Sand is gradually carried down the Sand is gradually carried down the beach by beach by

A.A. groinsgroins

B.B. sandbarssandbars

C.C. crestscrests

D.D. longshore driftlongshore drift

Section 13 - 4Section 13 - 4

Currents and Currents and ClimateClimate

EQ: What forces cause surface EQ: What forces cause surface currents and deep currents?currents and deep currents?

Surface CurrentsSurface Currents

• Surface currentsSurface currents are driven mainly are driven mainly by winds and follow global wind by winds and follow global wind patterns, moving in circular patterns patterns, moving in circular patterns in ocean basins.in ocean basins.

• Surface currents affect water to a Surface currents affect water to a depth of several hundred meters.depth of several hundred meters.

• Coriolis effectCoriolis effect-- the effect of Earth’s the effect of Earth’s rotation on the direction of winds and rotation on the direction of winds and currentscurrents

How Surface Currents Affect How Surface Currents Affect ClimateClimate

• A A surface currentsurface current warms or cools the air warms or cools the air above it, influencing the climate of the above it, influencing the climate of the land near the coast.land near the coast.

• ClimateClimate is the pattern of temperature and is the pattern of temperature and precipitation typical of an area over a long precipitation typical of an area over a long period of time.period of time.

• CurrentsCurrents affect climate by moving cold affect climate by moving cold and warm water around the globe.and warm water around the globe.

• CurrentsCurrents are large streams of moving are large streams of moving water that flow through the oceanswater that flow through the oceans

Deep CurrentsDeep Currents

• Deep currentsDeep currents are caused by are caused by differences in density rather than surface differences in density rather than surface winds.winds.

• Cold waters at the bottom of the ocean Cold waters at the bottom of the ocean creep slowly across the ocean floor.creep slowly across the ocean floor.

• Deep currents move and mix water Deep currents move and mix water around the world.around the world.

• They move much slower than surface They move much slower than surface currents.currents.

UpwellingUpwelling

• Upwelling is the upward movement Upwelling is the upward movement of cold water from the ocean depths.of cold water from the ocean depths.

• As wind blows away the warm As wind blows away the warm surface water, cold water rises to surface water, cold water rises to replace it.replace it.

• Upwelling brings up tiny ocean Upwelling brings up tiny ocean organisms, minerals, and other organisms, minerals, and other nutrients from the deeper layers of nutrients from the deeper layers of the water. the water.

El NiEl Niññoo

• El NiEl Niññoo-- an abnormal climate event that an abnormal climate event that occurs every 2 to 7 years in the Pacific occurs every 2 to 7 years in the Pacific Ocean.Ocean.

• This causes a sheet of warm water to This causes a sheet of warm water to move eastward toward the South move eastward toward the South American coast.American coast.

• El NiEl Niño can last for one to two years ño can last for one to two years before the usual winds and currents before the usual winds and currents return.return.


Winds and currents move in curved Winds and currents move in curved paths because of paths because of

A.A. the Coriolis effect.the Coriolis effect.

B.B. longshore drift.longshore drift.

C.C. wave height.wave height.

D.D. tides.tides.


Currents are caused byCurrents are caused by

A.A. gravitational pull of the moon.gravitational pull of the moon.

B.B. gravitational pull of the sun.gravitational pull of the sun.

C.C. Winds, the earth’s rotation, and Winds, the earth’s rotation, and differences in water density.differences in water density.

D.D. the earth’s rotation.the earth’s rotation.


What causes tides but NOT waves What causes tides but NOT waves and currents?and currents?

A. winds and the moon’s gravityA. winds and the moon’s gravity

B. mostly the moon’s gravityB. mostly the moon’s gravity

C. mostly the sun’s gravityC. mostly the sun’s gravity

D. only windsD. only winds


What is the MAIN cause of the Gulf What is the MAIN cause of the Gulf Stream?Stream?

A. stormsA. storms

B. winds that blow now and thenB. winds that blow now and then

C. winds that blow in regular directionsC. winds that blow in regular directions

D. the moon’s gravityD. the moon’s gravity

Section 13 - 2Section 13 - 2

TidesTides

EQ: What causes tides?EQ: What causes tides?

TidesTides

What causes tides?What causes tides?

How can tides be used to How can tides be used to generate electricity?generate electricity?

Describe the positions of Describe the positions of the sun and the moon, the sun and the moon, in relation to Earth in relation to Earth when spring tides when spring tides occur.occur.

What causes tides?What causes tides?

• Tides are caused by the interaction of Tides are caused by the interaction of Earth, the moon, and the sun.Earth, the moon, and the sun.

• The moon pulls on the water on the side The moon pulls on the water on the side closest to it more strongly than it pulls on closest to it more strongly than it pulls on the center of the Earth.the center of the Earth.

• This pull creates a bulge of water, called a This pull creates a bulge of water, called a tidal bulge, on the side of Earth facing the tidal bulge, on the side of Earth facing the moon.moon.

• The water opposite the moon is pulled The water opposite the moon is pulled toward the moon less strongly than the toward the moon less strongly than the water facing the moon.water facing the moon.

• This water is “left behind,” forming a This water is “left behind,” forming a second bulge.second bulge.

The Daily Tide CycleThe Daily Tide Cycle

• As Earth turns completely around once As Earth turns completely around once each day, people on or near the shore each day, people on or near the shore observe the rise and fall of the tides as observe the rise and fall of the tides as they reach the area of each tidal bulge.they reach the area of each tidal bulge.

• The high tides occur about 12 hrs. and 25 The high tides occur about 12 hrs. and 25 mins. Apart in each location.mins. Apart in each location.

The Monthly Tide CycleThe Monthly Tide Cycle

• Changes in the positions of Earth, the moon, and the Changes in the positions of Earth, the moon, and the sun affect the height of the tides during a month.sun affect the height of the tides during a month.

• Twice a month, at he new moon and the full moon, Twice a month, at he new moon and the full moon, the sun and moon are in a straight line.the sun and moon are in a straight line.

• Their combined gravitational pull produces the Their combined gravitational pull produces the greatest range between high and low tide, called a greatest range between high and low tide, called a spring tidespring tide..

• In between spring tides, at the first and third In between spring tides, at the first and third quarters of the month, the sun and moon pull at right quarters of the month, the sun and moon pull at right angles to each other, producing a angles to each other, producing a neap tideneap tide..

• A neap tide is a tide with the least difference A neap tide is a tide with the least difference between low and high tide.between low and high tide.

• The movement of large amounts of water between The movement of large amounts of water between high and low tide are a source of potential energy—high and low tide are a source of potential energy—energy that is stored and waiting to be used.energy that is stored and waiting to be used.


At the full moon, the combined At the full moon, the combined gravitational pulls of the sun and the gravitational pulls of the sun and the moon produce amoon produce a

A. surface current.A. surface current.

B. neap tide.B. neap tide.

C. spring tide.C. spring tide.

D. rip current.D. rip current.


A tide which water reaches its lowest A tide which water reaches its lowest point on the beach each day is calledpoint on the beach each day is called

A. neap tide.A. neap tide.

B. high tide.B. high tide.


D. low tide.D. low tide.


Tide with the least difference between Tide with the least difference between high and low tide is calledhigh and low tide is called






A tide in which water reaches its highest A tide in which water reaches its highest point on the beach each day is called a point on the beach each day is called a






If the first high tide of the day occurs If the first high tide of the day occurs at 1:00 am, the next high tide will at 1:00 am, the next high tide will come closest tocome closest to

A. 7:00 amA. 7:00 am

B. 1:00 am the next dayB. 1:00 am the next day

C. 7:00 pmC. 7:00 pm

D. 1:00 pmD. 1:00 pm


Tide with the greatest difference Tide with the greatest difference between high and low tide is called a between high and low tide is called a






High tides occur High tides occur

A. once every two days.A. once every two days.

B. once a day.B. once a day.

C. twice a day.C. twice a day.

D. four times a day.D. four times a day.

Water in Earth’s Processes

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