US History: Goal 5 & 7

U.S. History: Goals 5 and 7

Industrialism and Progressivism

A. Gilded Age: Coined by Mark Twain.

Golden period for industrialists covering dark times of poverty

and corruption.

The Gilded Age

B. Old Immigrants: Those who were English speaking and had a history of voting. Central and Northwest Europe.

C. New Immigrants: Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.

D. Ellis Island: Most came through “Golden Door” in New York City.

E. Angel Island: Asian immigrants came through in San Francisco.

Immigration: Types and Where

F. Urban Areas: Often settled in urban areas established by settlers from their homeland.

G. Ghettos: Areas were one ethnic or racial group dominated. Familiar language and traditions.

Immigrants: Housing

H. Piecework System: Paid by how much could be produced not by the hour.

I. Sweatshops: Employees worked for long hours for low wages in poor conditions.

Immigrants: Issues

J. Chinese Exclusion Act: Excludes Chinese from work force.

Immigrants: Issues

K. Great Migration: Many African Americans move North after Reconstruction. South suppressed rights and jobs.

Migrants

Immigrants, Migrants, and other citizens work in factories. Assembly and products no longer

done in homes or shops.

Factories

L. Assembly Line: Each worker does a specialized task in the construction of a final product.

Henry Ford makes more efficient.

Ford pays employees $5 a day and enrolls foreign workers in schools to assimilate.

M. Model T: Marketable light-weight, gas powered car.

Factories: Positives

N. Kodak Camera: Takes still pictures.

O. Movie Camera: Takes moving pictures.

P. Wright Brothers: Take first successful flight at Kitty Hawk, NC.

Q. Mail Order Catalogs: Rise in goods being purchased through mail.

Factories: Other Positives

R. Pay: Workers overworked and underpaid.

S. Child Laborers: 20% of children between 10 and 16 employed. Sometimes as young as 6 or 7.

T. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: 146 young girls killed when fire break out in factory. Pushed people to reform.

U. Slaughterhouses: Poor conditions for workers, contaminated meats.

Factories: Negatives

V. Alcohol: Alcoholism soars and people begin drinking more. Especially after long hours in the factories.

Factories: Negatives

Workers want better working conditions, increased wages, and

shorter hours.

W. Knights of Labor: Organized all working men (black and white) to reform for equal pay, 8 hour work day, end to child labor.

X. American Federation of Labor: Allowed only skilled workers to join and used collective bargaining. Samuel Gompers.

Y. Yellow Dog Contracts: workers had to promise to never join a union or go on strike.

Labor

Many unions and workers resorted to striking or

refusing to go to work to reform.

Z. Great Railroad Strike: Workers strike when B&O Railroad announce wage cuts of 10%. Workers and military clash. 1877.

A1. Haymarket Riot: Strikers demand 8 hour work day. Fight breaks out and a bomb is thrown, police dies. Unionists and Anarchists named heroes.

Labor

Many unions and workers resorted to striking or

refusing to go to work to reform.

B2. Homestead Strike: Wages cut at Carnegie Steel. Strike begins and anarchist attempts to assassinate Carnegie’s partner. Publics stops supporting Unions.

C3. Pullman Strike: Pullman lays off workers and cuts pay by 25%. American Railway Union led by Eugene V. Debs goes on strike. Grover Cleveland breaks strike.

Labor

People who sought to protect social welfare, moral improvements,

economic reforms, and promote efficiency.

Muckrakers: Journalists who wrote about the corruption of business and

public life in the 20th century.

Politicians/Presidents: Those who sought to reform the government.

Citizens: Concerned Americans who wanted change.

Progressives

Labor:

D4. Florence Kelley: Advocate for improving the lives of women and children.

E5. Scientific Management: Studies to make the workplace more efficient.

Food:

F6. Upton Sinclair: Writes The Jungle exposing the harsh treatment of workers in the meat packing industry. Muckraker.

G7. Pure Food and Drug Act: Halted sale of contaminated foods and drugs. Created labeling. 1906.

Alcohol:

H8. Carrie Nation: Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). Entered saloons, singing, praying.

I9. 18th Amendment (Volstead Act): Banned the production, sale, or import of alcohol. – Prohibition.

Progressive Response: Labor, Food, Alcohol

Cities began to grow rapidly and increase in size and population.

Urbanization

J10. Transportation:

Trains, cable cars, electric trolleys, and automobiles make transportation easier.

K11. Suburbs:

Transportation allows people to live outside of cities and commute.

M12. Bessemer Process:

Makes it possible to mass produce steel – Skyscrapers are created.

N13. Elevator: Allowed for building of high-rises in cities.

Urbanization: Positives

O14. Indoor Electricity: Invented by Thomas Edison, 1865.

P15. Oil: Used for power, discovered by Edwin L. Drake.

R16. Phone: Alexander Graham Bell. By 1900, 1.5 million in use.

S17. Typewriter: Creates jobs for women.

Urbanization: Positives

T18. Coney Island’s Luna Park: Amusement Park.

U19. Sports: Spectator sports such as baseball, basketball, and football.

Urbanization: Positives

V20. Tenements: Low cost apartment buildings housed as many families as the owner could pack in.

W21. Great Chicago Fire: 1871, 18,000 buildings burn, 250 people died, 100,000 homeless.

X22. Dumbbell Tenements: Created to let every room have a window and allow air flow.

Urbanization: Negatives

ProgressivesPeople who sought to protect social welfare, moral improvements,

economic reforms, and promote efficiency.

Muckrakers: Journalists who wrote about the corruption of business and

public life in the 20th century.

Politicians/Presidents: Those who sought to reform the government.

Citizens: Concerned Americans who wanted change.

Housing

Y23. Jacob Riis: wrote “How the Other Half Lives.” Hoped to gain support to reform tenement houses. Muckraker.

Z24. Settlement Houses: Homes for the poor that provided housing, childcare, and education.

25. Jane Addams: Hull House. Built to improve urban slums/ghettos.

Progressive Response: Housing

New Business Ventures 26. Industrialization: the building up of industries, cities, and factories.

27. Vertical Integration: Owning every phase of production of a product.

28. Horizontal Integration: Taking over an industry by owning all of the businesses on the same level.

Used by industrialists of the 1800’s.

29. Oligopoly: market dominated by a few large companies.

30. Monopoly: One company has complete control over the market.

31. Trust: Trusts allowed companies to come together under board of trustees but not officially merge.

Businessmen of the 1800’s typically used these.

New Business Ventures

32. Robber Barons: Someone who steals their money from the public. Drives competitors into ground. Paid workers meager wages.

33. Captains of Industry: Served nation in positive way. Raised productivity, created jobs, established museums, libraries, etc.

Robber Barons v. Captains of Industry

34. John D. Rockefeller: Created Standard Oil Company. Questionable practices but gave $500 million to charities.

Vertical integration

35. Andrew Carnegie: Steel Tycoon. Preached “Gospel of Wealth” – make as much money as possible but give some away.

36. Social Darwinism: Wealthy most valuable group in society. Survival of the fittest.

Horizontal integration

Robber Barons v. Captains of Industry

ProgressivesPeople who sought to protect social welfare, moral improvements,

economic reforms, and promote efficiency.

Muckrakers: Journalists who wrote about the corruption of business and public life

in the 20th century.

Politicians/Presidents: Those who sought to reform the government.

Citizens: Concerned Americans who wanted change.

Industry:

37. Ida Tarbell: The History of the Standard Oil Company. Investigated and unveiled corruption in Standard Oil.

38. Sherman Antitrust Act: Outlawed any combo of companies that restrained interstate commerce. 1890.

39. Clayton Anti-Trust Act: Strengthens Sherman Antitrust Act. 1914.

40. Federal Trade Act: Federal Trade Commission, investigated possible violation of regulation.

Progressive Response - Industry

Clashing interests between different

community groups led to the rise of political

machines.

41. Political Machine: Unofficial Organization set up to keep a group in power. Run by a boss who worked for favors.

42. William “Boss” Tweed: Most notorious boss in NYC. Illegally used money from treasury for building.

Political Bosses

Progressives

43. Thomas Nast: Political cartoonist who exposed Boss Tweed through political cartoons.

Progressive Response: Political Bosses

44. Laissez-Faire: Hands off approach to the economy.

45. Credit Mobilier: Stockholders in Union Pacific create construction company and jack up prices on railroad building. Pocketed money.

46. Whiskey Ring Scandal: Tax collectors accepted bribes from whiskey distillers who wanted to avoid paying taxes.

Political Corruption

47. Spoils System: President

Garfield killed by unhappy office

seeker.

Political Corruption

48. Lincoln Steffens: Uncovered political corruption in St. Louis and other cities.

49. Pendleton Civil Service Act: Must pass exam to become a worker in the national government. Ended Spoils System Jackson had created.

50. Direct Primary: People voted for nominees in upcoming election.

51. Initiatives: propose a new law directly on ballot.

52. Referendums: Citizens reject law passed by legislature.

53. Recall: Voters can remove officials from office.

Progressive Response: Political Corruption

54. 16th Amendment: Allowed federal government to collect income taxes.

55. 17th Amendment: Direct election of senators.

56. Federal Reserve Act: Created Federal Reserve System of banks to supervise private banks.

Progressive Response: Political Corruption

57. Bull Moose Party: Direct election, initiatives, referendum, recall, women’s rights, 8 hour work day, etc.

58. Roosevelt: Saw presidency as “bully pulpit” and influenced media and news.

59. Square Deal: programs to protect people from big business.

60. Elkins Act: Illegal for railroad officials to give rebates. 1903.

Progressive Presidents: Roosevelt

61. Civil Rights: Invited Booker T. Washington to White House.

62. W.E.B. DuBois: founded National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Progressive Presidents: Roosevelt

63. Payne-Aldrich Tariff: Set tax regulations. Failed to significantly reduce tariffs on manufactured goods.

64. Republican Party: splits after disagreements with Taft’s administration.

Progressive Presidents – Taft

65. New Freedom: stronger anti-trust legislation, banking reform, reduced tariff.

66. 19th Amendment: Women gain right to vote.

Progressive Presidents – Wilson