Use of a Multibeam Echosounder (Sonar) for Critical ...infofile.pcd.go.th/water/sonar_richard.pdf · Use of a Multibeam Echosounder (Sonar) for Critical Infrastructure Assessments

Use of a Multibeam Echosounder

(Sonar) for Critical Infrastructure

Assessments during the

2011 Missouri River Flood

Richard C. Wilson P.E. Associate Director,

USGS Nebraska Water Science Center

Thailand Pollution Control Department

February 10, 2012

Fort Peck Dam

Fort Randall Dam

Missouri River - before

Missouri River - during


June 2011

I-680 Bridge

Looking east


Gavins Point Dam

June 2011

165,000 cfs or 4,700 cms

2011 Flood – Fort Calhoun

Nuclear Power Plant

July 2011

205,000 cfs or

5,805 cms

2011 Flood – Blair Marina

July 2011

205,000 cfs or 5,805 cms

2011 Flood–

South Sioux City

July 24, 2011

175,000 cfs or

4,955 cms

2011 Flood–South Sioux City

July 24, 2011 175,000 cfs or 4,955 cms

2011 Flood-USGS Role

• Daily discharge measurements from

St. Louis to Montana

• Hydrographic surveying for infrastructure

assessment and protection

• Served at Flood Command Center

• Near real-time hydraulic modeling

• Water-quality sampling

• Sediment sampling for sediment-transport analysis

by physical sampling methods and multibeam

echosounder (sonar) soundings: first time ever at

these discharges

• Rapid deployment streamgages

2011 Flood-USGS Measuring

Discharge

• Streamgages

• Real-time stage and discharge information

• Discharge measurements

• Stage-discharge ratings

• Record processing

• Missouri River gages at: Yankton, Maskell, Sioux

City, Decatur, Blair, Omaha, Plattsmouth, NE City,

and Rulo

• Information used by multiple agencies

• Critical to the flood fight, 150 discharge

measurements

2011 Flood-Discharge Measurements

July 1, 2011

Discharge: 207,000 cfs

Gage Height: 35.90 ft

Max Depth: 46.2 ft

Average Depth: 17.2 ft

IA NE 984 ft

Above

Sea Level

938 ft 1,266 ft.

from Iowa

Bank

Missouri River at Omaha, NE

Hydrographic Surveying - Purposes

• Assessments of lakes and reservoirs

• Navigation bathymetry maps

• Quantity measurements of dredged materials

• Inspections of dams, bridges, levees, and other

infrastructure

• Data for hydrodynamic and sediment-transport

models

• Habitat assessment

• Scour assessment

Bathymetric Map

22

Multibeam Echosounder (MBES)

Hydrographic Surveying

• State of the art technology

• Maps the entire bed

• Accurate measurement

• Identifies deep holes, shallow areas, bed

material, debris, structures, fish

Multibeam Echosounder (MBES)

23

•Reson Seabat MBES 7125 - Sonar

•Swath width 130 degrees or 3.5-to-1 ratio

•512 beams, equally spaced data points

collected per ping

•10 to 30 pings per second (US vs. DS)

•Depth from 0.5 to 150 meters

•RTK GPS and inertial measurement unit (IMU)

navigation system for precise positioning

•Maps the entire river bed

Nadar Beam

Reson 7125 Multibeam

Echosounder Components

Projector

Array

Receiver

Array

Sound

Velocity

Probe

Multibeam

Patch Test

Calibration

Roll correction

Pitch correction

Yaw correction

Nadar Beam

Multibeam Data Processing

•Data sets are large, typically 35

million points per bridge survey

•Dell Precision T7500

•Intel Xeon Quad Core Processor

3.46 GHz

•12GB DDR3 SDRAM, 1333MHz,

•2 GeForce GTX 480 2.0 Graphics

Cards

•Software •Navigation: HYSWEEP

•Data processing : Caris

•Data interpretation: ESRI

Accuracy of MBES Surveys

• Multiple factors

– Satellite configuration

– RTKGPS vs. DGPS

– Quality of the GPS benchmark

– Beam angle (degrades at larger angles)

– Motion correction - IMU

– Water depth

• Quality Control

– Bar check

– Repeat survey

– Speed of sound in water

– Compare to previous surveys

2011 Flood-Infrastructure

Assessment and Protection

• USGS conducted multiple

hydrographic sonar surveys, June–

December 2011

– Bridge piers and abutments

– Transmission towers

– Intake structures

– River bed

– Side channels

– Levees

– Pipelines

2011 Flood-

Difficult Operations •Dangerous work

•Lack of access

•Submerged boat ramps

•Entry points: roads,

ditches, anywhere

•Long travel times to

the survey site

•High velocity flows

•Eroding banks

•Restricted use

•Corps of Engineers

•USGS

•Coast Guard

•Others

2011 Flood-

Bridge

Scour

Sioux City

June 25

2011 Flood-

Multibeam

Survey

Results

31

2011 Flood-Multibeam Results Hwy-51

Flow

Hwy 51

Overbank Flood

Channel (New)

Failed Abutment

Pier

Decatur

2011 Flood-Multibeam Results Hwy-51

2011 Flood-Multibeam Results

Hwy-51 Bridge Abutment Failure

Flow

Revetment

Pier

Scour Hole

2011 Flood-Scour Hwy-51 Bridge

2011 Flood-Scour Hwy-370 Bridge

• Multibeam

echosounder sonar

• USGS, NDOR,

MODOT crews

• Overall 43 bridges

surveyed from

St. Louis to Montana

2011 Flood-Scour Hwy-2 NE City (depth in meters)

July 19, 2011

210,000 cfs

2011 Flood-Yellowstone River

Pipeline Rupture

“On July 1, 2011, an Exxon Mobil pipeline

ruptured releasing an estimated 42,000 gallons of

oil into the Yellowstone River near Laurel,

Montana. The 12-inch line broke after flooding

scoured the river bed and exposed the pipe, which

had been buried just 5 feet deep in some areas.”

Lincoln Journal Star, Sept 24, 2011

2011 Flood-Multibeam Surveys

of Submerged Pipelines

• Requested by

EPA

• Pipeline and

Hazardous

Materials Safety

Administration

• Coast Guard

• FEMA

• Pipeline

Companies

Original X-Section-Pipeline Company

2011 Flood-Multibeam

Pipeline Surveys

Uncertainties of location and depth

Variability in construction drawings

Required coordination with multiple parties

2011 Flood-Multibeam Pipeline

Surveys

• Small-diameter pipe,

hard to identify

• Multibeam sonar

required

• Buried at different

depths

• 14 pipelines at 4

different locations

• Limited success

• Future techniques

USGS Water-Quality Sampling

Constituents

• Physical

• Inorganics

major-minor

ions, metals,

non-metals

• Nutrients

• Microbiological

• Biological

• Toxicity

• Organics

pesticides and

PCBs

• Radiochemical

Flow-weighted sampling

Nitrate and Nitrite (mg/L) as N

0.01

0.1

1

10

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000

CO

NC

EN

TR

ATIO

N

STREAMFLOW, IN CFS


2001-2010

2011

Atrazine (ug/L)

0.01

0.1

1

10

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000

CO

NC

EN

TR

ATIO

N

STREAMFLOW, IN CFS


2001-2010

2011

Total Phosphorus (mg/L) as P

0.01

0.1

1

10

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000

CO

NC

EN

TR

ATIO

N

STREAMFLOW, IN CFS


2001-2010

2011

2011 Flood-

Sediment

Sampling

• Low turbidity and

suspended sediment

• High bedload

• Rolling sand dunes over 3 meters

• 1st time on the Missouri in 50 years

Suspended Sediment (mg/L)

1

10

100

1000

10000

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000

CO

NC

EN

TR

ATIO

N

STREAMFLOW, IN CFS


2001-2010

2011

Turbidity (NTRU)

1

10

100

1000

10000

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000

CO

NC

EN

TR

ATIO

N

STREAMFLOW, IN CFS


2001-2010

2011

Continuous

Water-Quality

Monitoring

• Dissolved Oxygen

• Specific conductance

• Temperature

• Turbidity

• pH

Discharge

and Dissolved

Oxygen

Turbidity

and Specific

Conductance

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

2/1

2/0

6

8/1

3/0

6

2/1

2/0

7

8/1

3/0

7

2/1

2/0

8

8/1

2/0

8

2/1

1/0

9

8/1

2/0

9

2/1

1/1

0

8/1

2/1

0

2/1

1/1

1

8/1

2/1

1

Tu

rbid

ity, i

n F

NU

Str

ea

mfl

ow

, in

cfs

Missouri River at St. Joseph, MO

Streamflow

Turbidity

Streamflow vs. Turbidity

2011 Flood-Sediment Transport

• Bedload is more difficult

to measure

• Used multibeam to

predict sediment

transport

• Techniques used:

– Modified-Einstein

– Physical sampling

– Bathymetric

time-series

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

400

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

De

pth

, in

fee

t

Incr

em

en

tal b

ed

load

, in

to

n/d

Station, in feet

Missouri River at Maskell, NEBedload pass 2Bedload pass 1Depth, in feet

Missouri River - after

USGS CONTACT INFORMATION

Robert B. Swanson Director (402) 328-4110 [email protected] Jason M. Lambrecht Associate Director for Hydrologic Data (402) 328-4124 [email protected]

Richard C. Wilson, P.E. Associate Director for Hydrologic Studies (402) 328-4120 [email protected] Ronald B. Zelt Associate Director NAWQA (402) 328-4140 [email protected]

Nebraska Water Science Center (402) 328-4100

5231 South 19th St. http://ne.water.usgs.gov

Lincoln, NE 68512-1271 On Twitter: @USGSNeb

mailto:[email protected]




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