WarmUp #5 • Analyze the map on pg. 256: “Starting Points: Arabia ~550 A.D.” • Answer the “Analyze & Predict” questions. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Objective: Analyze the rise & spread of Islam & its influence on the Crusades, as well as Christianity in the Late Middle Ages.
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WarmUp #5 Analyze the map on pg. 256: “Starting Points: Arabia ~550 A.D.” Answer the “Analyze & Predict” questions. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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WarmUp #5
• Analyze the map on pg. 256: “Starting Points: Arabia ~550 A.D.”
• Answer the “Analyze & Predict” questions.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Objective: Analyze the rise & spread of Islam & its influence on the Crusades, as well as Christianity in the Late Middle Ages.
Arab World
• nomadic people
• polytheistic – believed Abraham built
kaaba at Mecca
• believed in supreme god called Allah
Mohammed 570-632 AD• orphaned, caravan leader (wealthy)• troubled by gap between rich & poor• meditated: visions of the angel, Gabriel
– recorded = Koran (Quran)
• preached in Mecca– people chased him out, so he fled to Medina 622
AD (hijrah)
• converted people in Medina– returned to Mecca with an army & conquered city
630 AD
Muslim Teachings• monotheistic: Allah• holy book: Quran• must follow the 5 Pillars of Islam
– belief: “there is no god but Allah & Mohammed is His messenger…”
– prayer: 5 times a day, facing holy city of Mecca– alms/charity: give to the poor/less fortunate– fasting: dawn to dusk during the holy month of Ramadan– hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca once in life, if able (health/$$$)
• salvation, by following will of Allah
Muslim Teachings• Shariah: strict Islamic
law code
• Sunna: Muhammad’s behavior/teachings– Muslims are not allowed
to gamble, drink alcohol, eat pork, be dishonest etc
Culture of Islam
• Mohammed: last/greatest prophet
• mosques: places of Muslim worship• trade: main activity
– Islam spread through conquest & trade
• initially, women had some rights (~Mohammed’s wife)– over time, they have lost rights
• patriarchal: men could have up to 4 wives
Art, Literature & Architecture
• Quran seen as greatest literature
• architecture is best seen in mosques: Muslim houses of worship– minarets (towers on mosques: calls people to pray)
• not allowed to make human images…so repeated geometric patterns to form arabesques
• palaces: constructed with huge fortifications– borrowed by Europeans for castles
Mosque
Art & Architecture
Preservation of Knowledge
• preserved numerical system from Ancient India
• created algebra & navigational tools
• separated the study of medicine from the other sciences
• Ibn-Khaldun: historian, who saw history as being cyclical (always repeats itself)
After Mohammed’s Death
• no clear successor
• Abu Bakr became caliph – Islamic leader/Mohammed’s successor
• took over Arabian Peninsula (jihad)– conquered Syria, Egypt, old Persian Empire
• Abu Bakr’s death: series of caliphs
Spread of Islam
Umayyad Dynasty: 661-750 AD
Umayyad Dynasty• moved capital to Damascus, Syria• marched across N. Africa & into Europe
– 700 AD: conquered Berbers– 710 AD: crossed Gibraltar into Spain– 725 AD: controlled Spain w/ capital at Cordoba– 732 AD: defeated by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours
(France)
• built the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (on the Temple Mount: site of Solomon’s Temple)
• people felt Umayyads showed excessive favoritism– led to downfall of dynasty
Battle of Tours
Creation of the Islamic Empire
Islamic World
Split in Islam
• Hussein led revolt against Umayyad rulers– outnumbered & defeated but led to split in Islam
– Shiite Muslims• only descendents of Ali: true leaders of Islam (imams)• mostly in Iran & Iraq
– Sunni Muslims:• believe leader should be chosen by council• majority of Muslims worldwide
Seljuk Turks
• conquered eastern Arab world by the 11th Century
• 1055 AD: took over Baghdad & proclaimed their ruler, the sultan: holder of power
• 1071 AD: defeated the Byzantines to take over Asia Minor
ISLAM
Areas where Islam has spread?
the 5Pillars
prophet deity belief in 1 god
holy book followers
Sunni beliefs:
Shiite/Shia beliefs:
Islamic Beliefs/Practices Umayyad Dynasty
Contact with Christians/Europeans Islamic Achievements
Islam & the Early Arab WorldDirections: Fill in the following boxes using your textbook.
Islamic Beliefs/Practices
•following the 5 Pillars of Islam•not drinking•polygamous: having up to 4 wives•women = modest•read the Quran in Arabic
Umayyad Dynasty
•expanded Islam across Northern Africa & into Europe
Contact with Christians/Europeans
•invasion of Constantinople•Crusades in Middle East (Jerusalem)•invasion/occupation of Spain•Battle of Tours (France)
Islamic Achievements
•numerical system of Ancient India•medical knowledge•algebra•navigational tools (astrolabe)
Islam & the early Arab WorldDirections: Put the following terms/people/events in the correct box.
The Crusades
Crusades: 11th-13th Centuries• military expeditions: European Christians (Roman
Catholics) trying to recapture Jerusalem in the Holy Land from the Muslims
• Pope Urban II: saw the Byzantine request for help as his excuse to take power– preached importance of the 1st Crusade: 1095 AD
• most warriors were French…religious zeal, but also wanted wealth, glory, power, bloodlust etc.
• 1st Crusade: 1095-1099 AD…bloody fighting, but the Christians conquer Jerusalem & Antioch
• set up 4 Crusader kingdoms, creating great trade opportunity for Venice, Genoa, etc.
• 2nd Crusade: Muslims rebuilt power, attacked & retook all the land, Christians won in the 1st Crusade
3rd Crusade (~1189 AD)
• European Leaders:– Frederick Barbarossa (Holy Roman Empire)– Richard I (England)– Phillip II (France)
• big problems:– Frederick Barbarossa drowned– Phillip II returned to France– Richard I negotiated peace
• Saladin: Muslim leader…great warrior, who was very merciful– Richard I & Saladin had great respect for one another
3rd Crusade: Acre
Crusades (ctnd.)• 4th Crusade: Pope Innocent III calls for another
crusade, with serious backing of Venetian merchants• instead of helping the Byzantium Empire, the
Crusaders sack Constantinople• Byzantines regained control of city: 1261 AD• Children’s Crusade to Rome…sent home• Effects of Crusades:
– kings took land from knights who did not return– greater trading power to Venice & other Italian
city-states– widespread persecution of Jews in Europe (anti-
Semitism)– extensive knowledge of Muslim culture in Europe
In-Class Assessment
1. Who is the founder of Islam & what city is he from?
2. List the 5 Pillars of Islam.
3. Muslim houses of worship are called _______ & the towers attached are called __________.
4. What were the Crusades?
5. Why were the Crusades controversial when analyzing them from the Christian viewpoint?