uoe% ikB% - NCERT

uoe% ikB%

enkylk

izLrqr ikB tEewfo'ofo|ky; ls vodk'k izkIr vkpk;kZ osnoqQekjh ?kbZ }kjk jfpr ^iqjU/zhi×pde~*uked :idlaxzg ls ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA ^iqjU/zhi×pde~* vk/qfudukV~;ijEijk esa ,d lkef;dfo"k;ksa ls lEcfU/r jkspd ,oa f'k{kkizn :idksa dk laxzg gSA izLrqr ikB esa ^iqjUèkzhi×pde~* osQrrh; :id ^enkylk* osQ oqQN va'kks dk ladyu fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa jktoqQekj ½rèotrFkk enkylk osQ laokn osQ ekè;e ls jktoqQekjh enkylk osQ LokfHkeku ,oa ukjh vfLerk dk,d u, ifjizs{; esa lqUnj fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA

2022-23

enkylk 73

(rr% izfo'kfr izÑfrlkSUn;Zeoyksd;u~ egkjktL; 'k=kqftr% iq=k% Írèot%)

½rèot% & vgks! 'kksHkua xU/oZjktfo'okolks% jktks|kue~A vkezeTjh.kka ijka'kksHkka n"V~ok dksfdykuka p e/qjopkafl JqRok dL; ;wuks ân;alglk mRdf.Bra u Hkfo";fr\

okeik'osZ je.khukekyki bo Jw;rsA v=kSo fLFkRok Jks";kfeA

oqQ.Myk & lf[k enkyls! Roa rq osQoya fo|kè;;us ,o jrk] fd;Ura dkya;kor~ czãp;Zozra /kjf;";fl\

enkylk & Kkuksnf/Lrq vuUrikjks xHkhj'pA e;k lkxjrVs fLFkRok dfri;fcUno,o izkIrk v|kof/A

oqQ.Myk & fou;'khys! fo|k nnkfr fou;e~] vr ,o ,oa Hk.kflAoqQyxq#&rqEc#egkHkkxSLrq xUèkoZjktk; vU;nso lwfpre~A

enkylk & ¯d Jqra Ro;k ;n~ xq#o;SZ% eke~ vf/ÑR; fi=ks dfFkre~\

oqQ.Myk & vFk fde~A jktoqQekjh enkylk loZfo|kfu".kkrk tkrk] ija r;kLo;a oj% u izkIr%] vr% rL;S ;ksX;ojL; vUos"k.ka dk;Ze~ bR;klhn~xq#iknkuka ere~A

enkylk & (gflRok) ufg tkufUr rs ;nga rq fookgcU/ua Lohdrq± u bPNkfeA

oqQ.Myk & ¯d dfj";fl rnkA

enkylk & czãokfnuh Hkfo";kfeA vkpk;sZfrina izkI; f'k";sH;% thoudykaf'k{kf;";kfeA

oqQ.Myk & tkus rs¿fHk#fpe~ vè;;us vè;kius pA ija ;Fkk yrs;algdkjeoyEcrs rFkSo ukjh thou;k=kk;ka defi lgpje~ vis{krs;% rL;k% voyEcua L;kr~A

enkylk & ukfLr eRÑrs vko';drk voyEcuL;A Lo;a leFkkZ thouiFkspfyrqega u dL;kfi lVðrS% ufrZrqa ikj;kfeA

oqQ.Myk & ufrZ";fl rnk ,dkfduh ,oA

2022-23

74 HkkLorh

enkylk & (fogL;) ;fn Roa 'kh?kzeso ifrx`ga xfe";fl rnk ,dkfduhHkfo";kfe] ija ,d% mik;% vfi fpfUrr% e;kA

oqQ.Myk & d% mik;%\

enkylk & lÄõhrlkfgR;ekè;esu czãfo|ka ljlka fo/k; cgqH;% f'k'kqH;%f'k{k.ka iznkL;kfeA

oqQ.Myk & xgLFkkJea izfo'; Lof'k'kwuka pfj=kfuekZ.ka ekrqjjk/hue~A r=k dkfopkj.kk\

enkylk & ;Fkkga i';kfe iq#"k% Hkk;kZ;ka Lokf/iR;a LFkki;frA nzkSinha Loh;kalEifÙka eU;eku% ;qf/f"Bj% rka |wrs gkfjroku~] ;Fkk lk futhZoaoLrq vklhr~A

oqQ.Myk & futhZoa rq uklhr~] ija ;qf/f"BjL; ,"kk ,o fpUruljf.k% vklhr~bfr izrh;rsA

enkylk & gfj'pUnz% LoiRuha 'kSO;ka] iq=ka jksfgra p tulÄïys vki.ks foØhroku~AukfLr es euksjFk% bZn'ka iRuhineÄõhdrZqe~A

oqQ.Myk & dVqlR;a [kYosrr~A ija lf[k! vfLeu~ lalkjs fofHkUuizÑfrdk% iq#"kkolfUrA LoizÑR;uqowQy% oj% vfi izkI;rsA ROak rq uouoksUes"k'kkfyU;kizfrHk;k fofgrS% uwruS% iz;ksxS% vLeku~ lokZu~ foLeki;flAxgLFkkJeks¿fi ,dk iz;ksx'kkyk] ;L;ka Roa LoKkufoKku;ks% iz;ksxadrq± 'k{;flA

enkylk & oqQ.Mys! nqyZHkks tu% bZn'k%] ;% xgLFkiz;ksx'kkyk;ka LoiRU;S LorU=krkan|kr~A

½rèot% & (Loxre~) voljks¿;ekRekua izdk'kf;rqe~A (izdk'ke~) mifLFkrks¿ga'k=kqftr% iq=k% ½rèot%A vkKk psr~ vgefi vL;ka ifjppkZ;kalfEefyrks Hkos;e~A

oqQ.Myk & Lokxre~ vfrFk;sA vfi Jqrk% Hkofn~Hk% ee l[khfopkjk%\

q

2022-23

enkylk 75

½rèot% & vke~! vr ,o iz"VqeqRlgs ¯d xU/oZjktfo'okolqegkHkkxk% vfiLoiRuha ;qf/f"Bj bo gkfjroUr%] gfj'pUnz bo foØhroUr%\

oqQ.Myk & enkyls rw".kha fdeFk± fr"Bfl\ nsfg izR;qÙkje~A

½rèot% & ,dL; vijk/su lokZ tkfr% n.M~;k bfr fofp=kks U;k;% ro l[;k%A

enkylk & v=k HkoUr% ukjhLok/hurkef/ÑR; ¯d dFk;fUr\

½rèot% & ekrk ,o izFkek vkpk;kZ bR;fLr es vo/kj.kkA ukjh ,o leLrl"Vs%fuekZ=khA ija dFkusu fde~\ ijh{; ,o KkL;fr v=k HkorhA ijh{kkFkZeq|rks¿fLe xgLFkkJeiz;ksx'kkyk;ke~A

enkylk & LohÑr% izLrko%A

oqQ.Myk & fn"V~;k o/sZFkka ;qoke~A fe=koj] xU/oZdU;k enkylk xkU/oZfookg&fof/uk o.kksfr v=k HkoUre~A vkdkj;s vga oqQyxq#a rqEcq#e~A vlkSvfXua lk{khÑR; vk'khoZpkafl o{;frA

½rèot% & izFkea rq l[khopua Jks";ko%A rnuq Lo;eso oqQyxq#a firjkS plHkktf;rqa xfe";ko%A

oqQ.Myk & ijLijizhfrerks% Hkorks% mins'kL; ukfLr dks¿fi vodk'k% rnkfil[khLusg% eka Hkk"k;fr&Hk=kkZ lnSo Hkk;kZ HkrZO;k jf{krO;k pA ;rksfg /ekZFkZdkelafl¼;s ;Fkk Hkk;kZ HkrZq% lgkf;uh Hkofr rFkk udks¿fi vU;%A ijLijeuqozrs ifriRU;kS f=kox± lk/;r%A ifr% ;fnizHkwra /ue~ vtZf;Rok xgeku;fr] rr~ [kyq iRU;Hkkos oqQik=ks"kqnh;ekua {k;esfrA

½rèot% & y{E;k% j{kkFk± iRU;k% lg;ksx% vfuok;Z%A

enkylk & oqQ.Mys! y{ehiwtk;ka u es izofÙk%A ;fn y{eh% iwT;k fiz;k pvfrfFko;ZL;] rnk bnkuheso es ueLdkj%A

½rèot% & LokfHkekfufu fiz;s! le{ka rs dFka dkfi liRuh LFkkrqa 'kDuksfr\y{ehLrq ro nklh Hkfo";fr uSo liRuhA en~xkgZLF;a rq Ron/huaHkfo";frA vkRekua HkkfolUrfra p KkufoKkukuqlU/k=;k gLrsleiZf;rqehgsA vkxE;rke~] xq#H;% firH;ka p lekpkja Jko;ko%A

2022-23

76 HkkLorh

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p

jktks|kue~ & jkt $ m|kue~] jkK% m|kue~] "k"BhrRiqjQ"k%] jktk dk m|kuA

vkezeTjh.kke~ & vkezL; eTjh vkezeTjh rklka eTjh.kke~] vke dh ckSjksa dkA

e/qjopakfl & e/qjkf.k opakfl] deZ/kj;] e/qjopuksa dksA

;wu% & ;qou~ 'kCn] "k-,-o-] r#.kL;] ;qod dkA

je.khuke~ & L=kh.kke~] ;qofr;ksa dkA

vkyki bo & vkyki% $ bo] okrkZyki lkA

jrk & je~ $ Dr] L=kh-iz-,-o-] layXu] rRijA

Jw;rs & Jq $ deZ ok- yV~] iz-iq-,-o-] lquk tkrk gSA

fLFkRok & LFkk $ DRok] BgjdjA

fd;Ura & fd;r~ f}-,-o-] oqQNA

vuUrikjks & u vUrikjkS ;L; l%] c-ozh- lekl] vkfn vUr jfgrA

xHkhj'p & xHkhj% $ p] xaHkhjA

dfri;fcUno% & dfri;s fcUno%] deZ/kj;] oqQN va'kA

lwfpre~ & lwp~ $ Dr] fuosfnre~] lwfpr fd;kA

loZfo|kfu".kkrk & lokZlq fo|klq fu".kkrk rRiq-] lHkh fo|kvksa esa fuiq.kA

tkrk & tu~ $ Dr] L=kh- iz- ,-o- gks xbZ gSA

vUos"k.ka & vuq $ b"k~ $ Y;qV~] uiqa- iz-,-o-] xos"k.ke~] [kkstA

czãokfnuh & czã ofnrqa 'khya ;L;k% lk czãu~ $ on~ $ f.kp~ $ f.kfuL=kh-] iz-,-o-] osnkUr esa fuiq.kA

izkI; & iz $ vki~ $ DRok $ Y;i~] vf/xR;] ikdjA

f'k{kf;";kfe & f'k{k $ f.kp~] y`V~] m-iq-] ,-o-] f'k{kk nawxhA

rs¿fHk#fpe~ & rs $ vfHk#fpe~] rqEgkjh yxu dksA

vè;;us & vf/ $ b $ Y;qV~] l-,-o-] iBus] i<+us esaA

vè;kius & vf/ $ b $ f.kp~ $ Y;qV~] l-,-o-] ikBus] i<+kus esaA

vis{krs & vi $ bZ{k] yV~ iz-iq-,-o-] vko';drk dk vuqHko djrh gSA

2022-23

76 HkkLorh

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p

jktks|kue~ & jkt $ m|kue~] jkK% m|kue~] "k"BhrRiqjQ"k%] jktk dk m|kuA

vkezeTjh.kke~ & vkezL; eTjh vkezeTjh rklka eTjh.kke~] vke dh ckSjksa dkA

e/qjopakfl & e/qjkf.k opakfl] deZ/kj;] e/qjopuksa dksA

;wu% & ;qou~ 'kCn] "k-,-o-] r#.kL;] ;qod dkA

je.khuke~ & L=kh.kke~] ;qofr;ksa dkA

vkyki bo & vkyki% $ bo] okrkZyki lkA

jrk & je~ $ Dr] L=kh-iz-,-o-] layXuk%] rRijA

Jw;rs & Jq $ deZ ok- yV~] iz-iq-,-o-] lquk tkrk gSA

fLFkRok & LFkk $ DRok] BgjdjA

fd;Ura & fd;r~ f}-,-o-] oqQNA

vuUrikjks & u vUrikjkS ;L; l%] c-ozh- lekl] vkfn vUr jfgrA

xHkhj'p & xHkhj% $ p] xaHkhjA

dfri; fcUno% & dfri;s fcUno%] deZ/kj;] oqQN va'kA

lwfpre~ & lwp~ $ Dr] fuosfnre~] lwfpr fd;kA

loZfo|kfu".kkrk & lokZlq fo|klq fu".kkrk rRiq-] lHkh fo|kvksa esa fuiq.kA

tkrk & tu~ $ Dr] L=kh- iz- ,-o- gks xbZ gSA

vUos"k.ka & vuq $ b"k~ $ Y;qV~] uiqa- iz-,-o-] xos"k.ke~] [kkstA

czãokfnuh & czãofnrqa 'khya ;L;k% lk czãu~ $ on~ $ f.kp~ $ f.kfuL=kh-] iz-,-o-] osnkUr esa fuiq.kA

izkI; & iz $ vki~ $ DRok $ Y;i~] vf/xR;] ikdjA

f'k{kf;";kfe & f'k{k $ f.kp~] y`V~] m-iq-] ,-o-] f'k{kk nawxhA

rs¿fHk#fpe~ & rs $ vfHk#fpe~] rqEgkjh yxu dksA

vè;;us & vf/ $ b $ Y;qV~] l-,-o-] iBus] i<+us esaA

vè;kius & vf/ $ b $ f.kp~ $ Y;qV~] l-,-o-] ikBus] i<+kus esaA

vis{krs & vi $ bZ{k] yV~ iz-iq-,-o-] vko';drk dk vuqHko djrh gSA

28/03/2019

2022-23

enkylk 77

thouiFks & thouL; iUFkk% thouiFk%] "k-rRiq-] rfLeu~] thou ekxsZ] thouosQ jkLrs ijA

ufrZrqe~ & u`r~ $ rqequ~] ukpus osQ fy,A

,dkfduh & ,dkfdu~] L=kh- iz-,-o-] vosQyhA

ljlka & jlsu lfgrka] cgqozhfg lekl] jl;qDrA

fo/k; & fo $ /k $ DRok] Y;i~] ÑRok djosQA

Lokf/iR;a & LoL; vkf/iR;e~] "k-rRiq-] viuk LokfeRoA

gkfjroku~ & â $ f.kp~ $ Dror~] iq-iz-,-o-] gjok fn;kA

;qf/f"BjL; & ;qf/ $ fLFkj%] ;qf/f"Bj% vyqo~Q rRiq-] rL;A

ljf.k% & ekxZ%] jkLrkA

izrh;r s & izfr $ b] deZokP;] yV~ iz-iq-,-o- izrhrks Hkofr] izrhr gksrkgSA

tulÄïqys & tuS% lÄïqys] r`-rRiq-] HkhM+ ls Hkjs gq,A

fofHkUuizÑfrdk% & fofHkUuk izÑfr% ;s"kka rs c-ozh-] fHkUuLoHkko%] fHkUu&fHkUu LoHkkookysA

LoizÑR;uqowQy% & LoizÑfr $ vuqowQy%] LoL; izÑR;k vuqowQy%] vius vuqowQyLoHkko okykA

uouoksUes"k'kkfyU;k & uouosu mUes"ks.k 'kkyrs ;k lk r;k] ubZ ubZ pedokyhA

foLeki;fl & fo $ fLe $ f.kp~ $ yV~] e-iq-] ,-o-] pfdre~ djksf"k]vk'p;Zpfdr dj jgh gksA

'k{;fl & 'ko~Q $ y`V~] e-iq-,-o-] leFkZ gksaxsA

iz"Vqe~ & izPN~ $ rqequ~] iwNus osQ fy,A

vo/kj.kk & vo $ /` $ f.kp~ $ Y;qV~] /kj.kk] fopkj /kjkA

fuekZ=kh & fuj~ $ ek r`p~ $ L=kh-] fuekZ.k djus okyhA

vkdkj;s & vk $ Ñ $ f.kp~] yV~] iz-iq-,-o-] cqykrk gw¡A

firjkS & ekrk p firk p] }U}] ekrk vkSj firkA

/ekZFkZdkelafl¼;s & /eZ% p vFkZ% p dke% p /ekZFkZdkek%] rs"kka lafl¼;s] /eZ]vFkZ] dke dh flf¼ osQ fy,A

28/03/2019

2022-23

78 HkkLorh

ifriRU;kS & ifr% p iRuh p }U} lekl] ifr iRuhA

nh;ekue~ & nk $ deZokP;] 'kkup~] uiqqa-iz-,-o-] fn;k tkrk gqvkA

le{ke~ & v{.kks% lEeq[ke~] vO;;hHkko] leklA

liRuh & leku% ifr% ;L;k% lk] lkSrA

Ron/hue~ & ro v/hue~ "k-rRiq-] rqEgkjs v/huA

KkufoKkukuqlU/k=;k & KkuL; foKkuL; p vuqlUèkk=;k%] "k-rRiq-] "k-,-o- Kku foKkudh [kkst djus okyh dkA

bZgs & bZg~ /krq] yV~ m-iq-] ,-o-] pkgrk gw¡A

vH;kl%

1- ,dinsu mÙkjr&

(d) m|kua dL; vklhr~\

([k) d% vkeze×tjh.kka 'kksHkka n`"V~ok owQtfr\

(x) dk fo|kè;;us jrk vklhr~\

(?k) dk fou;a nnkfr\

(Ä) dk loZfo|kfu".kkrk vklhr~A

(p) enkylk ¯d Lohdrq± u bPNfr\

(N) f'k'kwuka pfj=kfuekZ.ka dL;k% v/hue~\

(t) d% Hkk;kZ;ka Lokf/iR;a LFkki;fr\

(>) ;qf/f"Bj% dka |wrs gkfjroku~\

(×k) d% ifjppkZ;ka lfEefyr% vHkor~\

2- iw.kZokD;su mÙkja nnr&

(d) oqQyxq#rqEc#% enkylk;k% fo"k;s ¯d dfFkroku~\

([k) enkylk fookgcU/ua frjLÑR; ¯d drqZe~ bPNfr\

(x) ½rèot% Loifjp;a dFka nnkfr\

28/03/2019

2022-23

enkylk 79

(?k) ½rèotL; ukjha izfr dk /kj.kk vklhr~\

(Ä) dL;k% j{kkFk± iRU;k% lg;ksx% vfuok;Z% vfLr\

(p) ½rèot% y{E;k% o.kZua dFka djksfr\

3- js[kkfÄïrinkfu vk/`R; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQ#r&

(d) ;wuks% ân;e~ m|kuL; 'kksHkka n`"V~ok mRdf.Bra HkofrA

([k) enkylk KkuL; dfri;fcUnwu~ ,o izkIrorhA

(x) oqQyxq#rqEc#egkHkkxS% xUèkoZjktk; lwfpre~A

(?k) enkylk f'k";ku~ thoudyka ikBf;rqe~ bPNfrA

(Ä) enkylk thous lVðrS% ufrZrqa u bPNfr LeA

(p) iq#"k% Hkk;kZ;ka Lokf/iR;a LFkki;frA

(N) ;qf/f"Bj% nzkSinha |wrs gkfjroku~A

(t) gfj'pUnz% iq=ka tulÄïys vki.ks foØhroku~A

(>) vfLeu~ lalkjs fofHkUuizÑfrdk% iq#"kk% olfUrA

(×k) y{E;k% j{kkFk± iRU;k% lg;ksx% vfuok;Z%A

4- fo'ks"k.ka fo'ks";s.k lg ;kst;r&

(d) xHkhj% /ue~

([k) loZfo|kfu".kkrk ½rèot%

(x) fofHkUuizÑfrdk% vki.ks

(?k) futhZoe~ Kkuksnf/%

(Ä) tulÄ~oqQys iq#"kk%

(p) 'k=kqftr% enkylk

(N) vuqozrs oLrq

(t) izHkwre~ ifriRU;kS

q

2022-23

80 HkkLorh

5- izÑfrizR;;;ks% foHkkxa oqQ#r&

;Fkk & LFkkrqe~ ¾ LFkk $ rqequ~

(d) n`"V~ok

([k) JqRok

(x) fLFkRok

(?k) vf/ÑR;

(Ä) LohdrqZe~

(p) ufrZrqe~

(N) fo/k;

(t) eU;eku%

(>) drqZe~

(×k) jf{krO;k

6- v/ksfyf[krkfu okD;kfu oQ% oaQ izfr dFk;fr

d% dFk;fr de~ izfr

;Fkk & Roa rq osQoya fo|kè;;us ,o jrk enkylk oqQ.Myk

(d) vkpk;kZina izkI; f'k";ku~ thoudyka f'k{kf;";kfe --------------- ---------------

([k) ukjh thou;k=kk;ka defi lgpjeis{krs --------------- ---------------

(x) vge~ u dL;kfi lÄsïrS% ufrZrqa ikj;kfe --------------- ---------------

(?k) ¯d xU/oZjktfo'okolqegkHkkxk% vfi LoiRuha

;qf/f"Bj% bo gkfjroUr% gfj'pUnz bo foØhroUr%\--------------- ---------------

(Ä) ,dL; vijk/su lokZ tkfr% n.M~;k bfr fofp=kks

U;k; ro l[;k% --------------- ---------------

7- gfj'pUnz% lekts oSQ% xq.kS% izfl¼ vklhr~A

8- ukjha izfr ½rèotL; dk /kj.kk vklhr~A

28/03/2019

2022-23

enkylk 81

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%

enkylk ikSjkf.kddFkklq vkn'kZuk;kZ mnkgj.ka izLrkSfrA

r;k Loiq=kL; pfj=kfuekZ.kk; egku~ iz;kl% Ñr%A rFkkfg 'kS'kos iq=kk; dfFkr% rL;k% v;a'yksd% funzkxhrs% (yksjhxhrs%) izfl¼e~ mnkgj.ke~&

'kq¼ks¿fl] cq¼ks¿fl] fuj×tuks¿fl

lalkjek;kifjoftZrks¿flA

lalkjLoIua R;t eksgfunzka

enkylk okD;eqokp iq=ke~AA

2022-23