Walton

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Walton HIL (Walton Hi-Tech Industries Ltd. ) is the pioneer of Refrigerator, Freezer, and Motorcycle

manufacturing technology in Bangladesh. It is also the manufacturer of Energy Saving Lamp. R. B. Group

(mother company) is the country's top business Group in electrical and electronics, Motorcycle, Electricity

generating equipments and other household electrical & electronics goods using the brand name WALTON

with some other sectors like Textiles, Dairy etc. The company has been running its business with a great

reputation since 1977. Establishment of Walton HIL to manufacture Refrigerator & Freezer, Energy Saving

Lamp and Motorcycle etc. In the country is a milestone in the path of success and reputation of the brand

WALTON.

Walton HIL has introduced first advanced research and manufacture technologies and equipments for

customized commercial and household Refrigerator & Freezer, Motorcycle and Energy Saving Lamp etc. In

Bangladesh. The company desires to provide the latest technology based products with innovative design,

excellent quality and many different models & capacities. In this concern, management of Walton HIL ensures

their commitments for quality at any cost.

WALTON brand main products are different types of Television (CRT, LCD, Plasma etc. ) , HD DVD & DVD

Player, Motorcycle, Refrigerator & Freezer, Microwave Oven, Steam Oven, Domestic and Industrial Generator,

Washing Machine, Wrist-Watch, Manganese & Alkaline Battery, Energy Saving Lamp, Power Tiller, Air-

conditioner and various types of necessary and useful home appliances.

Walton HIL is furnished with strong Research & Development (R& D) Division comprising of a team of

dedicated skilled engineers & technical personnel. It is fully equipped industrial set-up with annual production

target of 0. 6 million Refrigerator, 0. 108 million Motorcycle & 6 million Energy Saving Lamp. The Industry has

its own Mold & Die making section where high precision molds are produced with the help of state-of the art

CNC, Wire-Cut, EDM etc. Machines. The company has three Poly Urethane Foaming Plants, three

Thermoforming (Vacuum forming) Units, highly equipped Metal Forming Units with Powder Coating, Nickel-

Chrome Plant & Die-Casting Section, Robot operated Injection Plastic Molding Plant, highly equipped Test Lab,

Printing & Packaging Section etc.

Walton HIL always emphasizes on supreme priority in achieving customer satisfaction. The company always

ensures product quality and renders the innovative latest technologies in its products. It has a complete

experienced professional engineering team combined with both home and abroad to serve the valued

customers.

Company Profile

Basic Information

Company Name: walton hi-tech industries ltd. 

Business Type: Manufacturer, Trading Company  

Product/Service

(We Sell):Refrrigerator, Freezer, Motorcycle  

Product/Service

(We Buy):Refrigerator, Freezer, Motorcycle  

Address: 10, Dilkusha C / A Dhaka 1000  

Brands: Walton  

Number of Employees: Above 1000 People  

Company Website URL: http://www.waltonbd.com

Ownership & CapitalYear Established: 2006  

Registered Capital: US$10 Million - US$50 Million

Ownership Type: Corporation/Limited Liability Company

Legal Representative/Business Owner: Walton Hi-Tech Industries Limited  

Trade & Market

Main Markets:

Eastern Europe

Africa

Oceania

Mid East

Eastern Asia

Western Europe

Total Annual Sales Volume: US$5 Million - US$10 Million  

Export Percentage: 91% - 100%  

Total Annual Purchase

Volume:US$5 Million - US$10 Million  

Factory InformationFactory Size: 50,000-100,000 square meters  

QA/QC: No  

No. of Production Lines: Above 10  

No. of R&D Staff: 41 - 50 People  

No. of QC Staff: 51 - 60 People  

Contract Manufacturing: OEM Service Offered   Buyer Label Offered  

Walton in Bangladesh is now in the topmost market share holder under the banner of R. B. Group. Walton products like Color Television, Refrigerator, Freezer, Air conditioner, Washing Machine, Microwave Oven, DVD, Motorcycle, Generator, Diesel Engine, Pick-up Van, Mini Truck, Covered Van, Power-tiller, Manganese/Alkaline Battery, Energy Saving Lamp, Wrist-Watch and various Kind of small home appliances such as Fan, Iron, Toaster, Sandwich Maker etc. have been enjoying substantial robust growth rate with maximum varieties of products since its kick off. Walton generally pioneer to launch newest technologies and style in its products line as ever innovative policy.HEAD OFFICE: Jiban Bima Bhaban, 10, Dilkusha C/A, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh PHONE: +88-02-9571634-6, 7171184-5, 7170271-2, 9554045, 9555890 FAX: +88-02-9572057, 9551577

URL: http://www.waltonbd.com/

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Posted: 10 October, 2009 18:54

Site Title: Welcome to Walton

Site Desc:

Walton in Bangladesh is now in the topmost market share holder under the banner of R. B. Group. Walton products like Color Television, Refrigerator, Freezer, Air conditioner, Washing Machine, Microwave Oven, DVD, Motorcycle, Generator, Diesel Engine, Pick-up Van, Mini Truck, Covered Van, Power-tiller, Manganese/Alkaline Battery, Energy Saving Lamp, Wrist-Watch and various Kind of small home appliances such as Fan, Iron, Toaster, Sandwich Maker etc. have been enjoying substantial robust growth rate with maximum varieties of products since its kick off. Walton generally pioneer to launch newest technologies and style in its products line as ever innovative policy.HEAD OFFICE: Jiban Bima Bhaban, 10, Dilkusha C/A, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh PHONE: +88-02-9571634-6, 7171184-5, 7170271-2, 9554045, 9555890 FAX: +88-02-9572057, 9551577

Category: Business and Economy / Electronics

WALTON Hi-Tech Industries Ltd.

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WALTON Hi-Tech Industries Ltd. Bangladesh

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Welcome to

WALTON Hi-Tech Industries Ltd.

http://waltonbd.itrademarket.com

We would like to introduce ourselves as the first Refrigerator and freezer manufacturer Company in Bangladesh named WALTON HI-TECH INDUSTRIES LIMITED ( Walton HIL) . It is considering first ever complete Refrigerator production unit in Bangladesh. This company desires to provide the latest technology based products with innovative design, excellent quality and different type of models as per expectation of customers. OEM and ODM are available.

Walton HIL starts its operation from April, 2006. Factory space area is around 600, 000 Sq. ft. where lots of local and foreign expert engineers are working to produce quality products. Refrigerator and Freezer production capacity of this factory is about 0.6 million units per year.

You may click the "Company Info" and "Contact Us" to browse and see other informations of WALTON Hi-Tech Industries Ltd.'s website.

Company Profile

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   Registration Date: Jun. 14, 2008

   Last Updated: Jun. 14, 2008

Company Contact

   Name: Mr. Anwar Hossain [Marketing]

   E-mail: Send Message

   Homepage: http://www.waltonbd.com   

   Mobile Number: 008801715121980

   Phone Number: 008802-9571634

   Fax Number: 008802-9572057

   Address: 10 Dilkusha Commercial Area.MotijheelDhaka 1000, dhakaBangladesh

Business Nature: Manufacturing, Trade of Electronics & Electrical category

Company Brief

We would like to introduce ourselves as the first Refrigerator and freezer manufacturer Company in Bangladesh named WALTON HI-TECH INDUSTRIES LIMITED ( Walton HIL) . It is considering first ever complete Refrigerator production unit in Bangladesh. This company desires to provide the latest technology based products with innovative design, excellent quality and different type of models as per expectation of customers. OEM and ODM are available.

Walton HIL starts its operation from April, 2006. Factory space area is around 600, 000 Sq. ft. where lots of local and foreign expert engineers are working to produce quality products. Refrigerator and Freezer

production capacity of this factory is about 0.6 million units per year.

Companies softwere:- Yes the company use various types of softwere

German envoy hails WaltonBusiness Report

German Ambassador to Bangladesh Holger Michael visited the Walton Hi-tech Industries at Chandra of Kaliakoir in Gazipur on Tuesday and expressed satisfaction over the world standard manufacturing facility of the plant. Hyoungsoon Moon, Vice President, Polyurethane Systems Asia Pacific, BASF East Asia Regional HQ Ltd, Saria Sadique, Chairman and Managing Director of BASF Bangladesh Ltd., S.M. Ashraful Alam, Managing Director of Walton Hi-tech Industries Limited, Director S.M. Mahbubul Alam and other senior officials, accompanied the ambassador.

After visit, the ambassador said: "It is a matter of proud that such kind of heavy factory has been established in Bangladesh and it help create a positive role in building good image of Bangladesh in the foreign countries".

He hoped that Bangladesh would emerge as one of the refrigerator, fridger and motorcycle exporting countries in the world and through exporting the items Bangladesh would earn huge foreign currency in the coming days".

Germany provides scholarship to 100 Bangladeshi students every year to be experts in technology, and in future the country will increase the number of scholarship for Bangladesh, the German ambassador mentioned.

Holger Michael also assured of all kind of technological and other supports from him and his government for boosting industries in Bangladesh.

Bangladesh and Germany have huge opportunities for cooperation in different fields like trade, education and culture, he pointed out.

The ambassador went round the factory which is set up on 20 acres of land at Chandra in Gazipur, outskirts of the capital Dhaka.

The ambassador also exchanged views with the workers of the factory and expressed satisfaction over the good working environment in the factory.

Hyoungsoon Moon said: "BASF is proud for working with the Walton in Bangladesh and we will bring more experts to improve the quality of products that will be manufactured in the factory if it is necessary".

He also hoped that Walton would emerge one of the international companies very soon.

S.M. Ashraful Alam, Managing Director of Walton Hi-tech Industries Limited said: "We have also a plan to invest in motion engineering, micro electronics and auto mobile industries in future and we have signed some deals with BASF with a view to expanding business"

Director of Walton Hi-tech Industries Ltd Mahbubul Alam said: "RB Group through its another sister concern-Walton Microtech Corporation-within December this year is going to launch marketing of locally produced

IDLC celebrates Silver Jubilee

Business Report

IDLC Finance Ltd. recently celebrated the silver jubilee of its operations in Bangladesh with a corporate night at a local hotel on Saturday. Dr. Atiur Rahman, Governor of Bangladesh Bank attended the function as chief guest. Numerous other dignitaries, diplomats, senior officials from the financial sector and corporate houses also attended.

Dr. Atiur Rahman in his speech congratulated IDLC on their silver jubilee. He also requested that all NBFI's continue to focus on liquidity and capital management and improved risk management to ensure the stability of the sector.

In observing silver jubilee, IDLC announced they would henceforth meet the internationally accepted environmental standards in all their operations and would also ensure their environment-friendly business partnerships.

Definitions of SQL Server on the Web:

SQL Server (ISSN-1522-2187) is a trade publication and web site owned by Penton Media serving the information needs of IT Professionals in various fields including data processing, computer related consulting and many other areas.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_Server_(magazine)

MSSQL Server is a relational database server software produced by Microsoft.wiki.gogrid.com/wiki/index.php/Glossary_of_Terms

A Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS) from Sybase Corporation. SQL Server was designed for client/server use and is accessed by applications using SQL. It runs on OS/2, Windows NT, NetWare servers, VAXen, and UNIX workstations.www.ebtco.com/english/support/glossary/index.php

A structured query language server, such as Microsoft's RDBMS. SQL Server is used to interact with a database. Recently, it has been widely used in Web applications involving a database back-end.ssuet.edu.pk/taimoor/books/1-57521-115-7/ch55.htm

A third-party, relational database management system from Microsoft that can be used to store and manage the West km databases.help.westkm.com/server400/shared/glossary.asp

Microsoft SQL ServerFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Microsoft SQL Server

Developer(s) Microsoft

Development status Active

Written in C, C++, C#

Operating system Microsoft Windows

Available in Multi-lingual

Type RDBMS

License Microsoft EULA

Website www.microsoft.com/sqlserver

Microsoft SQL Server is a relational model database server produced by Microsoft. Its primary query languages are T-SQL and ANSI SQL.

Contents[hide]

1 History o 1.1 Genesis

o 1.2 SQL Server 2005

o 1.3 SQL Server 2008

o 1.4 SQL Server 2008 R2

2 Editions

3 Architecture

o 3.1 Protocol layer

4 Data storage

o 4.1 Buffer management

o 4.2 Logging and Transaction

o 4.3 Concurrency and locking

5 Data retrieval

o 5.1 SQL CLR

6 Services

o 6.1 Service Broker

o 6.2 Replication Services

o 6.3 Analysis Services

o 6.4 Reporting Services

o 6.5 Notification Services

o 6.6 Integration Services

o 6.7 Full Text Search Service

7 Tools

o 7.1 SQLCMD

o 7.2 Visual Studio

o 7.3 SQL Server Management Studio

o 7.4 Business Intelligence Development Studio

8 Programmability

o 8.1 T-SQL

o 8.2 SQL Native Client

9 See also

10 References

11 External links

[edit] History

[edit] GenesisSQL Server Release History

Version Year Release Name Codename

1.0(OS/2)

1989SQL Server 1.0(16bit)

-

1.1(OS/2)

1991SQL Server 1.1(16bit)

-

4.21(WinNT)

1993 SQL Server 4.21 SQLNT

6.0 1995 SQL Server 6.0 SQL95

6.5 1996 SQL Server 6.5 Hydra

7.0 1998 SQL Server 7.0 Sphinx

- 1999SQL Server 7.0OLAP Tools

Plato

8.0 2000 SQL Server 2000 Shiloh

8.0 2003SQL Server 200064-bit Edition

Liberty

9.0 2005 SQL Server 2005 Yukon

10.0 2008 SQL Server 2008 Katmai

10.5 2010 SQL Server 2008 R2 Kilimanjaro (aka KJ)

The code base for MS SQL Server (prior to version 7.0) originated in Sybase SQL Server, and was Microsoft's entry to the enterprise-level database market, competing against Oracle, IBM, and, later, Sybase. Microsoft, Sybase and Ashton-Tate originally teamed up to create and market the first version named SQL Server 1.0 for OS/2 (about 1989) which was essentially the same as Sybase SQL Server 3.0 on Unix, VMS, etc. Microsoft SQL Server 4.2 was shipped around 1992 (available bundled with IBM OS/2 version 1.3). Later Microsoft SQL Server 4.21 for Windows NT was released at the same time as Windows NT 3.1. Microsoft SQL Server v6.0 was the first version designed for NT, and did not include any direction from Sybase.

About the time Windows NT was released, Sybase and Microsoft parted ways and each pursued their own design and marketing schemes. Microsoft negotiated exclusive rights to all versions of SQL Server written for Microsoft operating systems. Later, Sybase changed the name of its product to Adaptive Server Enterprise to avoid confusion with Microsoft SQL Server. Until 1994, Microsoft's SQL Server carried three Sybase copyright notices as an indication of its origin.

Since parting ways, several revisions have been done independently. SQL Server 7.0 was a rewrite from the legacy Sybase code. It was succeeded by SQL Server 2000, which was the first edition to be launched in a variant for the IA-64 architecture.

In the ten years since release of Microsoft's previous SQL Server product (SQL Server 2000), advancements have been made in performance, the client IDE tools, and several complementary systems that are packaged with SQL Server 2005. These include: an ETL tool (SQL Server Integration Services or SSIS), a Reporting Server, an OLAP and data mining server (Analysis Services), and several messaging technologies, specifically Service Broker and Notification Services.

[edit] SQL Server 2005SQL Server 2005 (codenamed Yukon), released in October 2005, is the successor to SQL Server 2000. It included native support for managing XML data, in addition to relational data. For this purpose, it defined an xml data type that could be used either as a data type in database columns or as literals in queries. XML columns can be associated with XSD schemas; XML data being stored is verified against the schema. XML is converted to an internal binary data type before being stored in the database. Specialized indexing methods were made available for XML data. XML data is queried using XQuery; Common Language Runtime (CLR) integration was a main features with this edition, enabling one to write SQL code as Managed Code by the CLR. SQL Server 2005 added some extensions to the T-SQL language to allow embedding XQuery queries in T-SQL. In addition, it also defines a new extension to XQuery, called XML DML, that allows query-based modifications to XML data. SQL Server 2005 also allows a database server to be exposed over web services using TDS packets encapsulated within SOAP (protocol) requests. When the data is accessed over web services, results are returned as XML.[1]

For relational data, T-SQL has been augmented with error handling features (try/catch) and support for recursive queries with CTEs (Common Table Expressions). SQL Server 2005 has also been enhanced with new indexing algorithms, syntax and better error recovery systems. Data pages are checksummed for better error resiliency, and optimistic concurrency support has been added for better performance. Permissions and access control have been made more

granular and the query processor handles concurrent execution of queries in a more efficient way. Partitions on tables and indexes are supported natively, so scaling out a database onto a cluster is easier. SQL CLR was introduced with SQL Server 2005 to let it integrate with the .NET Framework.[2]

SQL Server 2005 introduced "MARS" (Multiple Active Results Sets), a method of allowing usage of database connections for multiple purposes.[3]

SQL Server 2005 introduced DMVs (Dynamic Management Views), which are specialized views and functions that return server state information that can be used to monitor the health of a server instance, diagnose problems, and tune performance.[4]

SQL Server 2005 introduced Database Mirroring, but it was not fully supported until the first Service Pack release (SP1). In the initial release (RTM) of SQL Server 2005, database mirroring was available, but unsupported. In order to implement database mirroring in the RTM version, you had to apply trace flag 1400 at startup.[5] Database mirroring is a high availability option that provides redundancy and failover capabilities at the database level. Failover can be performed manually or can be configured for automatic failover. Automatic failover requires a witness partner and an operating mode of synchronous (also known as high-safety or full safety).[6]

[edit] SQL Server 2008This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. The talk page may contain suggestions. (April 2009)

The current version of SQL Server, SQL Server 2008,[7][8] was released (RTM) on August 6, 2008[9] and aims to make data management self-tuning, self organizing, and self maintaining with the development of SQL Server Always On technologies, to provide near-zero downtime. SQL Server 2008 also includes support for structured and semi-structured data, including digital media formats for pictures, audio, video and other multimedia data. In current versions, such multimedia data can be stored as BLOBs (binary large objects), but they are generic bitstreams. Intrinsic awareness of multimedia data will allow specialized functions to be performed on them. According to Paul Flessner, senior Vice President, Server Applications, Microsoft Corp., SQL Server 2008 can be a data storage backend for different varieties of data: XML, email, time/calendar, file, document, spatial, etc as well as perform search, query, analysis, sharing, and synchronization across all data types.[8]

Other new data types include specialized date and time types and a Spatial data type for location-dependent data.[10] Better support for unstructured and semi-structured data is provided using the new FILESTREAM[11] data type, which can be used to reference any file stored on the file system.[12] Structured data and metadata about the file is stored in SQL Server database, whereas the unstructured component is stored in the file system. Such files can be accessed both via Win32 file handling APIs as well as via SQL Server using T-SQL; doing the latter accesses the file data as a BLOB. Backing up and restoring the database backs up or restores the referenced files as well.[13] SQL Server 2008 also natively supports hierarchical data, and includes T-SQL constructs to directly deal with them, without using recursive queries.[13]

The Full-Text Search functionality has been integrated with the database engine. According to a

Microsoft technical article, this simplifies management and improves performance.[14]

Spatial data will be stored in two types. A "Flat Earth" (GEOMETRY or planar) data type represents geospatial data which has been projected from its native, spherical, coordinate system into a plane. A "Round Earth" data type (GEOGRAPHY) uses an ellipsoidal model in which the Earth is defined as a single continuous entity which does not suffer from the singularities such as the international dateline, poles, or map projection zone "edges". Approximately 70 methods are available to represent spatial operations for the Open Geospatial Consortium Simple Features for SQL, Version 1.1.[15]

SQL Server includes better compression features, which also helps in improving scalability.[16] It enhanced the indexing algorithms and introduced the notion of filtered indexes. It also includes Resource Governor that allows reserving resources for certain users or workflows. It also includes capabilities for transparent encryption of data (TDE) as well as compression of backups.[11] SQL Server 2008 supports the ADO.NET Entity Framework and the reporting tools, replication, and data definition will be built around the Entity Data Model.[17] SQL Server Reporting Services will gain charting capabilities from the integration of the data visualization products from Dundas Data Visualization Inc., which was acquired by Microsoft.[18] On the management side, SQL Server 2008 includes the Declarative Management Framework which allows configuring policies and constraints, on the entire database or certain tables, declaratively.[10] The version of SQL Server Management Studio included with SQL Server 2008 supports IntelliSense for SQL queries against a SQL Server 2008 Database Engine.[19] SQL Server 2008 also makes the databases available via Windows PowerShell providers and management functionality available as Cmdlets, so that the server and all the running instances can be managed from Windows PowerShell.[20]

[edit] SQL Server 2008 R2SQL Server 2008 R2 (formerly codenamed SQL Server "Kilimanjaro") was announced at TechEd 2009, and was released to manufacturing on April 21, 2010.[21] SQL Server 2008 R2 adds certain features to SQL Server 2008 including a master data management system branded as Master Data Services, a central management of master data entities and hierarchies. Also Multi Server Management, a centralized console to manage multiple SQL Server 2008 instances and services including relational databases, Reporting Services, Analysis Services & Integration Services.[22]

SQL Server 2008 R2 includes a number of new services,[23] including PowerPivot for Excel and SharePoint, Master Data Services, StreamInsight, ReportBuilder 3.0, Reporting Services Add-in for SharePoint, a Data-tier function in Visual Studio that enables packaging of tiered databases as part of an application, and a SQL Server Utility named UC (Utility Control Point), part of AMSM (Application and Multi-Server Management) that is used to manage multiple SQL Servers.[24]

[edit] EditionsMicrosoft makes SQL Server available in multiple editions, with different feature sets and targeting different users. These editions are:[25][26]

SQL Server Compact Edition (SQL CE)

The compact edition is an embedded database engine. Unlike the other editions of SQL Server, the SQL CE engine is based on SQL Mobile (initially designed for use with hand-held devices) and does not share the same binaries. Due to its small size (1MB DLL footprint), it has a markedly reduced feature set compared to the other editions. For example, it supports a subset of the standard data types, does not support stored procedures or Views or multiple-statement batches (among other limitations). It is limited to 4GB maximum database size and cannot be run as a Windows service, Compact Edition must be hosted by the application using it. The 3.5 version includes considerable work that supports ADO.NET Synchronization Services.

SQL Server Datacenter Edition

SQL Server Developer Edition

SQL Server Developer Edition includes the same features as SQL Server Enterprise Edition, but is limited by the license to be only used as a development and test system, and not as production server. This edition is available to download by students free of charge as a part of Microsoft's DreamSpark program.

SQL Server 2005 Embedded Edition (SSEE)

SQL Server 2005 Embedded Edition is a specially configured named instance of the SQL Server Express database engine which can be accessed only by certain Windows Services.

SQL Server Enterprise Edition

SQL Server Enterprise Edition is the full-featured edition of SQL Server, including both the core database engine and add-on services, while including a range of tools for creating and managing a SQL Server cluster.

SQL Server Evaluation Edition

SQL Server Evaluation Edition, also known as the Trial Edition, has all the features of the Enterprise Edition, but is limited to 180 days, after which the tools will continue to run, but the server services will stop.[27]

SQL Server Express Edition

SQL Server Express Edition is a scaled down, free edition of SQL Server, which includes the core database engine. While there are no limitations on the number of databases or users supported, it is limited to using one processor, 1 GB memory and 4 GB database files (10 GB database files from SQL Server Express 2008 R2[28]). The entire database is stored in a single .mdf file, and thus making it suitable for XCOPY deployment. It is intended as a replacement for MSDE. Two additional editions provide a superset of features not in the original Express Edition. The first is SQL Server Express with Tools, which includes SQL Server Management Studio Basic. SQL Server Express with Advanced Services adds full-text search capability and reporting

services.[29]

SQL Server Fast Track

SQL Server Fast Track is specifically for enterprise-scale data warehousing storage and business intelligence processing, and runs on reference-architecture hardware that is optimized for Fast Track.[30]

SQL Server Standard Edition

SQL Server Standard edition includes the core database engine, along with the stand-alone services. It differs from Enterprise edition in that it supports fewer active instances (number of nodes in a cluster) and does not include some high-availability functions such as hot-add memory (allowing memory to be added while the server is still running), and parallel indexes.

SQL Server Web Edition

SQL Server Web Edition is a low-TCO option for Web hosting.

SQL Server Workgroup Edition

SQL Server Workgroup Edition includes the core database functionality but does not include the additional services.

[edit] Architecture

[edit] Protocol layerProtocol layer implements the external interface to SQL Server. All operations that can be invoked on SQL Server are communicated to it via a Microsoft-defined format, called Tabular Data Stream (TDS). TDS is an application layer protocol, used to transfer data between a database server and a client. Initially designed and developed by Sybase Inc. for their Sybase SQL Server relational database engine in 1984, and later by Microsoft in Microsoft SQL Server, TDS packets can be encased in other physical transport dependent protocols, including TCP/IP, Named pipes, and Shared memory. Consequently, access to SQL Server is available over these protocols. In addition, the SQL Server API is also exposed over web services.[26]

[edit] Data storageThe main unit of data storage is a database, which is a collection of tables with typed columns. SQL Server supports different data types, including primary types such as Integer, Float, Decimal, Char (including character strings), Varchar (variable length character strings), binary (for unstructured blobs of data), Text (for textual data) among others. The rounding of floats to integers uses either Symmetric Arithmetic Rounding or Symmetric Round Down (Fix) depending on arguments: SELECT Round(2.5, 0) gives 3.

Microsoft SQL Server also allows user-defined composite types (UDTs) to be defined and used. It also makes server statistics available as virtual tables and views (called Dynamic Management Views or DMVs). In addition to tables, a database can also contain other objects including

views, stored procedures, indexes and constraints, along with a transaction log. A SQL Server database can contain a maximum of 231 objects, and can span multiple OS-level files with a maximum file size of 220 TB.[26] The data in the database are stored in primary data files with an extension .mdf. Secondary data files, identified with a .ndf extension, are used to store optional metadata. Log files are identified with the .ldf extension.[26]

Storage space allocated to a database is divided into sequentially numbered pages, each 8 KB in size. A page is the basic unit of I/O for SQL Server operations. A page is marked with a 96-byte header which stores metadata about the page including the page number, page type, free space on the page and the ID of the object that owns it. Page type defines the data contained in the page - data stored in the database, index, allocation map which holds information about how pages are allocated to tables and indexes, change map which holds information about the changes made to other pages since last backup or logging, or contain large data types such as image or text. While page is the basic unit of an I/O operation, space is actually managed in terms of an extent which consists of 8 pages. A database object can either span all 8 pages in an extent ("uniform extent") or share an extent with up to 7 more objects ("mixed extent"). A row in a database table cannot span more than one page, so is limited to 8 KB in size. However, if the data exceeds 8 KB and the row contains Varchar or Varbinary data, the data in those columns are moved to a new page (or possibly a sequence of pages, called an Allocation unit) and replaced with a pointer to the data.[31]

For physical storage of a table, its rows are divided into a series of partitions (numbered 1 to n). The partition size is user defined; by default all rows are in a single partition. A table is split into multiple partitions in order to spread a database over a cluster. Rows in each partition are stored in either B-tree or heap structure. If the table has an associated index to allow fast retrieval of rows, the rows are stored in-order according to their index values, with a B-tree providing the index. The data is in the leaf node of the leaves, and other nodes storing the index values for the leaf data reachable from the respective nodes. If the index is non-clustered, the rows are not sorted according to the index keys. An indexed view has the same storage structure as an indexed table. A table without an index is stored in an unordered heap structure. Both heaps and B-trees can span multiple allocation units.[32]

[edit] Buffer managementSQL Server buffers pages in RAM to minimize disc I/O. Any 8 KB page can be buffered in-memory, and the set of all pages currently buffered is called the buffer cache. The amount of memory available to SQL Server decides how many pages will be cached in memory. The buffer cache is managed by the Buffer Manager. Either reading from or writing to any page copies it to the buffer cache. Subsequent reads or writes are redirected to the in-memory copy, rather than the on-disc version. The page is updated on the disc by the Buffer Manager only if the in-memory cache has not been referenced for some time. While writing pages back to disc, asynchronous I/O is used whereby the I/O operation is done in a background thread so that other operations do not have to wait for the I/O operation to complete. Each page is written along with its checksum when it is written. When reading the page back, its checksum is computed again and matched with the stored version to ensure the page has not been damaged or tampered with in the meantime.[33]

[edit] Logging and Transaction

SQL Server ensures that any change to the data is ACID-compliant, i.e. it uses transactions to ensure that the database will always revert to a known consistent state on failure. Each transaction may consist of multiple SQL statements all of which will only make a permanent change to the database if the last statement in the transaction (a COMMIT statement) completes successfully. If the COMMIT successfully completes the transaction is safely on disk.

SQL Server implements transactions using a write-ahead log.

Any changes made to any page will update the in-memory cache of the page, simultaneously all the operations performed will be written to a log, along with the transaction ID which the operation was a part of. Each log entry is identified by an increasing Log Sequence Number (LSN) which is used to ensure that all changes are written to the data files. Also during a log restore it is used to check that no logs are duplicated or skipped. SQL Server requires that the log is written onto the disc before the data page is written back. It must also ensure that all operations in a transaction are written to the log before any COMMIT operation is reported as completed.

At a later point the server will checkpoint the database and ensure that all pages in the data files have the state of their contents synchronised to a point at or after the LSN that the checkpoint started. When completed the checkpoint marks that portion of the log file as complete and may free it (see Simple transaction logging vs Full transaction logging). This enables SQL Server to ensure integrity of the data, even if the system fails.

On failure the database log has to be replayed to ensure the data files are in a consistent state. All pages stored in the roll forward part of the log (not marked as completed) are rewritten to the database, when the end of the log is reached all open transactions are rolled back using the roll back portion of the log file.

The database engine usually checkpoints quite frequently, however in a heavily loaded database this can have a significant performance impact. It is possible to reduce the frequency of checkpoints or disable them completely but the rollforward during a recovery will take much longer

[edit] Concurrency and lockingSQL Server allows multiple clients to use the same database concurrently. As such, it needs to control concurrent access to shared data, to ensure data integrity - when multiple clients update the same data, or clients attempt to read data that is in the process of being changed by another client. SQL Server provides two modes of concurrency control: pessimistic concurrency and optimistic concurrency. When pessimistic concurrency control is being used, SQL Server controls concurrent access by using locks. Locks can be either shared or exclusive. Exclusive lock grants the user exclusive access to the data - no other user can access the data as long as the lock is held. Shared locks are used when some data is being read - multiple users can read from data locked with a shared lock, but not acquire an exclusive lock. The latter would have to wait for all shared locks to be released. Locks can be applied on different levels of granularity - on entire tables, pages, or even on a per-row basis on tables. For indexes, it can either be on the entire index or on index leaves. The level of granularity to be used is defined on a per-database basis by the database administrator. While a fine grained locking system allows more users to

use the table or index simultaneously, it requires more resources. So it does not automatically turn into higher performing solution. SQL Server also includes two more lightweight mutual exclusion solutions - latches and spinlocks - which are less robust than locks but are less resource intensive. SQL Server uses them for DMVs and other resources that are usually not busy. SQL Server also monitors all worker threads that acquire locks to ensure that they do not end up in deadlocks - in case they do, SQL Server takes remedial measures, which in many cases is to kill one of the threads entangled in a deadlock and rollback the transaction it started.[26] To implement locking, SQL Server contains the Lock Manager. The Lock Manager maintains an in-memory table that manages the database objects and locks, if any, on them along with other metadata about the lock. Access to any shared object is mediated by the lock manager, which either grants access to the resource or blocks it.

SQL Server also provides the optimistic concurrency control mechanism, which is similar to the multiversion concurrency control used in other databases. The mechanism allows a new version of a row to be created whenever the row is updated, as opposed to overwriting the row, i.e., a row is additionally identified by the ID of the transaction that created the version of the row. Both the old as well as the new versions of the row are stored and maintained, though the old versions are moved out of the database into a system database identified as Tempdb. When a row is in the process of being updated, any other requests are not blocked (unlike locking) but are executed on the older version of the row. If the other request is an update statement, it will result in two different versions of the rows - both of them will be stored by the database, identified by their respective transaction IDs.[26]

[edit] Data retrievalThe main mode of retrieving data from an SQL Server database is querying for it. The query is expressed using a variant of SQL called T-SQL, a dialect Microsoft SQL Server shares with Sybase SQL Server due to its legacy. The query declaratively specifies what is to be retrieved. It is processed by the query processor, which figures out the sequence of steps that will be necessary to retrieve the requested data. The sequence of actions necessary to execute a query is called a query plan. There might be multiple ways to process the same query. For example, for a query that contains a join statement and a select statement, executing join on both the tables and then executing select on the results would give the same result as selecting from each table and then executing the join, but result in different execution plans. In such case, SQL Server chooses the plan that is expected to yield the results in the shortest possible time. This is called query optimization and is performed by the query processor itself.[26]

SQL Server includes a cost-based query optimizer which tries to optimize on the cost, in terms of the resources it will take to execute the query. Given a query, the query optimizer looks at the database schema, the database statistics and the system load at that time. It then decides which sequence to access the tables referred in the query, which sequence to execute the operations and what access method to be used to access the tables. For example, if the table has an associated index, whether the index should be used or not - if the index is on a column which is not unique for most of the columns (low "selectivity"), it might not be worthwhile to use the index to access the data. Finally, it decides whether to execute the query concurrently or not. While a concurrent execution is more costly in terms of total processor time, because the execution is actually split to different processors might mean it will execute faster. Once a query plan is generated for a

query, it is temporarily cached. For further invocations of the same query, the cached plan is used. Unused plans are discarded after some time.[26][34]

SQL Server also allows stored procedures to be defined. Stored procedures are parameterized T-SQL queries, that are stored in the server itself (and not issued by the client application as is the case with general queries). Stored procedures can accept values sent by the client as input parameters, and send back results as output parameters. They can call defined functions, and other stored procedures, including the same stored procedure (up to a set number of times). They can be selectively provided access to. Unlike other queries, stored procedures have an associated name, which is used at runtime to resolve into the actual queries. Also because the code need not be sent from the client every time (as it can be accessed by name), it reduces network traffic and somewhat improves performance.[35] Execution plans for stored procedures are also cached as necessary.

[edit] SQL CLRMain article: SQL CLR

Microsoft SQL Server 2005 includes a component named SQL CLR ("Common Language Runtime") via which it integrates with .NET Framework. Unlike most other applications that use .NET Framework, SQL Server itself hosts the .NET Framework runtime, i.e., memory, threading and resource management requirements of .NET Framework are satisfied by SQLOS itself, rather than the underlying Windows operating system. SQLOS provides deadlock detection and resolution services for .NET code as well. With SQL CLR, stored procedures and triggers can be written in any managed .NET language, including C# and VB.NET. Managed code can also be used to define UDT's (user defined types), which can persist in the database. Managed code is compiled to .NET assemblies and after being verified for type safety, registered at the database. After that, they can be invoked like any other procedure.[36] However, only a subset of the Base Class Library is available, when running code under SQL CLR. Most APIs relating to user interface functionality are not available.[36]

When writing code for SQL CLR, data stored in SQL Server databases can be accessed using the ADO.NET APIs like any other managed application that accesses SQL Server data. However, doing that creates a new database session, different from the one in which the code is executing. To avoid this, SQL Server provides some enhancements to the ADO.NET provider that allows the connection to be redirected to the same session which already hosts the running code. Such connections are called context connections and are set by setting context connection parameter to true in the connection string. SQL Server also provides several other enhancements to the ADO.NET API, including classes to work with tabular data or a single row of data as well as classes to work with internal metadata about the data stored in the database. It also provides access to the XML features in SQL Server, including XQuery support. These enhancements are also available in T-SQL Procedures in consequence of the introduction of the new XML Datatype (query,value,nodes functions).[37]

[edit] ServicesSQL Server also includes an assortment of add-on services. While these are not essential for the operation of the database system, they provide value added services on top of the core database management system. These services either run as a part of some SQL Server component or out-

of-process as Windows Service and presents their own API to control and interact with them.

[edit] Service BrokerUsed inside an instance, it is used to provide an asynchronous programming environment. For cross instance applications, Service Broker communicates The Service Broker, which runs as a part of the database engine, provides a reliable messaging and message queuing platform for SQL Server applications. over TCP/IP and allows the different components to be synchronized together, via exchange of messages.[38]

[edit] Replication ServicesSQL Server Replication Services are used by SQL Server to replicate and synchronize database objects, either in entirety or a subset of the objects present, across replication agents, which might be other database servers across the network, or database caches on the client side. Replication follows a publisher/subscriber model, i.e., the changes are sent out by one database server ("publisher") and are received by others ("subscribers"). SQL Server supports three different types of replication:[39]

Transaction replication

Each transaction made to the publisher database (master database) is synced out to subscribers, who update their databases with the transaction. Transactional replication synchronizes databases in near real time.[40]

Merge replication

Changes made at both the publisher and subscriber databases are tracked, and periodically the changes are synchronized bi-directionally between the publisher and the subscribers. If the same data has been modified differently in both the publisher and the subscriber databases, synchronization will result in a conflict which has to be resolved - either manually or by using pre-defined policies. rowguid needs to be configured on a column if merge replication is configured.[41]

Snapshot replication

Snapshot replication published a copy of the entire database (the then-snapshot of the data) and replicates out to the subscribers. Further changes to the snapshot are not tracked.[42]

[edit] Analysis ServicesMain article: SQL Server Analysis Services

SQL Server Analysis Services adds OLAP and data mining capabilities for SQL Server databases. The OLAP engine supports MOLAP, ROLAP and HOLAP storage modes for data. Analysis Services supports the XML for Analysis standard as the underlying communication protocol. The cube data can be accessed using MDX queries.[43] Data mining specific functionality is exposed via the DMX query language. Analysis Services includes various algorithms - Decision trees, clustering algorithm, Naive Bayes algorithm, time series analysis, sequence clustering algorithm, linear and logistic regression analysis, and neural networks - for

use in data mining.[44]

[edit] Reporting ServicesMain article: SQL Server Reporting Services

SQL Server Reporting Services is a report generation environment for data gathered from SQL Server databases. It is administered via a web interface. Reporting services features a web services interface to support the development of custom reporting applications. Reports are created as RDL files.[45]

Reports can be designed using recent versions of Microsoft Visual Studio (Visual Studio.NET 2003, 2005, and 2008)[46] with Business Intelligence Development Studio, installed or with the included Report Builder. Once created, RDL files can be rendered in a variety of formats[47] including Excel, PDF, CSV, XML, TIFF (and other image formats),[48] and HTML Web Archive.

[edit] Notification ServicesMain article: SQL Server Notification Services

Originally introduced as a post-release add-on for SQL Server 2000,[49] Notification Services was bundled as part of the Microsoft SQL Server platform for the first and only time with SQL Server 2005.[50][51] with Sql Server 2005, SQL Server Notification Services is a mechanism for generating data-driven notifications, which are sent to Notification Services subscribers. A subscriber registers for a specific event or transaction (which is registered on the database server as a trigger); when the event occurs, Notification Services can use one of three methods to send a message to the subscriber informing about the occurrence of the event. These methods include SMTP, SOAP, or by writing to a file in the filesystem.[52] Notification Services was discontinued by Microsoft with the release of SQL Server 2008 in August 2008, and is no longer an officially supported component of the SQL Server database platform.

[edit] Integration ServicesMain article: SQL Server Integration Services

SQL Server Integration Services is used to integrate data from different data sources. It is used for the ETL capabilities for SQL Server for data warehousing needs. Integration Services includes GUI tools to build data extraction workflows integration various functionality such as extracting data from various sources, querying data, transforming data including aggregating, duplication and merging data, and then loading the transformed data onto other sources, or sending e-mails detailing the status of the operation as defined by the user.[53]

[edit] Full Text Search ServiceMain article: SQL Server Full Text Search

The SQL Server Full Text Search service architecture

SQL Server Full Text Search service is a specialized indexing and querying service for unstructured text stored in SQL Server databases. The full text search index can be created on any column with character based text data. It allows for words to be searched for in the text columns. While it can be performed with the SQL LIKE operator, using SQL Server Full Text

Search service can be more efficient. Full Text Search (FTS) allows for inexact matching of the source string, indicated by a Rank value which can range from 0 to 1000 - a higher rank means a more accurate match. It also allows linguistic matching ("inflectional search"), i.e., linguistic variants of a word (such as a verb in a different tense) will also be a match for a given word (but with a lower rank than an exact match). Proximity searches are also supported, i.e., if the words searched for do not occur in the sequence they are specified in the query but are near each other, they are also considered a match. T-SQL exposes special operators that can be used to access the FTS capabilities.[54][55]

The Full Text Search engine is divided into two processes - the Filter Daemon process (msftefd.exe) and the Search process (msftesql.exe). These processes interact with the SQL Server. The Search process includes the indexer (that creates the full text indexes) and the full text query processor. The indexer scans through text columns in the database. It can also index through binary columns, and use iFilters to extract meaningful text from the binary blob (for example, when a Microsoft Word document is stored as an unstructured binary file in a database). The iFilters are hosted by the Filter Daemon process. Once the text is extracted, the Filter Daemon process breaks it up into a sequence of words and hands it over to the indexer. The indexer filters out noise words, i.e., words like A, And etc, which occur frequently and are not useful for search. With the remaining words, an inverted index is created, associating each word with the columns they were found in. SQL Server itself includes a Gatherer component that monitors changes to tables and invokes the indexer in case of updates.[56]

When a full text query is received by the SQL Server query processor, it is handed over to the FTS query processor in the Search process. The FTS query processor breaks up the query into the constituent words, filters out the noise words, and uses an inbuilt thesaurus to find out the linguistic variants for each word. The words are then queried against the inverted index and a rank of their accurateness is computed. The results are returned to the client via the SQL Server process.[56]

[edit] Tools

[edit] SQLCMDSQLCMD is a command line application that comes with Microsoft SQL Server, and exposes the management features of SQL Server. It allows SQL queries to be written and executed from the command prompt. It can also act as a scripting language to create and run a set of SQL statements as a script. Such scripts are stored as a .sql file, and are used either for management of databases or to create the database schema during the deployment of a database.

SQLCMD was introduced with SQL Server 2005 and this continues with SQL Server 2008. Its predecessor for earlier versions was OSQL and ISQL, which is functionally equivalent as it pertains to TSQL execution, and many of the command line parameters are identical, although SQLCMD adds extra versatility.

[edit] Visual StudioMicrosoft Visual Studio includes native support for data programming with Microsoft SQL Server. It can be used to write and debug code to be executed by SQL CLR. It also includes a data designer that can be used to graphically create, view or edit database schemas. Queries can

be created either visually or using code. SSMS 2008 onwards, provides intellisense for SQL queries as well.

[edit] SQL Server Management StudioSQL Server Management Studio is a GUI tool included with SQL Server 2005 and later for configuring, managing, and administering all components within Microsoft SQL Server. The tool includes both script editors and graphical tools that work with objects and features of the server.[57] SQL Server Management Studio replaces Enterprise Manager as the primary management interface for Microsoft SQL Server since SQL Server 2005. A version of SQL Server Management Studio is also available for SQL Server Express Edition, for which it is known as SQL Server Management Studio Express (SSMSE).[58]

A central feature of SQL Server Management Studio is the Object Explorer, which allows the user to browse, select, and act upon any of the objects within the server.[59] It can be used to visually observe and analyze query plans and optimize the database performance, among others.[60] SQL Server Management Studio can also be used to create a new database, alter any existing database schema by adding or modifying tables and indexes, or analyze performance. It includes the query windows which provide a GUI based interface to write and execute queries.[26]

[edit] Business Intelligence Development StudioBusiness Intelligence Development Studio (BIDS) is the IDE from Microsoft used for developing data analysis and Business Intelligence solutions utilizing the Microsoft SQL Server Analysis Services, Reporting Services and Integration Services. It is based on the Microsoft Visual Studio development environment but customizes with the SQL Server services-specific extensions and project types, including tools, controls and projects for reports (using Reporting Services), Cubes and data mining structures (using Analysis Services).[61]

[edit] Programmability

[edit] T-SQLMain article: T-SQL

T-SQL (Transact-SQL) is the primary means of programming and managing SQL Server. It exposes keywords for the operations that can be performed on SQL Server, including creating and altering database schemas, entering and editing data in the database as well as monitoring and managing the server itself. Client applications that consume data or manage the server will leverage SQL Server functionality by sending T-SQL queries and statements which are then processed by the server and results (or errors) returned to the client application. SQL Server allows it to be managed using T-SQL. For this it exposes read-only tables from which server statistics can be read. Management functionality is exposed via system-defined stored procedures which can be invoked from T-SQL queries to perform the management operation. It is also possible to create linked Server using T-SQL. Linked server allows operation to multiple server as one query.[62]

[edit] SQL Native ClientSQL Native Client is the native client side data access library for Microsoft SQL Server, version 2005 onwards. It natively implements support for the SQL Server features including the Tabular

Data Stream implementation, support for mirrored SQL Server databases, full support for all data types supported by SQL Server, asynchronous operations, query notifications, encryption support, as well as receiving multiple result sets in a single database session. SQL Native Client is used under the hood by SQL Server plug-ins for other data access technologies, including ADO or OLE DB. The SQL Native Client can also be directly used, bypassing the generic data access layers.[63]

[edit] See also Comparison of relational database management systems List of object-relational database management systems

Database management system

List of relational database management systems

[edit] References

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46. ^ [1]

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[edit] External linksWikibooks has a book on the topic of

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SQL Server

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definition -

SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS) from Microsoft that's designed for the enterprise environment. SQL Server runs on T-SQL (Transact -SQL), a set of programming extensions from Sybase and Microsoft that add several features to standard SQL, including transaction control, exception and error handling, row processing, and declared variables.

Ask your SQL Server questions at ITKnowledgeExchange.com

Codenamed Yukon in development, SQL Server 2005 was released in November 2005. The 2005 product is said to provide enhanced flexibility, scalability, reliability, and security to database applications, and to make them easier to create and deploy, thus reducing the complexity and tedium involved in database management. SQL Server 2005 also includes more administrative support.

The original SQL Server code was developed by Sybase; in the late 1980s, Microsoft, Sybase and Ashton-Tate collaborated to produce the first version of the product, SQL Server 4.2 for OS/2. Subsequently, both Sybase and Microsoft offered SQL Server products. Sybase has since renamed their product Adaptive Server Enterprise.

Getting started with SQL Servers

To explore how the SQL Server is used in the enterprise, here are some additional resources:

Learning Guide: SQL Server basics: This tutorial offers basic SQL Server resources to help Oracle and DB2 pros get up to speed on Microsoft's DBMS.

SQL Server consolidation: Why, when and how to consolidate SQL Servers: Get introduced you to the worlds of server and storage consolidation and work your way toward a much more efficient and easy-to-manage SQL Server environment.

Learning Guide: SQL Server performance tuning A to Z: From testing and monitoring to indexing and troubleshooting, you're sure to find a resource to help resolve your SQL Server performance dilemmas in this guide.

How to prevent SQL Server and Internet Explorer hack attacks: SQL server and Internet Explorer have been among hackers' favorite targets for some time. Get advice on how to secure these Microsoft technologies and how to prevent attacks.

Learn more about SQL Server 2000

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last updated10 Jan 2006

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Microsoft has more information on their SQL Server pages.

Related Content All about data purging What is data purging? What technology or method can I use to purge

data in SQL Server 2000? FAQ: Creating and altering SQL Server tables Whether you want to select rows, move records,

track activity or perform various other table-related tasks, this collection of frequently asked questions offers expert insights to help.

Problems running SQL Server 2000 RTM without service pack Business Intelligence expert Eric Brown helps troubleshoot database growth problems.

Related Glossary TermsTerms from Whatis.com − the technology online dictionary

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What is SQL ServerBy Don Schlichting

IntroductionThis article will introduce SQL Server, what it is, and why to use it. We’ll examine when to use a database as well when not to. In addition, we’ll introduce some of the key terms used with SQL Server.

What is a SQL Server?SQL Server is a Microsoft product used to manage and store information. Technically, SQL Server is a “relational database management system” (RDMS). Broken apart, this term means two things. First, that data stored inside SQL Server will be housed in a “relational database”, and second, that SQL Server is an entire “management system”, not just a database. SQL itself stands for Structured Query Language. This is the language used to manage and administer the database server.

Relational DatabaseSo now that SQL Server has been broken into two terms, a “relational database” and a “management system”, let’s explore the first. There is a very technical definition for what is or is not a relational database. For details on this definition, do an internet search for the terms “Edgar Codd” (who first proposed the relational model), or the terms “relational database tuples”. While there are databases that are not relational, most of the products on the market today (SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, and MS Access to name a few) are relational database products. This means that data is stored inside a structure called a “Table”, which uses Rows and Columns (like a spreadsheet). Unlike a spreadsheet though, the data rows stored inside a Table is not in any particular order. To explain this last statement, think of a typical spreadsheet column, if we wanted to sort the data in the first column of a spreadsheet alphabetically, we would simply click the first column and then would click the Sort button. The Rows of data would change their order so they were now sorted the way we wished, as shown in the before and after images below:

Before: After:

Notice that the data actually moved. The name “Dave” moved from the third row to the first. In a Database Table, this never happens. The data would not be rearranged. If we wanted a sorted list like this, we would ask the database to present us with a display copy of the data sorted the way we wanted. This request to see the data is called a Query. So when we run a Query, we see our own personalized display copy of the data, the actual data items are not rearranged.

When discussing SQL Server, the term “Database”, can sometimes be thrown around loosely, meaning different things to different people. This happens because a database is a core, central component to SQL Server. Therefore, the term has become a slang shortcut way of meaning SQL Server as a whole. In actuality, SQL Server is RDBMS (Relational Database Management System). Its job is managing databases.

A “Database” is a logical container object. It’s used for storing like types of information together, to help with organization. Also, a Database can be used as an easy security boundary. Usually, though not a rule, databases separate applications from each other. For example, all the Accounting system information may be contained in one database, while all the Marketing information is in another. Again, this is not a SQL Server rule; you could have all your corporate information contained in a single database. It would be very confusing from an organization perspective, but SQL Server would allow it. Conversely, you could separate each little group of information into their own database, having hundreds or even thousands of databases inside a single SQL Server. This scenario would be a management nightmare, but there are no SQL Server rules preventing it. Usually, a common sense rule is applied for determining what a database should contain. If the data and objects are related to each other, and it would be helpful to apply security to the group as a whole, than this is a good candidate to be its own database. A single SQL Server can contain over 32,000 separate databases.

When a new database is created, two physical files are created on the hard drive. One file holds all the objects and data, the other contains a log of all the database changes. These files are proprietary to SQL Server and cannot be opened by Word, Excel, Notepad, or any other application. The file size of a database can be over 500,000 Terabytes.

Why use a Database?So, now that we know SQL Server is an application for storing information inside a “table” structure, let’s examine the reasons why you would use a Database rather than a spreadsheet or some other program for data storage.

Imagine you’re creating an application for storing sales transactions. We’ll start by saving just a few columns of information such as the Item Sold, Quantity, Price, Sale Date, and the Customer sold to. One of the first storage options to consider is saving this information in a large text file. There are benefits to text file saves such as quick write times. The problem with text files is during a read, if the text file is large, it can take quite a bite of time to open and scan the contents of the file looking for what we want. Also, if we wanted to see all the sales to a specific customer, the entire text file would have to be read, and every line occurrence of the customer name would need to be saved in some temporary place until we had them all. If we saved to a spreadsheet instead of a text file, we would have a Sort feature built in. So we may be able to find all the sales to a specific customer quicker, but again, if the file was large, opening the spreadsheet could take a great deal of time.

In addition, what if we wanted to save the customers address as well as their name, now instead of saving five pieces of information (Item Sold, Quantity, Price, Sale Date, and the Customer sold to), we’ll be saving nine columns of information (all the previous plus Address, City, State, and Zip). This means were going to almost double the size of our text file or spreadsheet to accommodate this additional customer data. However, if we used a database, we could save the sales data and the customer address data in two separate places, so the size of the sales data wouldn’t get any larger. When we wanted a report showing the customers’ address, we could “Relate” or link the address data to the sales data.

Not only would our sales information be smaller in a database, but the actual address data would be smaller as well. In a spreadsheet or text file, each sales line would include a complete address. In a database, the address would only be recorded once. It wouldn’t matter if the customer made 100 or 100,000 purchases. All sales records would point to, or “Relate” to, that same single address line.

This “Relating” of data, so sizes stay small is one benefit of a database. In addition, reading and writing to database is very fast. Plus, many databases support having multiple users access the same data at the same time. Something text files and spreadsheets don’t do. Also, the amount or volume of information a database can store is almost unlimited, unlike a spread sheet where there is a fixed number or rows that can be saved.

Why Not Use a Database?There are some problems with using a database. First, time must be taken to learn the new system. A database is not as intuitive as a spreadsheet. In addition, if there is only a small amount of data that doesn’t need to be changed over time, it’s probably simpler to save it in a file. Unfortunately, most business problems are neither simple nor small, so a database is usually the best tool for the job.

Management SystemThe second term in our SQL Server definition is “Management System”. This means that SQL Server is more than just an application to hold data; it also includes the tools needed to

structure, manipulate, and manage that data. In addition, when you install SQL Server, there are options for including Report Writing tools, Data Import Export applications, Analysis tools, and Management Interfaces.

ConclusionSQL Server is a Relational Database Management System. Data is stored is Tables consisting of columns and rows. Tables can be linked, or “Related”, to one another. Tables and objects that belong to the same family or require similar security are collectively stored in a Database.

» See All Articles by Columnist Don Schlichting