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Overview of utilization of enzymes in diets for growing pigs 在生猪日粮中的Pedro. E. Urriola and Zhikai Zeng Department of Animal Science University of Minnesota, St. Paul
33

Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Feb 02, 2017

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Page 1: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Overview of utilization of enzymes in diets for growing pigs

饲料酶制剂在生长猪日粮中的应用综述 Pedro. E. Urriola and Zhikai Zeng

Department of Animal Science University of Minnesota, St. Paul

Page 2: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

What are enzymes, how they work? 酶是什么,如何发挥作用?

Enzymes modify activation energy to accelerate chemical reactions

Key-lock specific activity of enzymes

降低反应活化能,加速生化反应 锁钥理论

Page 3: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Digestion and breakdown nutrients for absorption营养物质降解,消化和吸收

Page 4: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Enzymes modify activation energy to accelerate chemical reactions

Key-lock specific activity of enzymes

What are enzymes, how they work? 酶是什么,如何发挥作用?

降低反应活化能,加速生化反应 锁钥理论

Page 5: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Types on digestive and exogenous enzymes 內源和外源消化酶的种类

• Proteases蛋白酶: pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, keratinase胃蛋白酶,胰蛋白酶,糜蛋白酶,羧肽酶,角蛋白酶

• Carbohydrases碳水化合物酶: amylase, maltase, xylanases or β-glucanase淀粉酶,麦芽糖酶,木聚糖酶,葡聚糖酶

• Lipases脂肪酶: pancreatic lipase胰脂酶 • Esterases酯酶: ferulic acid esterase, acetyl-xylan esterase阿魏酸

酯酶,乙酰基木聚糖酯酶 • Phosphatases磷酸酶: alkaline phosphatase, phytase-3 or

phytase-6碱性磷酸酶,植酸酶(3或6位起始)

Page 6: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Pigs can’t digest all nutrients in feed 饲料中营养成分不能完全消化吸收(猪)

0102030405060708090

100

ATTD

of D

M, %

玉米

ATTD of DM: apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter 干物质表观全肠道消化率

大麦

豆粕 小

菜籽粕

椰子粕

棉粕

玉米酒精糟

玉米

棕榈粕

Page 7: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Feed ingredients with high concentration of dietary fiber are less digestible原料纤维含量越高,消化率越低

837 680

432 585

60

466

35 22 108

192 221 233 298 323

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Rice Corn Peas Barley Soybeanmeal

Oats CornDDGS

g/kg

DM

Starch Total dietary fiber

Bach Knudsen et al. (2013) 燕麦

日粮纤维

豆粕 大麦 豌豆 玉米 稻米

淀粉

Page 8: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Even within the same ingredient (corn) digestibility of nutrients vary营养物质消化率同种原料内变异也很大(以玉米为例)

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

ATTD of DM ATTD of N ATTD of P

12345

Jeong et al. (2015) 干物质 氮 磷

Page 9: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Apparent total tract digestibility of DM decreases with fiber干物质表观全肠道消化率随纤维增高而降低

y = -0.0012x + 1.0248 R² = 0.307 0.905

0.9100.9150.9200.9250.9300.935

75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0

Dig

estib

ility

coef

ficie

nt

Neutral detergent fiber, g/kg

ATTD of DMLinear (ATTD of DM)

Jeong et al. (2015) 中性洗涤纤维

Page 10: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Exogenous enzymes enhance digestibility of nutrients外源酶提高营养物质消化率

• The global feed enzyme market is today worth in excess of $550 million 饲料酶制剂全球市场容量达5.5亿美元

• Saves the global feed producers an estimated $3 to 5 billion per year饲料生产商每年节约30-50亿美金 – Phytase 植酸酶(60%) – Non-phytase (40%) mainly carbohydrases其他酶制剂(40%),主要是碳水化合物酶类

Adeola and Cowieson (2011)

Page 11: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Phytase increases digestibility of phosphorus 植酸酶提高磷消化率

• Approx. 60% of P in cereal grains is present as phytate谷物原料中越60%的磷以植酸磷形式存在

• Pigs cannot digest phytate植酸磷不能被猪利用 • Phytase are enzymes added to feed to help

release P from phytate饲料中添加植酸酶可以释放植酸结合的磷

• Decrease of run off phosphorus减少磷排放

Page 12: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Phytase releases P, but also other nutrients 植酸酶磷释放及额外磷释放

Page 13: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Plant carbohydrates Classification based on location in the plant cell: Intracellular carbohydrates: Cell wall carbohydrates:

Classification based nutritional or physiological impact: Organic acids Sugars Starch Oligo Poly-

fructans Β-glucan Cellulose Lignin Phenols

Pectins & gums Hemicellulose

Classification of plant carbohydrates 植物原料碳水化合物分类

Corn fiber玉米纤维: -Arabinoxylans阿拉伯木聚糖 -Cellulose纤维素 -Ferulic and coumaric acid阿魏酸和香豆酸

细胞内 细胞壁

有机酸 糖 寡糖 果胶 葡聚糖 半纤维素

木质素 淀粉 果聚糖 纤维素

Page 14: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Corn fiber玉米纤维: L-arabino-D-xylan阿拉伯木聚糖 -Cellulose纤维素 -Ferulic and coumaric acid 阿魏酸和香豆酸

D-xylose L-arabinose

Classification of plant carbohydrates 植物原料碳水化合物分类

木糖 阿拉伯糖

阿魏酸

阿拉伯木聚糖

果糖

纤维微束

阿魏酸二聚体

Page 15: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Corn fiber vs. wheat fiber玉米纤维 vs.小麦纤维: -Wheat fiber contains greater amount of soluble arabinoxylans 小麦纤维可溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量更高

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Corn cDDGS Wheat Barley

Tota

l die

tary

fibe

r, g/

kg

DM

日粮纤维

玉米 玉米DDGS

大麦 小麦

Page 16: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Cereal grains and co-products contain different fibers -Soluble arabinoxylans谷物及其副产物纤维组成不同

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

Corn cDDGS Wheat Barley

SDF:

IDF

SDF:IDF = soluble vs. insoluble dietary fiber ratios可溶:不可溶日粮纤维比例

Page 17: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Xylanases are a group of enzymes that degrade hemicellulose木酶是一类专门降解半纤维的酶

McKee et al. (2012)

GH = glycoside hydrolase糖苷水解酶

木酶 木酶

阿拉伯呋喃糖酶

阿拉伯呋喃糖酶 阿拉伯呋喃糖酶

Page 18: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Type of DDGS DDGS来源

Enzyme type饲料酶 Change in production of physiological parameter效果

Wheat DDGS1

小麦DDGS xylanase + glucanase + cellulose木酶+葡聚糖酶+纤维素酶

↑ 6.5% AID of CP;↑ 12.3% ATTD of GE; ↑ 6.6% ADG; ↓ 1.3% ADFI

xylanase + glucanase + cellulase (dose 2X) 木酶+葡聚糖酶+纤维素酶(2倍)

↑ 9.6% AID of CP;↑ 12.6% ATTD of GE; ↑14.4% ADG; ↓1.6% ADFI

Corn DDGS4 玉米DDGS

xylanase and phytase ↑ 4% AID of CP; ↑6% ATTD of GE

Corn DDGS5

玉米DDGS

α-Galactosidase + galactomannanase + β-glucanase + xylanas半乳糖苷酶+半乳甘露聚糖酶+葡聚糖酶+木酶 galactomannanase + Xylanase半乳甘露聚糖酶+木酶 Xylanase木酶

↓ 2.4% ADG; ↓5.6 ADFI ↓ 7.2% ADG; ↓9.1% ADFI ↑ 1.8% ADG; ↑1.6% ADFI

Wheat and Corn DDGS6玉米小麦混合

DDGS

phytase and xylanase植酸酶+木酶 ↑ 13% of ATTD of phosphorus

Corn DDGS7

玉米DDGS xylanase and phytase植酸酶+木酶 ↑ 9.5% diet ME

Corn DDGS8

玉米DDGS xylanase and phytase植酸酶+木酶 No effect on growth performance

Corn DDGS9

玉米DDGS xylanase, β-glucanase, pentosanase, and pectinase.植酸酶,葡聚糖,戊聚糖酶,果胶酶

↑2.4% ADG

Page 19: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Factors that affect the activity of exo-enzymes in swine feed影响猪日粮中外源酶添加效果的因素 Availability of substrate有效底物 阿拉伯木聚糖

Structure结果 Solubility可溶性

Interaction among nutrients营养素间互作 Thermal stability热稳定性 Pellet diets制粒

Interaction among enzymes酶之间的互作

Arabinoxylans

Page 20: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Carbohydrase enzymes improve energy digestibility in low energy diets碳水化合物酶提高低能量浓度日粮能量消化率

y = -0.0093x + 29.513 R² = 0.7082

0123456

2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150% im

prov

emen

t in

diet

M

E

Diet Metabolizable Energy, kcal/kg

Adapted from Zhou et al (2009) 日粮代谢能

ME改善幅度

Page 21: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

31.2 23.4 42.1 43.7 46.3

55.0

0

20

40

60

80

100

TDF ATTD of TDF

%

Min. Mean Max.

Min.

Mean Max.

Content and digestibility of fiber varies among sources of DDGS不同来源DDGS纤维含量及其消化率变异较大

Urriola et al. (2010)

Page 22: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

73

184 255

0

100

200

300

Digestible TDF, g/kg

%

.

Substrate availability varies among sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles

不同来源玉米DDGS(酶制剂)有效底物变异程度

Urriola et al. (2010)

1. Enzymes may have greater activity on low digestible fiber低可消化纤维(DDGS)酶效果更好

2. Enzymes may have greater activity in highly digestible fiber高可消化纤维(DDGS)酶效果更好

Page 23: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF VARIOUS COMMERCIAL FEED ENZYMES EFFICACY ON DIFFERENT INGREDIENTS体外酶法评价饲料酶制剂对不同原料的作用效果

Zhikai Zheng

Page 24: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Factors that affect the activity of exo-enzymes in swine feed影响猪日粮中外源酶添加效果的因素

In vitro体外酶法

Enzyme酶 •Nutrient release营养素释放

• Increment in fermentation改善发酵

Substrate底物 • Trapped nutrient包裹的营养素

• Extent of fermentation促进发酵

Stomach and small intestine 2-6 h 胃和小肠2-6 h

Enzyme酶 •Nutrient release营养素释放 •Degrade anti-nutr降解抗营养素

Substrate底物 •Entrapped nutrients包裹营养素

• Anti-nutr抗营养因子

Large intestine大肠 18-28 h Enzyme酶 Beneficial fermentation products发酵产物 (VFA) • Harmful fermentation products有害发酵物

Substrate底物 • Resist fermentation难发酵底物

Arabinoxylans阿拉伯木聚糖

Page 25: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Dietary fiber increases secretion of mucins and number of goblet cells日粮纤维促进粘蛋白分泌,提高杯状细胞数目

Huang et al. (2015)

Goblet cell area (% of mucosa) of growing pigs fed:生长猪杯状细胞粘膜层面积占比(%),日粮为: - Corn and soybean meal玉米豆

粕, - Wheat straw (WS)小麦秸秆 - Corn distillers dried grains with

solubles (DDGS)玉米DDGS - Soybean hulls (SBH)豆皮 - All diets contained 17% total

dietary fiber所有处理日粮纤维均为17%

Page 26: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Digestion and breakdown nutrients for absorption 营养物质降解,消化和吸收

Page 27: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Goal: improve utilization of dietary fiber in diets of monogastric animals目标:提高单位动物对日粮纤维的利用率 • Understand utilization of energy and nutrients (amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates):理解

能量和营养素(氨基酸,脂类,碳水化合物)的利用 – What structures or characteristics of dietary fiber modify gut physiology and

function?什么样的纤维结构或特性可调控肠道生理功能? • Develop “tools” to accurately estimate energy and nutrient digestion and absorption研发

特定的工具(或策略)准确预测能量和营养素的消化吸收(规律) – Can we predict the performance of pigs fed different fibrous materials? – 能否预测饲喂不同纤维原料后猪的生长性能?

• Increase utilization of nutrients提高营养素利用率 – Can we modify the structure of fibers to our advantage? – 能否定向改造纤维结构?

Page 28: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Greatest increase: 4.54%

020406080

IVD

M, %

Commercial enzymes

Pepsin and pancreatin in vitro DM digestibility in wheat midds次粉体外酶法(胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶)干物质消化率

最大提高幅度

商业酶制剂产品 对照组

Page 29: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

0102030405060

IVD

M, %

Commercial enzymes

Greatest increase by: 0.92%

Pepsin and pancreatin in vitro DM digestibility in corn DDGS 玉米DDGS体外酶法(胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶)干物质消化率

商业酶制剂产品 对照组

最大提高幅度

Page 30: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

050

100150200250300350400450

0 20 40 60 80 100

Con E1 E2 E3E4 E5 E6 E7

Hours小时

Gas

pro

duct

ion

mL/

g

Carbohydrases decrease in vitro gas production in wheat midds碳水化合物酶降低次粉体外发酵产气量

产气量

Page 31: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Carbohydrase enzymes shift fiber degradation from large to small intestine碳水化合物酶改变纤维在肠道降解位点(小肠vs.大肠),但全肠道纤维消化率

可能不受影响

AID of TDF C:20 vs. E:25%

HGF of TDF 25 vs. 20%

ATTD of TDF 45 vs. 45%

1. Duodenum

2. Ileum 3. Cecum

4. Feces

5. Blood

Page 32: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

In summary小结 • Efficiency of feed utilization can be increased with addition of

exogenous enzymes to diets of pigs猪日粮中添加外源酶可改善饲料转化率 – Carbohydrases degrade non-starch polysaccharides碳水化合

物酶主要针对非淀粉多糖 – Phytase degrades phytic acid, increases digestibility of

phosphorus植酸酶降解植酸,提高磷利用率 • Effects vary according to dietary and pig digestive conditions as

well as availability of substrate添加效果随着日粮结构,猪生理状况及有效底物含量等多种因素变化二变化

Page 33: Use of carbohydrase enzymes in swine diets/猪饲料中添加碳水 ...

Funding and collaborating partners • National Pork Board (NPB) Checkoff

Program • Minnesota Corn Growers Association

(MnCorn) • Minnesota Pork Board (MnPB) • Minnesota Discovery, Research, and

InnoVation (MnDRIVE) • Danisco Animal Nutrition (DuPont) • Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) • USDA – ARS