US Foreign Policy 1945 – Present. What has happened? Roosevelt has died and Truman Roosevelt has died and Truman is now President (1945) Truman has.

US Foreign PolicyUS Foreign Policy

1945 – Present 1945 – Present

What has happened?What has happened?

Roosevelt has died and Truman Roosevelt has died and Truman

is now President (1945) is now President (1945) Truman has brought WWII to an end Truman has brought WWII to an end

with the bombing of Hiroshima and with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Nagasaki

The aftershocks of the war were felt The aftershocks of the war were felt and previous alliances begin to break and previous alliances begin to break apart.apart.

Fear begins to rise about Fear begins to rise about

the Soviets the Soviets

The Iron CurtainThe Iron Curtain

Satellite nations were set up by Satellite nations were set up by the Soviet Union in Eastern the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe and were Communist Europe and were Communist ruled ruled

Winston Churchill coined the Winston Churchill coined the phrase Iron Curtain, referring to phrase Iron Curtain, referring to the Soviet foreign policy from the Soviet foreign policy from 1945-19891945-1989

United States ReactionUnited States Reaction

The United States removed troops The United States removed troops after the war, leaving the Soviet after the war, leaving the Soviet Union as the lone superpower in Union as the lone superpower in Europe. Europe.

President Truman invoked the policy President Truman invoked the policy of Containment in reaction to the of Containment in reaction to the Soviet take over of nations in Soviet take over of nations in Eastern Europe.Eastern Europe.

Reaction to policy of containment- Reaction to policy of containment- mistrustmistrust

The SidesThe Sides

EastEast

CommunismCommunism

Satellite Nations Satellite Nations

Soviet UnionSoviet Union Mao ZedongMao Zedong Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh Fidel CastroFidel Castro

West West

Capitalism Capitalism

Free EnterpriseFree Enterprise

United StatesUnited States

Allies Allies John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson Richard NixonRichard Nixon Henry Kissinger Henry Kissinger Spiro AgnewSpiro Agnew

Effects of the Cold WarEffects of the Cold War

• Constant state of military Constant state of military preparednesspreparedness

• Large amounts of $ spent on Large amounts of $ spent on military equipment military equipment

• Large amounts of money spent on Large amounts of money spent on technology to outdo the Soviets. technology to outdo the Soviets. – Arms Race Arms Race – Space RaceSpace Race

NATO v. Warsaw PactNATO v. Warsaw Pact North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty

Organization,1949 Organization,1949 Allied United States, Great Allied United States, Great

Britain, Canada, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Belgium, Italy, France, Netherlands, Italy, France, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Iceland, Luxembourg, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, and West Germany. and West Germany.

Collective Security: Collective Security: agreement which pledged agreement which pledged if one was attacked all if one was attacked all were attacked and were attacked and therefore all would help therefore all would help outout

General Dwight General Dwight EisenhowerEisenhower commander of commander of NATONATO

Military Alliance, Military Alliance, 19551955 Allied Soviet Allied Soviet

Union and all Union and all Satellite Nations Satellite Nations

Sped up the arms Sped up the arms race race

Collective Collective Security: Security: agreement which agreement which pledged if one pledged if one was attacked all was attacked all were attacked were attacked and therefore all and therefore all would help outwould help out

The Cold WarThe Cold War • UNUN established as a world peacekeeping established as a world peacekeeping

organization. organization.

• Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine (1947): Shifted the US away (1947): Shifted the US away from peacetime isolation and supplied aid to from peacetime isolation and supplied aid to Greece and Turkey, in hopes of Greece and Turkey, in hopes of containing containing CommunismCommunism

• Marshall PlanMarshall Plan: extended the Truman Doctrine : extended the Truman Doctrine

and gave $, supplies, and machinery to and gave $, supplies, and machinery to Western European Countries that were Western European Countries that were struggling to further struggling to further contain Communismcontain Communism

BerlinBerlin

City was divided into East (City was divided into East (SovietSoviet) ) controlled and West (controlled and West (AlliesAllies) controlled. ) controlled.

Berlin Blockade - The Soviets Berlin Blockade - The Soviets blockaded all traffic from West Berlin blockaded all traffic from West Berlin to force the Allies to back down. to force the Allies to back down.

Truman ordered the Berlin Airlift to Truman ordered the Berlin Airlift to supply the people for 10 monthssupply the people for 10 months

The blockade was ended May 1949The blockade was ended May 1949

The Cold War in AsiaThe Cold War in Asia

Cold War In Asia

• US sought to reestablish trade and prevent communist spread over the continent

• Philippines – US gave independence (1946) and $ in exchange for military bases and special business privileges

• Japan – US occupied, Douglas MacArthur placed in charge to turn Japan into a Democratic nation. 1951 Japan was given its independence.

Cold War in Asia• China –

– In hopes for peace Roosevelt fought to give China a seat on the UN Security Council

– After Civil War China was ruled by the Communist party led by Mao Zedong

– Truman recognized the leader of the Nationalist government (Chiang Kai-shek), pushed to Taiwan, as the legitimate Chinese government and they were given the Chinese seat.

Korean War 38th Parallel -point to which the Soviets had occupied Korea

– North Korea (north of the 38th parallel) isolated itself from all non-satellite nationsand strengthened its military– UN (1948) recognized the South Korean leader as the

leader of all of Korea– US withdrew troops in 1949 against many opinions– June 1950, The North invaded the South and the UN

was called to draft an order of withdrawing Northern troops.

– After 2 days of non-compliance, all UN members were called to aid South Korea

Fighting in Korea Begins– MacArthur commanded the troops

and was told to keep all fighting south of the 38th parallel

– Truman did not declare war,but sent troops as an act of commander in chief and underthe UN charter– 1953 a cease fire was called and the original borders were reestablished – Result was a commitment by many wavering countries to

support the United States in the Cold War.

President Eisenhower’s Approach to Foreign Policy

• Eisenhower Approach – Containment with force– Diplomacy + Covert activities of the CIA

• Iran and Guatemala – CIA funded revolts to rid the country of

unfriendly governments

• Middle East instability caused a minor break of the Allies, which was shortly repaired

President Eisenhower’s Approach to Foreign Policy

• Eisenhower Doctrine (1957) $ and Military Aid – Suez crisis: saw the need to create such a plan– First tested in 1958 by Lebanon crisis – American

troops sent to control the country until a stable government was put in place

• (1957)Sputnik (Soviet Satellite) was launched causing fears as they could be monitoring U.S and they were seemingly superior

• NASA was created to compete withthe Soviet space exploration

President Eisenhower’s Approach to Foreign Policy

• 1959 Fidel Castro takes over Cuba– step towards democracy?

• Fidel Castro made contact with Communist countries and fears began to rise.

President Kennedy’s Approach to Foreign Policy

• *****The Cold War escalates during this period of American History ******

• The Bay of Pigs in 1961, led

by President John F. Kennedy,

a failed attempt to overthrow

Castro by the CIA and Cuban

revolutionaries failed

• Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)– U-2 spy planes documented Soviet Missiles in Cuba. After a Khrushchev-Kennedy show down the Soviets backed down.

President Kennedy’s Approach to Foreign Policy

• Peace Corps (1961) – fight poverty and disease throughout the

world in hopes of stopping the spread of communism.

• Despite President Kennedy’s talks with Khrushchev, 1961 the

Berlin Wall was constructed to keep the people in the Eastern portion

President Kennedy’s Approach to Foreign Policy

• Kennedy increased the U.S presence in Vietnam just as Eisenhower

• “The New Frontier” was a response and a call to the younger generation of Americans and their duty to be participants in a global effort of peace. ASK NOT WHAT YOUR……….

• Signed the Nuclear Test Band Treaty prior to his assassination in November, 1963

Table of Contents

• Unit Outline • Foreign Policy Reading • Berlin Wall Project Sheet • Cold War Packet • Korean War Packet • Eisenhower • Space Race • Vietnam Packet• Since Vietnam Packet

Build up to Vietnam • Johnson’s dilemma –

American people wanted peace, campaign promises, domino theory, and an unstable South Vietnamese government.

• Johnson approved secret bombings of N. Vietnam under the pressure of the Domino Theory.

• Misled Congress in order to coerce their approval to enter the war

Build up in Vietnam• Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964) –

Congressional okay for Johnson to bomb N. Vietnam – any means necessary to prevent further aggression.

• Johnson saw this as a blanket authorization, rather than a temporary measure to amend the attack of the U.S boats.

• February 1965, Johnson committed ground troops to the war

Build up in Vietnam• Unlike previous wars this War was not

supported by the global community and thus the U.S fought the alone

• Tet Offensive – occurred on January, 1968 and was the turning point of the war as America realized that the war was not going to end anytime soon – demoralizing

• War continued for another 5 years

New Type of War

• There were no battlefronts in which to mark victory

• “dirty, ruthless, and wandering war”

• Search-and-Destroy Strategies were used by the American troops to combat the guerilla tactics of the Vietcong

• Use of Napalm and Agent Orange in order to clear large portions of land

““We have to often been disappointed We have to often been disappointed by the optimism of the American by the optimism of the American leaders to have faith any longer in the leaders to have faith any longer in the silver linings… To say that we are silver linings… To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of evidence, the optimists the face of evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past. To who have been wrong in the past. To suggest we are on the edge of defeat suggest we are on the edge of defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimism. is to yield to unreasonable pessimism. To say that we are mired in stalemate To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, yet seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory conclusion.” (Walter unsatisfactory conclusion.” (Walter Cronkite)Cronkite)

President Nixon’s Foreign Policy and the Vietnam War

• Great desire to be remembered as a peacekeeper, and chose Henry Kissenger to achieve this desire

• Proclaimed Détente – a relaxing of the tensions between the U.S and the Soviet Union.

• Proposed SALT I and II meetings between the U.S. and the Soviet Union

to achieve the Détente

After a period of confrontation, we After a period of confrontation, we are entering an era of negotiation. are entering an era of negotiation. Let all nations know that during this Let all nations know that during this administration our lines of administration our lines of communication will be open. We communication will be open. We seek an open world – open to ideas, seek an open world – open to ideas, open to the exchange of goods and open to the exchange of goods and people…” (President Nixon’s people…” (President Nixon’s Inaugural Address)Inaugural Address)

President Nixon’s Foreign Policy and the Vietnam War

• “Vietnamization”: two fold process of removing U.S troops and replacing them with Vietnamese conscripts

• War Powers Act (1973) after overriding a Presidential Veto, it required Congressional approval for troop deployment over 60 days.

• 1973 organized a cease fire and the U.S military presence was ended, however not until 1975 under Gerald Ford was the War over

President Nixon’s Foreign Policy and the Vietnam War

• Negotiated improved relations with China• Vietnam: campaign promises to end the war were

not met as it was a complicated mess– Pentagon Papers – documented the lies that the

executive branch did not want Congress or the people to see about the War in Vietnam.

– The Impact: Distrust and anger, led to a Supreme Court Case• New York Times v. United States: Should

items of National Security be allowed to be published – it was ruled that the Pentagon Papers were not of National Security

Carter Administration’s Foreign Policy• Use Morality rather than secrecy and

economic might• Signed the control of the Panama Canal over

to Panama: a symbol of the end of American intervention in Latin America and a New Policy toward Latin America

• Cut off military aid and $ to countries that did not respect Human Rights. Such as China, U.S.S.R, Latin American countries, Middle Eastern Countries, etc.

• Used the military as a last resort, relied heavily upon diplomacy

Carter Administration’s Foreign Policy

• Middle East: Greatest Foreign Policy triumph and failure

–Camp David Accords: Peace agreement between Israel and Egypt, able to negotiate between two arch enemies

““This is the first time that an Arab This is the first time that an Arab and an Israeli leader have signed a and an Israeli leader have signed a comprehensive framework for peace. comprehensive framework for peace. It contains the seeds of a time when It contains the seeds of a time when the Middle East, with all its vast the Middle East, with all its vast potential, may be a land of human potential, may be a land of human richness and fulfillment, rather than richness and fulfillment, rather than a land of bitterness and continued a land of bitterness and continued conflict.” (Jimmy Carter)conflict.” (Jimmy Carter)

Carter’s Failure in the Middle East

Iran Hostage Crisis

Not able to negotiate their release a huge part of his defeat in 1980 Presidential election. Hostages were held for 444 days

Reagan Administration’s Foreign Reagan Administration’s Foreign PolicyPolicy

““Star Wars”/SDI: symbol of Star Wars”/SDI: symbol of Reagan’s commitment to building Reagan’s commitment to building up the America’s military defenseup the America’s military defense

Large amounts of money was Large amounts of money was spent on the military/defense – spent on the military/defense – growing the deficit and increasing growing the deficit and increasing deficit spendingdeficit spending

Believed the Soviet Union was Believed the Soviet Union was the “Evil Empire” the “Evil Empire”

Reagan Administration’s Foreign Reagan Administration’s Foreign PolicyPolicy

President Reagan and Mikhail President Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev met and agreed to a Gorbachev met and agreed to a process of de-militarizing of process of de-militarizing of European countries, removing European countries, removing nuclear missiles on the continent nuclear missiles on the continent

Iran-Contra Scandal was yet Iran-Contra Scandal was yet another scandal dealing with the another scandal dealing with the role of the executive and role of the executive and legislative branch in foreign policy legislative branch in foreign policy

Bush Administration’s Foreign Policy

• Berlin Wall was torn down (1989-91),an act of symbolism of the era of change and the end to the Soviet Union (1991)

• Coordinated the international Persian Gulf War

• The Persian Gulf War defined the U.S role in the Post-Cold War Era

• America began to “De-militarize” around the world as a result of the desires of the American people, the move toward a global economy

Clinton Administration’s Foreign Clinton Administration’s Foreign Policy Policy

Diplomacy + Economic Pressure and if Diplomacy + Economic Pressure and if necessary military force through the UN necessary military force through the UN was the Clinton Policy was the Clinton Policy

Conflicts in Somalia, Bosnia, Chechyna, Conflicts in Somalia, Bosnia, Chechyna, and Haiti were resolvedand Haiti were resolved

Gains in the Arab-Israeli Conflict: PLO and Gains in the Arab-Israeli Conflict: PLO and Israeli peace talks and accords Israeli peace talks and accords

Enter in the Global Economy: Enter in the Global Economy:

countries interdependent upon countries interdependent upon

each other’s economyeach other’s economy

Internationalism Internationalism

• New World order was about New World order was about interdependence and cooperationinterdependence and cooperation

• Coalitions to fight against enemies of Coalitions to fight against enemies of the world – poverty, diseases, hunger, the world – poverty, diseases, hunger, genocide …..genocide …..

• Somalia, Bosnia, Rwanda, Persian Gulf Somalia, Bosnia, Rwanda, Persian Gulf

• Mutual respect for each other Mutual respect for each other

Current Events Articles Current Events Articles

• Groups of 4Groups of 4

• Group report sheet Group report sheet – Areas of the world and issue Areas of the world and issue – Actions Actions – Opinions Opinions

• One person records and one person One person records and one person reports back to the class. reports back to the class.

President BushPresident Bush

• Intelligence + Military Force + Diplomacy Intelligence + Military Force + Diplomacy + UN + UN

• September 11, 2001 September 11, 2001

• War on Terror War on Terror – Global hunt for Al Quida and Osama Bin Global hunt for Al Quida and Osama Bin

LadenLaden– U.S alone?U.S alone?

• Iraqi Freedom Iraqi Freedom – Weapons of Mass Destruction Weapons of Mass Destruction – Connects with Osama Bin LadenConnects with Osama Bin Laden

President George BushPresident George Bush

• Darfur – Food and aid to refugee camps Darfur – Food and aid to refugee camps – UN Peace Keeping Force UN Peace Keeping Force

• Iran – Strong encouragement of sanctions Iran – Strong encouragement of sanctions in the UNin the UN– "To support the aspirations of the Iranian "To support the aspirations of the Iranian

people for freedom in their own country." people for freedom in their own country."

• Mexican Border and ImmigrationMexican Border and Immigration– JobsJobs– Economy Economy – Rights? Rights?