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Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Page 1: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

InfineumInsight.com/Learn

Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers

1

Page 2: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Base Oil 60-90%

5-15%

5-25%

Viscosity Modifier& flow improver

‘Finished Oil’

Additive PackageLubricantCommercially

available product

Balance of Additives, VM and Base Oil

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Page 3: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Performance you can rely on.

Why do we need Viscosity Modifiers?

-30oC

+90oC

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Page 4: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Performance you can rely on.

Agenda

03Learn how oils are classified as multigrade

under SAE J300

02Understand why we use viscosity modifiers

and how they work

01 Origins of viscosity

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Page 5: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Performance you can rely on.

Viscosity

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Page 6: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

What is Viscosity?

AREA = A

• Viscosity = shear stress (Newton’s Law)

shear rate• Temperature dependent

• Resistance to flow of a fluid• ‘Thickness’ of a fluid

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Page 7: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

What is Viscosity?

Two key types of viscosity:

Kinematic viscosity• Measured under low shear

i.e. gravity

• mm2/s or cSt

Dynamic viscosity• Measured under high shear

environments

• mPa⋅s or cP

DELETE THIS AND PLACE VIDEO HERE

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Page 8: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Viscosity of Materials

100 000cP

1cP

0.5cP

Different materials have different viscosities

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Page 9: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Molecular Origins of Viscosity

Flow direction

Molecules interact with surface

Molecules interact with each other

The interacting forces between the layers of molecules creates resistance to flow, giving rise to viscosity

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Page 10: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Viscosity Index

Viscosity Index (VI) defines the viscosity relationship with temperature:

• Low VI oils viscosity change significantly with temperature

• High VI oils viscosity changes much less with temperature

30

120 VI

50

0

100

150

0 VI

200

250

5040 60 70 80

Temperature (°C)

90 110100

300K

ine

mat

ic V

isco

sity

(mm

2/s

)

Same at 100ºC

120 VI

100 VI

0 VI

10

Page 11: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

What is the Optimal Viscosity?

I II III

Boundary MixedHydrodynamic

Stribeck Curve

Too Thick Too Thin

11

Log (speed)

Boundary

Mixed

Hydrodynamic

Fric

tio

n c

oef

fici

ent

Right Viscosity

Page 12: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

What is the Optimal Viscosity?

I II III

Boundary MixedHydrodynamic

Stribeck Curve

Too Thick Too Thin

12

Log (speed)

Boundary

Mixed

Hydrodynamic

Fric

tio

n c

oef

fici

ent

Viscous drag energy losses

Right Viscosity

Catastrophic wear

Page 13: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Performance you can rely on.

Viscosity Modifiers

13

Page 14: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Viscosity Modifiers

Used in majority of engine oils and many transmission oils

Viscosity Modifiers (VM) are used to reduce influence of temperature on the viscosity of lubricants• Also known as Viscosity Index

Improvers

14

Page 15: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Viscosity Modifiers

• Increase viscosity proportionally to the volume that the polymer occupies

• Volume of Viscosity Modifier in solution is dependent on medium it is in, temperature and pressure

• Polymeric in structure

• Occupy large volumes in solution

Many factors will affect how much volume the polymer occupies in space, and therefore how much viscosity it adds

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Page 16: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Function of Viscosity Modifiers

Log

(vis

cosi

ty)

Temperature

Oil A SAE 30

Cold Starting Engine operation

Too thick

Too thin

Oil B SAE 5W

Base oil viscosity has strong temperature dependence

16

Page 17: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Function of Viscosity Modifiers

Log

(vis

cosi

ty)

Temperature

Oil A SAE 30

Cold Starting Engine operation

Too thick

Too thin

Oil B SAE 5W

Adding VM reduces temperature dependence, giving protection at higher temperatures, whilst being pumpable at lower temperatures

Oil B + VM = SAE 5W-30 Just Right

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Page 18: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Key Terms

Thickening Efficiency

ShearStability

Shear Stability IndexThickening Efficiency

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Page 19: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Performance you can rely on.

Thickening Efficiency

Oil C Oil D

Thickening Efficiency (TE) is amount of viscosity increase per 1% polymer

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Page 20: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Performance you can rely on.

Shear-Thinning Temporary & Permanent Viscosity Loss

Non-Reversible

Stationary polymer coil in oil solution

Temporary Viscosity Loss

Orientation of coil under shear forces

Smaller cross-section gives less thickening which equals lower viscosity

Rupture of coil under shear forces

Lower molecular weight gives less thickening which equals lower viscosity

Permanent Viscosity Loss

Non –ReversibleReversible

Applied shear force

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Page 21: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Shear Stability Index (SSI)

SSI depends on polymer chemistry, molecular geometry and molecular weight

• Larger polymers have a greater chance of experiencing permanent viscosity loss

The higher the SSI the more permanent viscosity loss upon oil shearing

Shear Stability Index (SSI) measure of permanent loss of viscosity due to added polymer

• 30 cycles in Kurt Orbahnshear test

• SSI usually measured in a reference oil that represents polymer behavior in SAE 15W-40 grade

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Page 22: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Typical Shear Rates

Shear Rate, sec-1

25

20

15

10

5

0102 103 104 105 106 107

Vis

cosi

ty, m

Pa-s

Idle HighwayRedline

Non-ReversibleShear-Thinning

Oil pump

Pouring oil

Journal bearing

Piston rings

Valve train

There are different shear environments within the engine

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Page 23: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Shear Rate and Shear-thinning

103102 104 105

Shear Rate (sec-1)

107106

Vis

cosi

ty(m

Pa-s

)

5

0

10

15

VMThickening

Other additives

Base Stocks

Low shear viscosity of engine oil,eg pouring oil

High shear viscosity of engine oil.eg Ring Zone,Bearings, Valve Train Shear Rate

Temporaryviscosity loss

Every VM experiences temporary viscosity loss in the oil

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Page 24: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Viscosity Modifier Chemistry

Ethylene-Propylene Co-polymer (OCP)

Polymethacrylate:(PMA)

VM polymers can have different chemistries

PMA

o o oo ooR R R

24

Page 25: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Viscosity Modifier Chemistry

Hydrogenated Styrene-Diene:Star Polymer

Hydrogenated Styrene-Diene:Linear Polymer

HSD linear polymers form flexible micelles in solution, whereas star polymers are permanent micelles

Diblock HSD

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Page 26: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Performance Comparison TE vs SSITh

icke

nin

g Ef

fici

ency

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

SSI

Semi-CrystallineOCP

AmorphousOCP

PMA

Hydrogenated Styrene-DieneStar Polymers

Hydrogenated Styrene-DieneLinear Polymers

Factors that need to be considered when selecting VM:

• Cost to achieve required thickening (Cost vs. TE)

• Shear Thinning Properties• Low Temperature Properties• Other performance

harms/credits• Soot handling• Deposit control• Oxidative stability

Higher is better

Lower is better Selection of appropriate VM is

a balance of TE and SSI for your application

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Page 27: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Performance you can rely on.

Pour Point Depressants

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Page 28: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Performance you can rely on.

Pour Point Depressants

Types:

• Polymethacrylates (PMA)

• Fumarate Vinyl Acetates (FVA)

Break up regularity of wax crystals

• Prevent large crystal sheets from forming

• Encourage small crystals - easier flow

• Minimize low-temperature viscosity

Pour Point Depressants

• Commonly referred to as PPDs

• Also know as Lube Oil Flow Improvers (LOFIs)

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Page 29: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Performance you can rely on.

Wax crystal modification by PPD

+ PPD

• Wax crystals can cause most serious type of engine problem

• Engines can start but oil does not flow, leading to catastrophic engine failure

PPDs are needed to stop wax crystals forming at low temperatures

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Page 30: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

SAE Viscosity Grades

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Page 31: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Typical Shear Rates

Shear Rate (sec-1)

25

20

15

10

5

0102 103 104 105 106 107

Vis

cosi

ty (

mPa

-s)

Idle HighwayRedline

Non-ReversibleShear-Thinning

Oil pump

Pouring oil

Journal bearing

Piston rings

Valve train

31

Page 32: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.

Performance you can rely on.

Viscosity Measurement Methods

KV HTHS

MRV CCS

High temp

Low temp

High shearLow shear

Cold starting

Cold pumping

Oil consumption

Wear / Fuel economy

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Page 33: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Performance you can rely on.

SAE J300 Engine Oil Viscosity Grades

6200 at -35°C6600 at -30°C7000 at -25°C7000 at -20°C9500 at -15°C

13000 at -10°C–––––––––

0W5W

10W15W20W25W81216203040405060

SAEGrade

CCSmPa-s, Max

––––––

<6.1<7.1<8.2<9.3

<12.5<16.3<16.3<21.9<26.1

60 000 at -40°C60 000 at -35°C60 000 at -30°C60 000 at -25°C60 000 at -20°C60 000 at -15°C

–––––––––

MRVmPa-s, Maxw/ No Yield

Stress Min

KinematicViscositymm2/s

Max

––––––

1.72.02.32.62.9

3.5(1)

3.7(2)

3.73.7

HTHS@ 106 Sec-1

mPa-s, Min

3.83.84.15.65.69.34.05.06.16.99.3

12.512.516.321.9

(1) For 0W, 5W, 10W Multigrades – Changed from 2.9 in 11/2007

(2) For 15W, 20W, 25W Multigrades and SAE 40 Grade33

Page 34: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Performance you can rely on.

SAE J300 Engine Oil Viscosity Grades

Correct• SAE 10W-30

• Labeling • Must label as the lowest ‘W’ grade

• An oil that meets 5W also meets 10W, 15W, etc.

• Oils with VM must be labeled as multigrades• Care needs to be taken with CCS and HTHS

labelling as there’s overlap between the SAE grades

Incorrect• 10W-30• SAE 10W/30• SAE 10W30• SAE 10w-30

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Page 35: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Summary

35

Page 36: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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Performance you can rely on.

Summary

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

It depends strongly on temperature

Viscosity modifiers in lubricants:

Used to reduce the influence of temperature on lubricant viscosity

Protect engine at higher temperatures, whilst allowing flow at cooler temperatures

Chemical structure and molecular weight affect performance, which is a careful balance of thickening efficiency and shear stability index

Oil formulators must consider which VM will be most appropriate for their application

Viscosity grades are defined by SAE J300

“Oils which are formulated with polymeric viscosity index improvers for the purpose of making them multiviscosity-grade products are non-Newtonian and must be labelled with the appropriate multiviscosity grade ”

Source: SAE J300

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Page 37: Viscosity and Viscosity Modifiers - Infineum Insight · Viscosity Modifiers • Increase viscosity proportionally . to the volume that the polymer occupies • Volume of Viscosity

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