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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE COCKLE CULTURE INDUSTRY IN THAILAND KULAPA KWANMING FEP 1991 6
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Page 1: UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE ...psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/8033/1/FEP_1991_6_A.pdf · Ekonomi dan Pengurusan ... Walaupun kebanyakan mereka mempunyai pelajaran

 

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE COCKLE CULTURE INDUSTRY IN THAILAND

KULAPA KWANMING

FEP 1991 6

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11 ECONOMIC lIALYSIS or TBE COCKLE CULTURE INDUSTRY IN THAILAND

by

Kulapa Kwanaing

Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Kaster of Science

in the Faculty of Economics and Management Universiti Pertanian Malaysia

July 1991

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ACDOVLEDGDDTS

I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Rosl an A .

Ghaf far , my maj or supervisor , for his time , patience , comments ,

and guidance throughout the completion of the study . My sincere

apprec iation is also extend e d to Dr . N i k Mus tapha R a j a

Abdu l l ah , my c o- supervi sor , and Dr . Zai n a l A b i d i n Mohame d ,

member of my advisory committee , for their constant support and

time spent for the advice and valuable criticism .

M y s p e c i a l th a n k s a l s o g o t o I D R C ( I n te r n a t i o n a l

Deve l opment Res e ar ch Center) i n p r ov i d i ng the f i n a n c i a l

support; Mr . Tongchai Ngasong , Mr . Pongpat Boonchuwong and Mrs .

Amporn Lawapong of the Department of Fisheries , Thailand , in

providing advises and assistances which without them my study

would not have been possible .

I am grateful to all teachers who participated in this

study . I am also grateful to my family and f riends for their

helpful suggestions and encouragement .

ii

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'l'OLI OF COH'l'ERTS

Pages

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF FIGURES x

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

ABSTRAK xiii

CHAPTER

I INTRODUCTION 1

General Background 1

The Cockle Culture Industry in Thailand : An Overview 6

Cockle Culture Background 6

Cult ivation of Cockle 7

Production 1 3

Marketing and Distribution 1 5

Export and Import 20

Barriers of Ent ry into the Cockle Cult ure Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Problem Statement 22

Obj ectives of the study 26

Hypotheses 27

Signif icance of the Study 2 8

i i i

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II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 29

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

The Economic of Cockle Culture 29

Cost and Returns of Cockle Culture 29

Marketing of Cockle 34

Cost Function and The Analysis of Economic Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

I I I METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Introduction 54

Cost and Return Analysis 54

Theoretical Concept 54

Cost and Return of Cockle Culture • • • • • • • • • • • 60

Theory of Cost

Cost of Production

The Statistical Cost Function Approach

The Empirical Hodel

Sampling and Data Collection

IV SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF COCKLE FARMERS

6 1

6 2

6 8

7 1

7 4

AND THEIR CULTURAL PRACTICES . • • • • • • . • . • . . • . • • • • • 77

Introduction

Characteristics of Cockle Farmers

Farm Characteristics

Family Labour

Sources of Fund

iv

77

77

81

81

83

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v

VI

Cockle Cultural Practices 83

Market Outlets 8'1

COSTS AND RETURNS ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Initial Investment and Capital Use in Cockle Culture Operation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 92

Initial Investment 92

Capital Use in Cockle Culture Operation 95

Cost Structure 97

Profitability 106

Gross Revenue 106

Cash Flow 109

Net Income 110

Operation Prof it 111

Net Profit 112

Factor Return 114

Role of Economic Indicator 115

Yield or Value of Output per Unit of Major Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 5

Amount and Cost of Input per Unit of Output • 116

STATISTICAL COST ANALYSIS 118

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Estimation Results of the Cost Function 118

v

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VII SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATION 124

Summary and Conclusion • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • 124

Policy Implication • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 127

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDICES

A

B

Sample Selection

Detection of Heteroscedasticity

VITA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

vi

129

1 3 3

1 3 3

1 3 8

146

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LIST or TABLES

Table

1 Quantity and Value of Fisheries Production

Page

of Thailand by Species Group in 1 9 8 6 . • • . . . . . • • 2

2 Number of Farm and Area of Mollusc Culture by Species , 1980-1987 . . . . . • • • . . • . . . • . • . . • • . • • . 3

3 Mollusc Production in Thailand , 1980-1987 4

4 Balance of Imports and Exports of Molluscs , 1980-1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

5 Number of Farm and Area of Blood Cockle Culture by Province , 1981-1987 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8

6 Cockle Production in Thailand , 1980-1987

7 Number of Farms , Area and Production by

14

Province, 1987 . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • 15

8 Marketing Margins for Cockle per kilogramme of Each Level of Trader , 1986 • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • 1 9

9 Average Marketing Margins for Cockles , 1 9 8 6 2 0

1 0 Quantity and Value of Imports and Exports of Cockle in 1975-1988 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • . • • • • • 2 1

1 1 Food Chemical Composition

1 2 Cost and Return per Rai o f Mollusc

24

Culture , 1977 • • • . • • • • • • • • • . . • . • • • . . • • • • . • • • . . • 3 1

1 3 Concentration Ratio o f the Cockle Traders by Types of Traders , 1983 • . . • . . • • • • • • • • • . . . . • • 3 7

1 4 Average Quantity and Value o f Cockle Bought per Trader , Classified by Type of Trader and Region , 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8

1 5 The Actual Sample Size 7 5

vii

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1 6 Age , Experience , Training , and Education of Sample Farmers by Farm Size , 1 9 8 9 • • • • • • • • . . . • • 7 8

1 7 Occupation and Type o f Enterprise o f Sample Farm Size , 1989 . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 80

1 8 Family S i z e and Time Devoted o f Sample Farmers by Farm Size , 1989 • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 2

1 9 Debt of Sample Farmers by Farm S i ze , 1 9 8 9 84

20 Cultural Practices Employed Sample Farmers by Farm Size � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5

21 Selling of Product of Sample Farmers by

2 2

Farm Size , 1 9 8 9 . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • 8 9

Market Outlets by Area , 1 9 8 9 9 0

2 3 Initial Cost o f Cockle Culture by Farm Size 94

24 Initial Cost of Cockle Culture by Location 94

25 Curent Capital Cost and Debt per Farm of Cockle Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6

2 6 Variable , Fixed and Total Cost per Rai per Year of Cockle Culture by Farm S i z e , 1989 9 8

2 7 Variable , Fixed and Total Cost per Farm of Cockle Culture by Farm Size . . . . • . • . . • . . • • • • • . . 99

28 Vari able , Fixed and Total Cost per Rai per Year of Cockle Culture by Area , 1989 • . . . • • • • • • 102

29 Yield , Revenue , Cost and Returns per Year of Cockle Cul ture by Farm Siz e , 1 9 8 9 • • • • • • • • • • 104

30 Yield , Revenue , Cost and Returns per Year of of Cockle Culture by Location , 1 9 8 9 • . • . . • . • . . . 105

31 Yield , Revenue , Cost and Returns per Farm of Cockle Culture by Farm Size , 1 9 8 9 • • • • • • • • • . 107

3 2 Yield , Revenue , Cost and Returns per Farm

33

of Cockle Culture by Location , 1 9 8 9 • • • • • • • • • • • 108

LAC Funct ion Results 120

viii

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34 Number of Cockle Farm by Stratum

35 Sample Size

3 6 The data o n culture duration (Xl' month), experience (X2' year) and seed requirement (X3' kg) after omit ting the central observation to illustrate the Goldfeld-Quandt

1 3 4

1 3 6

test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

ix

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Map Showing 23 Costal Provinces of Thailand 10

2 Farmer Propelling Mud Ski for Harves t ing or Distributing Cockle • • . • • • • • • . . . • • • • • • • • . • • . • . • 12

3 Wire Sieve for Sorting Young Cockles

4 Clam Dredge for Harvesting Cockles

5 Marketing Channel of Cockle , 1983

6 Technical Ef f iciency and Price Efficiency

7 Per Unit Cost Curves of a Firm

8 The Long-run Average Cost Curve , Three

1 2

1 2

18

40

65

Alternative Plant Sizes • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . . . . . • • . • 6 5

9 The Long-run Average Cost Curve , Infinite

10

11

12

Alternative Plant Sizes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 7

Economies and Diseconomies o f Size 67

Long-run Average Cost Curve 121

Long-run Average Cost Curve by Locat ion 123

x

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Abs t r a c t o f the thesis pr e s e n t ed t o t h e S e n a t e o f Universiti Pertanian Malaysia i n partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science .

Supervisor

Faculty

All ICO.OIlIC llIlLYSIS OF TBE COCKLE CULTURE IlIDUSTltY II TBAILllID

by

Kulapa Kwanming

July 1991

Roslan A. Ghaff ar , Ph . D .

Economics and Management

T h i s s t u dy p r o v i d e s a c om p a r i s on o f t h e e c o n om i c

performance and the socio-economic profile of cockle f armers

of dif ferent f arm sizes and locations in Thailand . The areas

selected for the study are the northern and southern part of

the Gulf of Tha i land and the Andaman S e a r eg io n . Thr e e

different f arm size s , small ( 1-10 rai) , medium ( 11-50 rai) and

l arge (over 50 rai) f arms are studied .

Analysi s of the socio-econ om i c p r o f i l e o f t h e c o c k l e

f armers reveals that most f armers are 30 t o 50 years old , and

operate their f arms as a family enterprise with their own fund .

Maj ority of them have had only primary education , but they have

very long experiences in cockle culture .

xi

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Cost and return analysi s indicate that cockle culture is

a prof i t able vocat ion with the s ma l l f a rms b e i ng the mos t

prof itable . In terms of location , farms in the northern part of

the Gulf of Thailand are the most prof itable . The rate of

return to investment of the l arger f arm is higher than the

smaller ones .

E s t i m a t i on ot t h e c o s t f u n c t i on r e v e a l s t h a t co s t

economies i s at f arm product i on l e v e l o f 6 2 5 m t . B u t t h e

average cockle output of the sample f arm i s 3 1 2 mt , or only

50 percent of the opt imum output .

Based on the f indings , it is found that to increase cockle

production f rom the small and medium size f arms is possible

s i nce a l l of them are at pres e n t not y e t ope r a t e d at t h e

minimum e f ficient scale o f production. The production per unit

area could be increased by reducing the mortal i ty rate and

utilizing more seed in cult ivation .

To ensure the constant supply of low cost of cockle seed

to farmers , the Government would need to enforce all necessary

administrative measures to conserve the natural seed bed and to

negot i a t e with neighbour ing coun t r i e s s uch a s M a l ays i a f or

additional supply of seeds to farmers .

xii

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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Per t an i an Malays i a s abagai memenuhi s eb a h a g i a n d a r i pada keperluan bagi penganugerahan i jazah Kaster S ains.

Penyelia

Fakulti

U1L1S1S 110.0111 1IIDUSTR1 PDTEUUlJf DIWlG D1 TBA1LUD

Oleh

Kulapa Kwanming

Julai 1 991

Roslan A. Ghaf f ar, Ph . D .

Ekonomi dan Pengurusan

Kaj i an ini adalah perbandingan prestasi dan latar belakang

sosioekonomi penternak kerang bagi saiz ladang dan kawasan yang

berbeza di Thailand. Kawas�n yang dipilih untuk kaj ian adalah

kawasan Teluk Utara , Teluk Selatan dan kawasan laut Andaman.

Tiga saiz l adang yang dikaj i adalah keeil, 1-10 rai, sederhana,

11-50 rai , dan besar , lebih dari 50 rai.

Analisis sosioekonomi penternak menunjukkan kebanyakan

mereka berumur antara 3 0 hingga 5 0 t ah u n dan mengusahakan

t ernakan s e c ara kel uarga dengan sumber kewangan s en d i r i .

Walaupun kebanyakan mereka mempunyai pelaj aran rendah mereka

j uga mempunyai pengal aman yang banyak di d a l am p e n t e r nakan

kerang .

xiii

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Analisis kos dan pulangan menunjukkan penternakan kerang

adalah menguntungkan dengan Iadang dari saiz kecil mendapat

keuntungan terbesar . Dari segi Iokasi , Iadang di Teluk Utara

Thai l and mendapat keuntungan terti n g g i . Kadar p u l angan

pelaburan adalah sangat tinggi bagi Iadang saiz besar .

Anggaran f ungsi kos menunjukkan ekonomi bidangan berlaku

sehingga saiz output mencapai 6 2 5 mt . Di dalam operasi sebenar

purata output kerang dari ladang kaj ian adalah 312 mt . Ini

bermakna hanya 50 peratus dari output optima dihasilkan .

B e r d a s a r k an t e m u a n k a j i a n i n i p e n t e r n a k k e c i l d a n

sederhana masih boleh menambah keluaran mereka kerana semua

ladang-ladang kedl dan sederhana tidak mencapai pengeluaran

bidangan yang minimum . Kaj ian ini j uga menyatakan pengeluaran

k e r a n g s e t i a p u n i t k aw a�a n b o l eh d i t i n g k a t k a n m e l a l u i

pengurangan kadar mort ali ti dan menambah benih kerang . Untuk

mempastikan pembekalan benih kerang murah yang berterusan pihak

k�raj aan perlulah menguatkuasakan semua tindakan pentadbiran

untuk mengekalkan tapak benih asal dan berbincang dengan negara

j iran seperti Malaysia untuk mendapatkan benih tambahan .

xiv

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CHAPTER I

IRTRODUCTIOH

General Background

Mol lusc ( shellf ish) 1 i s an aquatic animal which is of

economic importance to the f isheries sector of Thailand . In

1986 , mollusc production accounted for 6 . 5% of the total annual

f ishery production , contributed about 2% of the total value of

f ishery production (Table 1 ) . Although i t s quantity and value

are relatively low in relation to the total f i sheries output ,

i t remains a suitable economic activity for the small-scale

f i shermen . Mol lusc product ion requires low initial capital

investment and the culture method is simple and tradit ional

which f armers could take it as a part-time j ob to earn an

additional family income . Mollusc has shown a good export

pot ent i al s , hence , it cou l d be a n o t h e r m a j or f or e i gn

exchange earner ( Rientrirat , 1 9 84) .

There are three maj or species of mollusc cultured in

Thailand namely , cockle (Anadara granosa); oyster (Crassostres

commercialis and C.lugubris); and green mussel (Perna viridis).

1 The maj or mol lusc speci e s i n S o u t h e a s t As i a name lYi c arpet shel l or short necked c l am o r baby c lam (Paphia undulata)i cockle (Anadara granosa)i green mussel (Perna viridis) ; horse mussel (Hodiolus senhausenii); oyster (Crassostrea commercialis ) .

1

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Table 1

Quantity and Value of Fisheries Production of Thailand by Species group in 1 9 8 6

2

==============================================================

Item Quantity

(tons) Value

( 1 , 000 Baht)a --------------------------------------------------------------

Total 2 , 539 , 961 22 , 88 8 , 000

Sub-total: Karine Fisheries 2 , 3 5 2 , 204 1 8 , 8 8 3 , 111

Fishes 1,198,930 8 , 947,152 Shrimps 141 , 174 5,1 8 8 , 804 Crabs 3 5 , 606 906 , 455 Squid & Cuttle Fish 1 3 4 , 9 1 5 3 , 344 , 46 9 HollusEs 164 , 3 23 454 , 008 Others 77 , 2 5 6 42,229

Sub-total: Freshwater Fisheries 1 81,76 3 4 , 00 4 , 900

Fishes 1 7 5 , 2 6 6 N . A . c

Shrimp� 8 , 499 N . A . Others 3 , 99 8 N . A .

==============================================================

a One US$ = 2 6 Baht in 1985-8 6 , and 2 5 Baht in 1989 b Include j elly fishes , turtle eggs , seaweeds and sea cucumber c N . A . = Not avail able d Include frog and turtles Source : Department of Fisheries , Bangkok , Thailand .

In 1 9 8 7 , the cockle culture dominated in term of cultivated

area while oyster culture on number of farms (Table 2) . Table 3

shows culture production accounted for approxim�tely 16% of the

total mollusc production . The contribution of the cultivated

species to the total annual production differ from species to

species ; i . e . cockles contribute 82%; oyster contribute 59%;

green mussels contribute 5 1% and horse mussels contribute only

5% .

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Table 2

lumber of Far. and Area of Kollusc Culture by Species,1980-1987

============--====- -=====================================-=--==============================================================

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 ----------- --------- ----------- --------- ------------ ------------ ----------- ------------

Species Faras Area Faras Area Farms Area Farms Area Farms Area Farms Area Farms Area Farms Area (rai) (rai) (rai) (rai) (rai) (rai) (rai) (rai)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total 2,223 19,180 2,207 15,555 2,455 16,512 2,562 19,290 2,530 18,284 2,494 21,454 2,372 20,069 2,354 20,707

Blood cockle 52 7,842 132 6,173 94 7,006 104 9,585 148 9,205 146 11,944 173 9,930 164 10,409 Green mussel 238 5,081 216 2,768 345 2,455 426 2,426 406 2,284 412 2,627 330 3,114 279 3,067 Oysters 1,666 5,299 1,704 5,894 1,864 6,331 1,895 6,653 1,841 6,173 1,875 6,053 1,817 6,218 1,859 6,424 Horse mussel 262 564 150 326 147 326 133 294 131 290 56 564 47 541 47 541 Pearl shell 5 394 5 394 5 394 4 332 4 332 5 266 5 266 5 266 =============================================================================================================================

One rai = 0.16 hectare

Source: Depart.eDt of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand

w

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Table 3

}follus'c Production in Thailand,1980 - 1987 unit = mt

=================================================================================================================== Species 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

-------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CAPTURE Blood cockles 5,517 14,492 4,916 9,480 4,048 7,552 3,665 2,170 Green mussels 31,386a 36,746a 49,419 24,414 36,009 35,113 20,647 22,834 Oysters 700 839 2,127 1,861 880 1,725 8S9 1,049 Horse mussels 5,636 17,224 32,381 12,582 12,673 7,584 8,134 14,877 Short - necked clams 35,131 62,220 38,859 31,813 50,507 83,726 101,232 131,230 Others 2,848 4,970 5,579 5,581 4,290 5,665 10,911 9,415

Total 81,218 136,491 133,281 85,741 108,407 141,365 145,448 181,575

CULTURE Blood cockles 12,149 8,862 3,720 7,095 12,512 12,375 6,928 9,609 Green mussels H.A. H.A. 16,090 18,716 26,217 25,906 11,095 23,949 Oysters 5,315 7,590 3,544 3,461 4,851 3,516 580 1,483 Horse mussels 3,429 1,338 538 569 1,608 361 272 818

Totel 20,893b 17,790b 23,892 29,841 45,188 42,158 18,875 35,859

GRAND TOTAL 102,111 154,281 157,173 115,582 153,595 183,523 164,323 217,434 =================================================================================================================== a include capture and culture b

green mussels can not availlable N.A. = not available

� Source: Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand

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The mollusc f i shery in Thailand is f airly well established

both in the capture and culture sectors . It is, however , the

present product ion connot m e e t t h e dome s t i c demand f o r

consumption . So , it has t o import . The annual production of

mollusc had shown a steady increase with an average annual

growth of over 14% f rom 1980 to 1987 ( Table 3). Table 4 shows

the balance of import and export of mollusc that the balances

have been net gained since 1 9 8 3, valued 74 million baht1, 269

m i l l ion baht and 194 mill ion b a h t i n 1 9 8 3 , 1 9 8 5 and 1 9 8 6

respect ively .

The government through the'

Fisheries Department has been

well aware of the necessity to develop cockle culture . During

the past 1 1 years, 23 major research have been conducted .

Research has resulted in the improvements of seed stock in

suitable beds and the transplantation to create the natural

beds . Hatchery t echinque is still on the development process

due to the high cost of seed product ion . The government has

also support ed the small scale f i shermen in coast al villages

through extension services . The t raining courses on cockle

culture f or the f armers and gov e r nm e n t o f f i c i a l s a r e a l s o

,conducted2

1 2 5 baht = US$ 1

2 D e t a i l s on various governmen t ac t iv i t i e s p e r t a i ning t o aquaculture are reported i n Brohmanonda ( 19 8 5), Thailand ( 1 9 8 5 and 1 9 8 7), and Thanomkiat ( 1 98 6) .

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Table 4

Balance of Imports and Export s of Molluscs , 1980 - 1986

6

=============================================================== Net

Imports Exports Imports/Exports Year ------------------ ------------------ ---------------

Quantity Value Quantity Value Value (mt) ( 1000 baht) (mt) ( 1000 baht) ( 1000 baht)

---------------------------------------------------------------

1 9 8 0 2 2 9 6 1 ,85835 123 4502 -8133 3 1 9 8 1 25823 98433 1 8 3 6 2 5 6 -92177 1 9 8 2 1 9 9 8 5 79090 3 87 1 2142 -66948 1983 13753 54557 2784 129436 +74879 1984 H . A . H . A . N . A . H . A . H . A . 1985 12732 56035 8978 325874 +269839 1986 22414 92433 9310 286730 +194297

===============================================================

One US$ = 2 6 baht in 1985-86 , and 25 baht in 1989 H . A . = Hot available Source : Department of Fisheries , Bangkok , Thailand

Tbe Cockle Culture Industry in Thailand : An Overview

Cockle Culture Background

I t is believed that cockle culture in Thailand have been

started about 100 years ago in Phetchaburi province , the

northern part of the Gulf of Thailand . During that period ,

the size of the farm was about 5 to 10 rail (Tookwinas ,

1983) . The seed was collected from the wild within the vicinity

of the culture bed . Such practices had been continued until

l One rai = 0 . 16 hectare

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1 97 2 , when the cockle beds were no longer suitable for cockle

production due to the pollut ion . Cockle product ion decreased

and subsequently could not met the domestic demand . Thus , in

1973 cockle seed was imported from Malaysia to cultivate in

Satul province , along the coast of the Andaman sea . The culture

beds were expanded up to 900 rai per farm for commercial

operations and using the same culture method as in Malaysia

(Tookwinas , 1 9 8 3 ) . As the cockle culture could make a vary

high return of about 5 to 10 times (Tookwinas , 1983), cockle

farming then spread rapidly throughout the southern part of the

Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea coast such as Trang ,

Ranong , Nakhon 5i Thammarat and Sur at Thani province . However ,

the maj or problem still persisted within the commercial farms .

This related to the gradual deterioration of culture beds after

5-6 years in operation that the growth rate would finally

decreases while the mortality rate would increased . Tookwinas

( 1983) reported that this problem was caused by the hardening

of·the bottom surface which resulted from the deposition

of sma l l s i z e cockle l e f t over a f t e r c on t i nuous h a r v e s t i ng

practices .

Cultivation of Cockle

During 1981 to 198 7 , cockle culture area fluctuated from

year to year . Table 5 shows that culture area increased from

6 , 173 rai in 1981 to the maximun of 1 1 , 944 rai in 1985 then

fluctuated around 10 , 000 rai thereafter . These CUlt ivated areas

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Table. 5

Juaber of Far. and Area of Blood Cockle Culture by Province, 1981 - 1987

- • =-::: ====- ---========--===============--=--�--====================================

19.81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 Province --------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ------------ ----------- ------------

Faras Area Farms Area Farms Area Farms Area Farms Area Farms Area Farms Area

(rai) (rai) (rai) (rai) {rail (rai) (rai)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------

Total 132 6,173 94 7,006 104 9,585 148 9,205 146 11,944 173 9.930 164 10,409

Samut Song (bra. 14 400 29 834 32 607 39 665 43 730 49 741 24 447 Phetchaburi 9 137 9 136 46 472 84 730 80 6JJ 104 686 125 1,579 Surat Thui 2 2.425 2 2,425 2 2,725 1 2,425 1 2,425 2 2.725 2 2,725 Nakhon 5i Thaaaarat 1 234 1 234 1 234 1 234 3 1.634 3 1.634 1 800 5atun 2 1.163 4 1,763 7 2,953 6 2.542 4 1.980 6 1.448 6 2,432 Trang 1 1.341 1 1.341 2 100 2 100 2 100 2 100 Ranong 2 223 1 23 2 223 3 238 2 215 2 215 3 295 Phangnga 101 250 47 250 10 1.586 10 1,586 7 1,350 2 250 Phuket 1 200 1 200 2 2.031 2 2.031 2 2,031 Krabi 1 485 1 485 2 841 Pattani 1 100 1 100 ==========--===========================================================================================================

One rai = 0.16 hectare

Source: Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand

co

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9

were established both along the Gulf of Thailand and the

Andaman Sea . The average size of farm was 74 . 70 rai , while

the l argest size was 2 , 425 rai and the smallest size was one

rai . Cockle cuI ture along the northern part of the Gulf of

Thailand, Samut Song Kharm and Phetchaburi province were

small scale operation with average farm size of 1 2 . 69 rai. The

southern p art of the Gulf of T h a i l an d f r om C humphon to

Narathiwat province (Figure 1) and on the Andaman Sea coast ,

the cockle culture were mostly commercial operation with the

average farm size of 647 . 50 rai for the southern part of the

Gulf of Thail and and 344 . 15 rai for the Andaman Sea coast,

respectively ( Thailand , 1987) .

I n small scale farm operation , farmers surround the

grow-out area with bamboo s t r i p s , 5 0 c m i n he i ght , to

indicate the farm boundary and to retain the cockles within

the c u l t i v a t e d a r e s . C o mm e r c i a l f a r m s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d

differently from the others . Fences are made of mangrove

stakes . Thes e stakes are also served as points for observing

density of small cockle in the farm and also as a mark point

duri ng harvesting . Farmers b u i l d a watch-house in the

production area and hired a fu l l -time g u a r d to watch the

poaching and other fishing activities such as trawling and

push netting that would intrude into the farms which would kill

the newly set cockle seeds.

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10

Kampuchea

\�.-... , ...... \ " .

') Prachuop Khiri I<han

m�.l) /"Chumphon Gu I� 01 / ("" Thai I Q n d . ') \

., � flonollQ

{Sural Thoni.! }''', \

, .

.......

, .. , PhonQn90 (, / ·v

\..("'\? '(·�J�.t.jOkhOn S�� hornrnorol Kroul \ ... .... ,. r' . , \

PhUKaI �r;"�::' pil�ilholunQ

�.\� SQlun " . Son(Jkhl�

"'."- ,tPotroni .,,' \._. J .....

.

....

1----.... Andomon S'O ·'\'.'1'OIO? N oljlhiwO\ "\ \. ( ( L;. __ .i

Figure 1 Map Showing 23 Coastal PrcNinces of TI'lailaoo