US History Chapter 6 – New Industrial Age. Turn to a Clean Sheet of Paper & Set It up Like This: Topics & Terms Notes Chapter # & Title Section # & Title.

US History

Chapter 6 – New Industrial Age

Turn to a Clean Sheet of Paper & Set It up Like This:

Topics

& Terms

Notes

Chapter # & Title

Section # & Title

Section 1 – Expansion of Industry

Topic 1. Natural Resources Fuel Industrialization • Black Gold

– 1859 Edwin Drake – Steam Engine to drill for Oil– Used to make Kerosene then Gasoline for Cars

• Bessemer Steel Process– Large Supplies of Coal & Iron in the US– Bessemer Process Allowed Steel to be produced

Quickly & Efficiently • New Uses for Steel

– Railroads, Barbed Wire, Farm Equipment, Bridges, Skyscrapers

Topic 2. Inventions Promote Change• Power of Electricity

– 1876 Thomas Edison opens laboratory at Menlo Park

– 1890 Electricity was running Factories – Allowed Factories to be more mobile

• Inventions Change Lifestyles– 1867 Christopher Sholes – Typewriter– 1876 Alexander G. Bell – Telephone

Section 1 Summary:Section 1 Summary:

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Section 2 – Age of the Railroads

Topic 1. Railroads Span Time & Space• National Network

– May 10, 1869 Transcontinental Railroad• Promontory, Utah Central Pacific & Union Pacific met

– By 1890 180K miles of track spanning the US • Romance & Reality

– Railroads met a new start for people – Union Pacific – Irish workers– Central Pacific – Chinese workers

• Railroad Time– 1883 US began using Time Zones– Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific

Topic 2. Opportunities & Opportunists

• New Towns & Markets– Railroads allowed Towns to Specialize and Grow

• Pullman– George Pullman created the “Company Town”

Model• Credit Mobilier

– 1864 railroad construction scandal – Union Pacific pocketed $23 million in Stocks – Major Political officials were involved (VP-Colfax &

future President Garfield)

Topic 3. The Grange & The Railroads• Railroad Abuses

– Misuse of Government Land Grants, Controlled Prices, Price Discrimination

• Granger Laws– 1877 Munn v. Illinois Supreme Court Supported

Regulations on Railroad Companies • Interstate Commerce Act

– 1887 Interstate Commerce Act establishes Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

– ICC tries to control railroad prices • Panic & Consolidation

– By 1893 600 Banks & 15K Business had Failed– Large Financial Companies took over business

Section 2 Summary:Section 2 Summary:

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Section 3 – Big Business & Labor

Topic 1. Carnegie’s Innovations

• New Business Strategies– Efficiency in Production (New Machinery &

Technology) to produce Cheaply – Hire Talented People– Vertical Integration – Buying out the Resources &

Distribution components – Horizontal Integration – Buying out the

Competition

Topic 2. Social Darwinism & Business

• Principles of Social Darwinism– Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species talks

about “Natural Selection”– Business & Markets should not be Regulated by

Government – The Best will Survive

• New Definition of Success– Hard work will be rewarded with success– The Poor are lazy or inferior

Topic 3. Fewer Control More• Growth & Consolidation

– Mergers – One Company Buying the Stock of another Company to Control it

– Trusts – Different Companies Giving Stock Control over to a group of Trustees to Control the Industry

• Rockefeller & the “Robber Barons”– Rockefeller used Economic tactics (Economies of Scale) to

force competitors out of business – Tycoons like Rockefeller & Carnegie donated hundreds of

millions back to the community • Sherman Antitrust Act

– 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act made it illegal to form trust companies

– Didn’t work very well • Business Boom Bypasses the South

– Industrialization passed the South by

Topic 4. Labor Unions Emerge • Long Hours & Danger

– 12 or more hours per day (6 or 7 days a week)– Dirty, Dangerous, & Deadly– Men, Women, & Children Worked for Low Pay

• Early Labor Organizing– NLU – National Labor Union, 1866– CNLU – Colored National Labor Union– Knight of Labor, 1869– Arbitration & Strikes the tools of Unions

Topic 5. Union Movements Diverge• Craft Unionism

– AFL – American Federation of Labor 1886• Samuel Gompers• Union of Skilled Workers • Used Strikes & Collective Bargaining to gain higher

wages and better working conditions

• Industrial Unionism– ARU – American Railway Union 1894

• Eugene Debs• Union of Unskilled, Semiskilled, & Skilled Workers

Topic 5. Union Movements Diverge cont.

• Socialism & the IWW– Socialism – Economic & Political System based on

Government Control of the economy – IWW – Industrial Worker of the World “Wobblies”– 1905 by William “Big Bill” Haywood

• Other Labor Activism in the West– Labor Unions formed for Farmworkers & Miners

Topic 6. Strikes Turn Violent• Great Strike of 1877

– Railroad workers went on Strike & Shut down 50K miles of track for a week

– President Hays sent federal troops to end the strike • Haymarket Affair

– Union members gathered to protest police brutality– As they left a riot broke out Several workers were

killed • Homestead Strike

– Steel works went on Strike – Pinkerton Detectives were hired to control strikers– Scabs – replacement workers

Topic 6. Strikes Turn Violent cont. • Pullman Company Strike

– 1893 Pullman laid off 3,000 employees & reduce worker pay– Strikes turned violent & Strikers were fired

• Women Organize– UMW – United Mine Workers of America 1877– “Equal pay for Equal work”– Mary H Jones – Led children workers on a march to Theodore

Roosevelt’s house– ILGWU – International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union 1909– 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire 146 women were trapped

• Management & Government Pressure Unions– “Yellow-Dog Contracts” – Would not join a Union – Used the Sherman Antitrust Act to stop Unions

Section 3 Summary:Section 3 Summary:

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