Using genotype and feeding regime to analyse smallholder dairy systems Mizeck Chagunda Scottish Agricultural College (SAC) Edinburgh Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, October 25-28 , 2010
Jan 15, 2015
Using genotype and feeding regime to analyse smallholder
dairy systems
Using genotype and feeding regime to analyse smallholder
dairy systems
Mizeck Chagunda
Scottish Agricultural College (SAC)Edinburgh
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, October 25-28 , 2010
• Co-authors– Victor Kasulo: Mzuzu University, Malawi– Susan Chikagwa-Malunga: Lunyangwa Agricultural
Research Station, Malawi – Dave Roberts: SAC Dairy Research Centre, Scotland
• Acknowledgements– DelPHE British Council– Scottish Government
OutlineOutline
• Smallholder dairy in Malawi• Importance of smallholder dairying• Rationale• Data and Analysis• Discussion and Conclusions
Milk Production in Malawi
Smallholder FarmersHFxMZ
4 Cows
Large-scale FarmsHF60
Dairy Processor9,000 t/yr
Consumer(Including Home
Consumption)
Informal Market
Formal market
60%
Smallholder Dairy in Malawi
Milk Bulking GroupsMilk Bulking Groups
Importance of Smallholder Importance of Smallholder
•Income
•Food security
•Employment
•Business catalyst
Milk Consumption
Average milk consumption = 4.5 – 6.0 kg/capita
Africa = 15 kg/capita Recommended (FAO) = 200 kg per capita
Breeds and BreedingBreeds and Breeding
HF Jrsy AyrsMZebu
Pure
7/8s3/4r
1/2N/A
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Pure 7/8s 3/4r 1/2 N/A
FeedingFeeding
Fodder Percentage
Crop residues 49
Standing Hay 20
Fodder banks 20
Silage 11
Supplementaion• Maize bran• Dairy mash• Mineral
RationaleRationale
• Input- output driven classification– Assumes predetermined level
• Land holding size– Input driven
• Formal vs informal– Product driven
Biologically driven
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Malawi Zebu 1/2FriesianXMalawiZebu
3/4FriesianXMalawiZebu
Pure HolsteinFriesian
Genotype
Pe
rfo
rma
nce
as
% o
f m
axi
mu
m
Productivity index Average test day milk yield
Revesai and Chagunda 2003
Productivity inefficiency
Breeding inefficiencyBreeding inefficiency
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
AI
Cows on heat Cows inseminated
Chindime, 2007
Central and Northern Malawi
Aim of Current StudyAim of Current Study
• To explore the application of a biologically-oriented approach to classify smallholder dairy systems
• Using major drivers of dairy production, genotype and feeding regime.
The studyThe study
• Based on a survey
• Northern Malawi
• April 2009
• n = 654 cows from 284 farms 40% of households
• Detail in Kasulo et al. (2010)
Data AnalysisData Analysis
• 4 production systems– upgrade on stall feeding system (UGS)– upgrade on grazing system (UGG)– base genetics on stall feeding system (BGS)– base genetics on grazing system (BGG)
• Production levels were reflected using milk yield (MY) and calving interval (CI).
ResultsResults
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1-3kg 4-6kg 7-9kg 10-12kg 13-15kg 16-18kg 19-21kg 22-24gk 28-30kg
Milk yield per cow (kg)
Fre
qu
ency
During study
•Of the Holstein Friesian, Jersey and Aryshire , 48% dry
•Malawi Zebu, 59% dry.
Results: Milk YieldResults: Milk Yield
0
1
2
3
4
5
UGS UGG BGS BGG
Dairy System
Rank
ing
Ranking MY Expected ranking MY
Results: Calving IntervalResults: Calving Interval
0
1
2
3
4
5
UGS UGG BGS BGG
Production System
Rank
ing
Ranking CI Expected ranking CI
ConclusionConclusion
• The biologically-oriented approach to classify smallholder dairy systems has the potential to categorise smallholder farms in a meaningful way.
• The approach offers an opportunity to study long-term specific effects and a wide range of management strategies for smallholder dairy farming.