UNIT 9GRAMMAR
I The Passive. We form the passive with the verb to be and the
past participle of the main verb.Active Passive
Present SimpleHe delivers the parcels.The parcels are
delivered
Present ContinuousHe is delivering the parcels.The parcels are
being delivered.
Past SimpleHe delivered the parcels.The parcels were
delivered.
Past ContinuousHe was delivering the parcels.The parcels were
being delivered.
Future SimpleHe will deliver the parcels.The parcels will be
delivered.
Present PerfectHe has delivered the parcels.The parcels have
been delivered.
Past PerfectHe had delivered the parcels.The parcels had been
delivered.
Future PerfectHe will have delivered the parcels.The parcels
will have been delivered.
Present InfinitiveHe is expected to deliver the parcels.The
parcels are expected to be delivered.
Perfect InfinitiveHe is said to have delivered the parcels.The
parcels are said to have been delivered.
Simple ing formI object to his delivering the parcels.I object
to the parcels being delivered.
Perfect ing formHaving delivered the parcels,The parcels having
been delivered,
ModalsHe must deliver the parcels.The parcels must be
delivered.
Modal perfectsHe must have delivered the parcels.The parcels
must have been delivered.
The present perfect continuous, the future continuous, the past
perfect continuous, and the future perfect continuous are not
normally used in the passive.
We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday
speech when we talk about things that happen by accident or
unexpectedly. e.g. Four people got hurt in the car crash.NB.
However, we cannot use get to describe states. e.g. That house is
(NOT gets) owned by my uncle.
We use the passive:
a) When the person who carries out the action is unknown,
unimportant or obvious from the context (the doer (agent) of the
action is not mentioned).
e.g. a) My flat was broken into last week. (We do not know who
broke into the flat.)
b) Coffee beans are grown in Brazil. (Its not important to know
who grows the coffee.)
c) My car was serviced yesterday. (It is obvious that a mechanic
serviced it.)
b) When the action itself is more important than the person who
carries it out, as in news headlines, newspaper articles, formal
notices, instructions, advertisements, processes, etc.e.g. The new
hospital will be opened by the Queen on May 15th. (formal
notice)
c) when we refer to an unpleasant event and we do not want to
say who or what is to blame.
e.g. A lot of mistakes have been made. (instead of You have made
a lot of mistakes.) Changing from active into passive.
Only transitive verbs (verbs followed by an object) can be
changed into the passive.
e.g. Grandma knitted my jumper. My jumper was knitted by
Grandma. BUT: They travelled to Lisbon last summer (intransitive
verb). no passive.
Some transitive verbs such as belong, have (=own), fit (=be the
right size or shape), lack, resemble, seem, suit, cannot be changed
into the passive.e.g. I have a shower every morning (NOT A shower
is had by me)The verb let has no passive form, so we use a passive
form of allow/permit/give permission.e.g. The teacher let us leave
early. We were allowed to leave early.
When the verb of the active sentence is followed by a
preposition, the preposition is kept in the passive sentence as
well. We never separate the verb and preposition(s) in the
passive.
e.g. They took the company over in 2001. The company was taken
over (by them) in 2001. The verbs hear, see, make are followed by
the bare infinitive in the active, but by the to-infinitive in the
passive.
e.g. They saw him leave the building. He was seen to leave the
building.
1. Complete the sentences using words from each group.build
design direct discover discover invent name paint play write the
Ancient Egyptians Crick and Watson Marie Curie Gustave Eiffel Eric
the Red Angelina Jolie Akira Kurosawa Guglielmo Marconi Picasso
Philip Pullman
1 Greenland.2 Northern Lights
3 The Pyramids
4 The wireless
5 Guernica
6 Lara Croft
7 The Statue of Liberty
8 The structure of DNA
9 The Seven Samurai
10Radium
2. Imagine you are in a busy hotel at midday. Make sentences to
say what is being done, using words from the two groups and the
present progressive passive. Example:Beds are being made.beds bills
coffee drinks food luggage money new guests reservations rooms
tables
bring down change clean lay make order pay prepare serve take
welcome
3. Imagine that, rich and famous, you return to your old home
town after fifty years. A lot of things are different. Make
sentences, using words below and the present perfect
passive.Example:
The Cafe Royal has been turned into a casino.Cafe Royal
houseboats new car park new schools opera house old fire station
ring road station streets town centre statue of you Super Cinema
your house
build modernise put up in park rebuild widen turn into casino /
floating restaurants / museum / supermarket / theatre / pedestrian
precinct
4. Put the verbs into the correct passive form.1I've collected
all the documents that (need) for the house sale. Can you take them
to the lawyer's office (sign)?2Look, this is a secret. Come into
the garden where we (not / overhear).
3 If you hadn't been so late for work, you (not / sack).
4 This office is very inefficient. The phone (never / answer)
promptly, no proper records (keep), and, worst of all, no reports
(written) since I started work here.
5I was so worried about my garden while I was in hospital, but I
have very good neighbours. When I got home, I could see that the
vegetables (water) every day and the grass (cut) regularly.6Can you
come to the police station? The man who (suspect) of stealing your
wallet (arrest) and (question) at the moment. The police hope he
(identify), either by you or another witness.
7We had hoped to see several famous paintings, but the gallery
(reorganised) at the time of our visit and most of the really
valuable works (move) for safe keeping.
8. Aunt Dinah (not like) by my fathers family; she (consider)
vulgar.9. After his brothers departure Paul sat for a long time
thinking about what (say).
10. Im not prepared, my father said, to listen to your
suggestions that you never (treat) fairly at school.
11. But there were signs that order (restore) in the town.
12. He went into the bedroom. The bed (turn) down for the night
by the maid many hours before.
13. Please, find out if my father (see) to leave.
14. She could have gone to Cambridge if she had wanted, she
(offer) a scholarship.
15. Ahead of us the port lay in a flood of lights. Two cargo
ships (unload).
16. I felt I (catch) out boasting.17. I could not tell him that
I had spent the money I (leave) in order to get myself a house.
18. She (operate) on at seven oclock next morning.
19. The days that followed afterward (look) back on by Philip as
a kind of nightmare.
20. You have hardly any right to talk to me about the children.
They (see) to all right, and it will be me that sees to them, not
you.
21. Somewhere from far away in the town came the sound of shots.
Somebody (kill), I said.
22. The boy who put a frog in the teachers desk (ask) to return
the frog to the pool.23. He watched Jack while the film (run).
24. I discovered that a similar message (send) to my office.
25. Our garden was all weeds, but the one next door (look) after
to perfection.
5. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning
to the first sentence. Do not use by unless it is important to the
meaning.
1The teacher has marked all the homework.
All the homework
2My boyfriend kept me waiting for half an hour.
I
3The students must pay all their own fees for this course.
All the fees for this course
4Do you suppose your brother could have written that email?
Do you suppose that email ?
5They use a computer to do that job nowadays.
A computer
6During the summer, the cafe was employing more waiters every
week.
During the summer, more waiters
7Nobody informed the police that there had been a mistake.
The police
8Where will your company send you next year?
Where will you?
9 The news about the war worried Josephine.Josephine
10I've still got the camera because no-one has claimed it.
I've still got the camera because it
11Has anyone ever asked you for your opinion?
Have you ?
12The children shouldn't have opened that parcel.
That parcel
13All visitors must wear identity badges.
Identity badges
14Someone must have changed the time of the meeting.
The time of the meeting
15Is anyone using this computer?
Is this computer?
16 The managing director promised me a pay-rise.
. by the managing director.
17 They sent me the contract by courier the next day.
The contract
18 A multi-national company is taking over our firm.
Our firm
19 Several people noticed the man trying to climb in the
window.
.by several people.
20 They awarded David a medal for bravery.
David
21 They made Sylvia take the exam again.
Sylvia
22 An elderly aunt gave Paul the paintings.
Paul
23 The police are going to look into the case
by the police.
24 They considered any further rescue attempts pointless.
Any further
25 They elected George president for a second term.
George26 You can't see the house from the street.
The house
27 'They won't correct your papers before Friday.'
He said our papers
28 Someone must have taken the towels out of the dryer.The
towels..29 Nobody's going to steal your books from this room. Your
books.30 People were telling me what to do all the time and I
didn't enjoy it.I didn't enjoy.6. Rewrite each sentence using
appreciate, deny, enjoy, like or remember and the word in
capitals.
1 Thanks for taking me to the station. TAKEN2 I was shown around
the school, and I enjoyed it. BEING3 I don't remember when they
arrested me! BEING4 He said he liked it when people took him
seriously. TAKEN5 Tina said she hadn't been paid to appear in the
play. HAVING6 I don't remember when they gave me the anaesthetic.
BEING7 Thanks for giving me another chance. GIVEN
7. Complete the text with expressions from the box.had been
given had been told had never been taught was given (twice) was
offered was promised was sent was shown wasn't being paid
I'll never forget my first day at that office. I (1) to arrive
at 8.30, but when I got there the whole place seemed to be empty. I
didn't know what to do, because I (2) no information about the
building or where I was going to work, so I just waited around
until some of the secretaries began to turn up. Finally I (3) dirty
little office on the fifth floor, where I (4) a desk in a corner.
Nothing happened for an hour; then I (5) some letters to type on a
computer by one of the senior secretaries. This wasn't very
successful, because I (6) how to use a computer. (In the letter I
(7) when I (8) the job, I (9) computer training, but they'd
obviously forgotten about this.) By lunchtime things hadn't got any
better, and I decided that I (10) enough to put up with this
nonsense, so I walked out and didn't go back.
8. Choose one passive verb phrase for each space in these
sentences (from a report on the use of DNA testing by the
police).
is also called has also been used can he usedis believed have
been shownmay have been convictedwas released had been sentenced
would never have been solvedDNA is the chemical in the cells of
plants and animals which carries inherited characteristics, or
genetic information. DNA testing (l) to identify each person as a
unique individual on the basis of that genetic information. It (2)
'genetic fingerprinting'. The results of DNA testing are now being
accepted as evidence in cases where it (3) that the wrong person
(4) of a crime. In recent years, more than seventy people (5) to be
innocent through DNA testing. Many of those people (6) to life in
prison. In one case, a man (7) after nineteen years in prison. DNA
testing (8) in some murder cases that (9) without it.
9. Complete this news report with these verbs in the
passive.
block close destroy expect flood injure knock leave report
rescueMany homes on the island of Jamaica (l)by hurricane Lester
yesterday. Today, high winds (2)to bring more rain and problems for
the island's residents. Some parts of the island (3)without
electricity last night and many roads (4)by fallen trees that (5)
down during the storm. The area around Savanna-La-Mar on the south
coast (6)and some residents have had (7)..from the roofs of their
houses. Most businesses and schools in Kingston (8).today as people
emerge from their battered homes to survey the damage. More
than 100 people (9), but no deaths (10)
10. Put the verbs into the most suitable passive tense.Alana has
just met her boyfriend Grant at a cafe.
ALANA Hi! Sorry I'm late.
GRANT: What kept you?
ALANA: I came on the bus and it (l) (stick) in a traffic jam for
forty minutes.
GRANT: Why didn't you just walk across the park as usual?
ALANA: Because the park (2) (close) since last weekend.
GRANT: Why's that?
ALANA: A film (3) (shoot) there.
GRANT: Do you know who it (4) (direct) by?
ALANA: No, but I think Leonardo DiCaprio is in it. Someone told
me he
(5) (see) at the Royal Hotel at the weekend.
GRANT: Really?ALANA: Yeah. He (6) (fly) here in a private plane
by the film company.GRANT: Well, if it's true, we're not going to
the disco at the Royal this Friday.ALANA: Why not?GRANT: If he's
there, the hotel (7) (surround) by fans and security guards.
ALANA: But we might meet him if we go.
GRANT: Don't be silly. He won't be at the disco. And we
certainly (8) (not invite) to his room.
ALANA: I suppose not. But we can go to the park gate now and see
what's happening. Perhaps we (9) (ask) to act in a crowd scene. I
heard that some local people (10) (employ) as extras yesterday, but
I was too busy to go.
GRANT: OK, if you want to. But I don't think we (11) (allow)
anywhere near the filming.
11. Complete the text with a suitable passive form of the verb
in brackets.
A.
The Academy Awards Presentation (1) (first/organise) in 1929 and
since then, it (2) (hold) every year. The presentation (3) (attend)
by those at the top of the film industry and (4) (watch) on TV by
millions of viewers who want to see who (5) (present) with the
golden statue which (6) (desire) by everyone in the motion picture
world.
The voting for the Academy Awards (7) (conduct) secretly and the
results (8) (not/reveal) to anyone until the envelope (9) (open) on
stage in front of the audience. Awards (10) (give) for the best
individual and collective work and (11) (separate) into different
categories. Up to five nominations (12) (make) in each category.
The awards, which (13) (know) as Oscars, (14) (consider) to be the
highest honour anyone in the film industry can (15)
(give).B.Wangari MaathaiWangari Maathai (1) (award) the Nobel Peace
Prize in 2004. She (2) (praise) by the Nobel committee as 'a source
of inspiration for everyone in Africa fighting for sustainable
development, democracy and peace'. When she started her Green Belt
movement in 1977, Kenya was suffering from deforestation and
desertification. Thousands of trees (3) (cut down) and many
families (4) (leave) in poverty as a result. Since then, her
successful campaign to mobilize women to plant some 30 million
trees (5) (copy) by other countries. During that time the movement
(6) (transform) into a campaign on education, nutrition and other
issues. Her campaign has not always been popular. Mrs Maathai (7)
(arrest) several times for campaigning against deforestation in
Africa, and once she (8) (beat) unconscious by heavy handed police.
But in elections in 2002, she (9) (elect) as an MP as part of an
opposition coalition which swept to power, and she (10) (appoint)
as a deputy environment minister in 2003.C.
Blocked drains shut gallery linkA multi-million pound
underground tunnel connecting two of Edinburgh's art galleries (1)
(close) for two weeks so that blocked drains which have dogged the
building from the outset can be fixed. The repair work (2)
(estimate) to cost around 100,000 but it is unclear who will foot
the bill. Major losses (3) (expect) at the museum and at the
gallery restaurant, which
(4) (house) in the link and (5) (force) to shut whilst the work
(6) (carry out). The head of buildings said it was likely that the
fault had occurred while the tunnel (7) (construct) 'It probably
happened while it (8) (build) because we have had blockage problems
since it opened. We (9) (tell) it will cost around
100,000 - who will pay for it will be the issue.' A spokeswoman
for the National Galleries said: 'Everything (10) (do) to ensure
minimal disruption to visitors. Many of the educational workshops
and events (11) (accommodate) elsewhere in the galleries. The
National Gallery of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Academy
Building (12) (not affect) by the work, and will open as normal
throughout.' The work to the faulty drainage system at the Weston
Link, which (13) (only complete) in August 2004, will take eight
weeks from mid-February until the start of March.12. Put the verbs
in brackets into the correct passive or active tense. A.
Coffee (1) (say) to originate from Kaffa in Ethiopia and most
species of coffee plant (2) (find) in the tropics of the Eastern
Hemisphere. The species which (3) (think) to be the earliest coffee
plant (4) (ever/cultivated) by man is Coffea arabica. Today it (5)
(grow) mostly in Latin America.
The coffee shrub (6) (reach) a height of 8 10 metres and (7)
(have) white scented flowers. It (8) (produce) a red fruit which
(9) (call) a cherry. The cherry (10) (contain) two seeds which (11)
(join) together. These seeds, which (12) (also/know) as beans, (13)
(first/roast) and then they (14) (grind) to make coffee. The
grounds (15) (then/process) in a variety of different ways.
Sometimes they (16) (filter) and sometimes they (17) (soak) in
water to make the drink which is popular with so many people.
Coffee is available as grounds or as instant coffee powder and (18)
(drink) by one third of the worlds population.B.Slowly but surely
the coastline of Britain (1) (wear away) by an advancing sea. The
country which once 'ruled the waves' now (2) (rule) by them, with
huge forces threatening to destroy vast areas of human and wildlife
habitat. Already some of Britain's last wild, natural areas (3)
(disappear), and experts (4) (fear) that this is just the
beginning. It (5) (estimate) that there will be a 38-55 cm rise in
average sea levels by the year 2100. According to the Department of
the Environment, during the next 50 years at least 10,000 hectares
of farmland (6) (turn into) mud flats and salt marshes by the
increases in sea levels. Rather than trying to prevent the erosion,
the present government (7) (use) a method of 'managed retreat' by
creating new defences further inland and allowing low-lying coastal
farm land (8) (abandon) to the sea. However, many of the country's
major cities could also (9) (affect). London, Bristol and Cardiff
all (10) (expect) severe flooding as our sea defences (11)
(destroy) by the rising tides.
C.Local cheesesTraditional cheeses (1) (produce) in many regions
of the UK and (2) (name) after the area in which they (3) (first
develop) Cheddar, a hard cheese with a strong, nutty taste, is the
most popular and (4) (now make) all over the world. A 'true'
Cheddar must come from the counties of Somerset, Dorset or Devon in
southwest England or specifically from the Somerset village from
which it (5) (take) its name. Wensleydale (6) (come) from the
Yorkshire Dales (valleys) in northern England. Originally made from
sheep's milk, it (7) (base) on a recipe introduced by the
Cistercian monks in the 11th century and has a mild refreshing
flavour. Traditional Lancashire, from northwest England, has a
light, salty flavour. During the Industrial Revolution (around
1760-1830), Lancashire cheese (8) (become) the staple food of the
mill workers. Caerphilly, a crumbly cheese, (9) (first produce) in
the Welsh town of that name in about 1831. The cheese (10) (soak)
overnight in salt water to seal in the moisture. It was popular
with the local coalminers who (11) (lose) a lot of salt during
their work underground. Blue Stilton, made only in the counties of
Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, (12) (prize) as the
'king' of British cheeses.NB Hearsay reports describe what people
say, report, believe, think, consider, know, etc., and are often
used in news reporting. They are introduced by a passive form of
the report verb, either in present simple or past simple form with
a to-infinitive. The report can refer to the present or past, or a
time before the time of reporting. Different forms of the
infinitive are used to show the relation of the report to the
report verb:
e.g. The patient is said to be as well as can be expected.
(Thats what people say now about the present situation).
The robbers are thought to have stolen more than 3 million.
(Thats what people say now about the past situation).
Last week the Prime Minister was said to be undecided (Thats
what people said in the past about the situation then).
Mr Smith was believed to have taken the car by mistake (Thats
what people said then about something that had happened
earlier).
13. Rewrite each sentence so that it begins with the words
underlined.
1 People say that the company's European division is having a
good year.
2 In contrast, they say that the Far East division has been
suffering from rising costs.
3 People believe that the company has been talking to a
competitor about a possible merger.
4 People know some directors have been thinking on these lines
for some time.
5 People believe the CEO. Carl Graham, is making an attempt to
focus the business more sharply in some areas.
6 People say he is also looking at the possibility of job cuts.7
People think the company is holding a top-level meeting about these
matters next week.
14. Complete the sentence so that it means the same as the first
sentence.
A) 1It is said that house prices are too high.
House prices
2It is thought that the hospital is short of money.
The hospital,
3It was alleged that the athlete had cheated.
The athlete
4It is reported that the prime minister is resigning.
The prime minister
5It is expected that the new sports stadium will be finished
soon.
The new sports stadium
6It is generally considered that sixteen is too young to get
married.
Sixteen
7It was thought that the book had been destroyed.
The book
8It is believed that the children had been hiding for two
weeks.
The children
B)
1 Oak Island in Canada is one of many places in the world which
people think is the site of buried treasure. Oak Island in Canada
is one of many places in the world which .........2 People say that
the treasure is in a place called 'the money pit'.
The treasure 3 People think that pirates buried the treasure
centuries ago.
Pirates 4 The money pit story dates back to 1795, when people
report that a local youth fell into a hole at the foot of a large
tree.The money pit story dates back to 1795, when a local youth5
People believe that he and a friend discovered traces of treasure
in the hole.
He and a friend .6 People say that the two men found a treasure
chest in later excavations.
The two men .7 However, before they could open the chest, people
say that water flooded in.
However, before they could open the chest, water ..8 Since then,
people believe that more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters
have searched for the treasure.
Since then, more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters ..9
People think that some explorers found old pieces of metal in the
hole.
Some explorers .10 However, people now report that the pit is a
natural phenomenon, or the remains of old colonial
fortifications.However, the pit is now.15. Rewrite each sentence so
that it is a hearsay report, using a form of the verb in
capitals.
1 Two suspects have been arrested.THINK
2 The plane crashed into the sea near a small island.BELIEVE3
The minister is considering changing the laws on smoking in public.
SAY
4 Yesterday the situation had improved.REPORT5 Whales have been
seen in the area for the first time.SAY6 The fire broke out at 3
am.BELIEVE7 Last year the company recorded rising profits.REPORTNB
Verbs such as give, hand, lend, offer, send, throw, ask, teach,
etc. take two objects and have two corresponding passives:
e.g. Alice gave us that vase. 1) We were given that vase (by
Alice). 2) That vase was given (to) us (by Alice).The verbs
announce, demonstrate, describe, dictate, explain, introduce,
mention, point out, propose, repeat, report, suggest also take two
objects (direct (referring to a thing) and prepositional (with the
preposition to) (referring to a person)). These verbs have only one
passive form.
e.g. He explained the problem to me. The problem was explained
to me (NOT I was explained the problem). 16. Make one corresponding
passive sentence or two, if possible. Look carefully at the tense
in the sentences given. 1 Someone handed me a note
2 Someone offered her a second-hand bicycle
3 Someone has proposed improvements to the developers.4 Someone
suggested some interesting changes to me.5 Someone awarded him a
prize.6 Someone will announce the President's arrival to the
waiting journalists.7 Someone had mentioned the password to the
thieves.8 Someone has lent me some skis.9 Someone is sending him
threatening letters.10 Someone is going to explain the changes to
the students.11. He explained to me that almost everything the
children were taught at school was unnecessary.
12. I mentioned the fact to my friends.
13. The lawyer explained the new law to us.
14. People expect you to meet the boss.15. A guide pointed out
the Pyramids to us.
16. They gave his little daughter a present.
17. At lunch somebody mentioned to me that the Johnsons had come
from abroad.
18. Somebody reported the accident to the police.
19. They promised the workers higher wages.
20. Someone pointed out to us that the camp was deserted.
21. Then someone suggested that we drop the discussion and talk
about something else.
22. They will show the visitors all the new pictures.
23. It was not easy to see what to do about Jack, and someone
proposed that he should come and stay with us.24. They explained to
us that the men in those days had almost no chance of protecting
themselves against such monsters.
25. They gave me two shillings change at the shop.
17. Choose an appropriate form of one of these verbs to complete
the sentences and write a corresponding passive sentence starting
with the word(s) given. Use each verb once only.
appoint bring declare demonstrate help introduce see tell1
People..Bobby to his feet after the accident.
Bobby..2 Tonyme to Mrs Jennings at his birthday party. I .
3 Has anyoneChris this morning? Has Chris.?
4 The Romans mayrabbits to Britain as a source of food.Rabbits5
Peoplethe story of Father Christmas to young children to explain
the presents they receive.The story of Father Christmas.6
TheyMartin Johnson team captain for the whole of the World Cup.
Martin Johnson7 I am certain that Sarahher suitability as
company director to those who still have any doubt.I am certain
that Sarahs suitability as company director8 TheyAlan Watson winner
of the election after a recount.Alan Watson
NB. When we need to mention the agent of the action, we use the
preposition by to say who or what carries out the action. We use
with + instrument/material/ingredient to say what the agent used to
perform the action.
e.g. The pancakes were made by Clair. They were made with eggs,
flour and milk.18. Fill in by or with.
1. She was woken up a loud noise.
2. Our newspaper is delivered a boy every morning.
3. The parcel was tied up string.
4. John was told off his mother.
5. This picture was painted a famous artist.
6. The chair was covered a woolen blanket.
7. The walls were decorated posters.
8. My car was repaired my father.
9. This dessert was made fresh cream. 10. A leaky faucet can be
repaired a wrench.11. Preparations are being made event
organizers.
12. Signals to the dog can be given a whistle.13. If the dog
does as it is asked, it can be rewarded a treat.
14. When Im away, my plants are watered my neighbor.
15. Hot water is provided the hotel 24 hours a day.II. So vs.
Such. As vs. Like. (Study the grammar reference in Language Summary
9, p. 134). 1. Complete the sentences with so or such.
1. She is ______funny! She always makes me laugh.2. Sarah and Ed
are _______ crazy people! I never know what they are going to do
next.3. James has _______ much money that he could actually buy
that Ferrari.4. Although most of the audience had never been
exposed to _______ music, they thoroughly enjoyed the performance
of the Tibetan folk choir.5. The movie was _______ good that I saw
it five times.6. Terry speaks English _______ fluently that I
thought he was American.7. Most students never discuss ________
topics in class, but I think it is important to teach our children
to question the media.8. Jerry had never seen _______ high
mountains. He thought they were spectacular.9. Fred is _______ a
clown! He is always telling jokes and making people laugh.10. There
was ________ little interest in his talk on macroeconomics that the
room was half empty by the time he stopped speaking.11. How could
you say _______ horrible things to me?12. He is ________ a jerk! He
hasn't said one nice thing since he started working here.13. That
new song is ________ cool that it hit the top ten within a week of
being released.14. Martha is _________ a good cook that she is
writing her own book of family recipes.15. I don't know if that is
________ a good idea. Maybe we should try something else.16. She
has _________ many hats that she needs two closets to store them
all.17. That takes _________ little time and effort that you might
as well do it yourself.18. I had to pay $140 for books for my new
Spanish class. I don't know why my professor has to choose
_________ expensive books for her course.19. Please, don't drive
________ fast! I'm terrified we're going to have an accident.20. I
really wish you wouldn't smoke ________ much! It's destroying your
health.
2. Choose the correct answer.
1. They had ___ a bad night that they couldn't sleep.a. sob.
such
2. She gave him ___ good advice that he was very grateful to
her.a. sob. such
3. I'm having ___ a wonderful time in Belem that I don't want to
go home.a. sob. such
4. The day was ___ hot that everybody went to the beach.a. sob.
such
5. It was ___ cold weather that nobody could go outside.a. sob.
such
6. There are ___ good jobs in Fortaleza that people are looking
for jobs in other states.a. so manyb. so fewc. so littled. so
muche. such
7. The hotel has ___ comfortable room that I don't want to go
out.a. so muchb. so ac. such ad. such
8. It was ___ dark that I couldn't see his face.a. sob. suchc.
such ad. so a
9. That restaurant has ___ delicious food that you can't stop
eating.a. sob.such
10. They were ___ talented singers that the concert was a hit.a.
sob. so fewc. so littled. suche. such a
11. He is ___ student that he is going to win a scholarshipa.
sob. so goodc. so good ad. suche. such good
12. We had ___ horrible day that we felt depressed.a. sob. so
ac. suchd. such a
13. The earthquake caused ___ damage that most people lost their
homes.a. sob. so muchc. so manyd. so few
14. The novel is ___ exciting that I can't put it down.a. sob.
so ac. suchd. such a
15. We had ___ long and tiring day that we just wanted to go
home.a. sob. so ac. suchd. such a
16. Most TV programs are ___ boring that nobody watches them.a.
sob. so muchc. so manyd. suche. such a
17. She has ___ nice voice that she should try to become a
professional singer.a. sob. so muchc. so littled. suche. such a
18. The party was ___ organized that everybody had a great
time.a. so wellb. so goodc. such and. such
19. It was ___ fast car that nobody could catch it.a. sob.
suchc. so ad. such a
20. This quiz was ___ easy that I don't need to check my
answers.a. suchb. soc. such muchd. so much
3. Complete the sentences with as or like.
1. She sings ______ an angel.
2. I'm much better ______ you can see.
3. My sister is not at all ______ me.
4. My daughter is just ______ my sister.
5. I'm attending the meeting ______ an observer
6. I use one of the bedrooms ______ an office.
7. You are very ______ your mother.
8. I hope to qualify ______ an engineer.
9. My friend Rob looks ______ John Travolta.
10. There is too much traffic in London ______ in New York.
11. We're late for the train. We'll have to run ______ the
wind.
12. I'm your friend and, ______ a friend, I advise you to think
again.
13. I don't know you as well as he does but, ______ your friend,
I advise you to think again.
14. You don't like confrontations, ______ me.
15. I want to join the air force ______ a pilot.
16. We need a strong leader ______ Winston Churchill.
17. He has gone to our competitors ______ marketing manager.
18. I've appointed Simon Williams ______ the new trustee.
19. I've done the work ______ we agreed.
20. I was sure, ______ was everybody else, that you would do
well in this job.
21. Why can't economists see the damage that legislation _______
this one has done in the past decade. 22.
HTMLCONTROL Forms.HTML:Hidden.1
HTMLCONTROL Forms.HTML:Hidden.1 Taxes on capital are _________
taxes on job. 23. The common customs tariff, together with
protective measures _______ the anti-dumping regulations, are still
not sufficient to solve all the union's problems. 24. There are
only a few exceptions, notably ________ regard the common
agricultural policy. 25. The results obtained have been described
_________ satisfactory.
HTMLCONTROL Forms.HTML:Hidden.1
HTMLCONTROL Forms.HTML:Hidden.1 26. They chose Delhi ________
the host city for the conference on mass production in
industrialised countries. 27. He made it clear that he didn't want
to end up in a company ________ the one which he visited last week.
28. They seem unable to react to changes at world level in the same
way _________ their competitors. 29. The business students talked
about the Lom convention, which many regarded ________ a model of
development cooperation.30. ...and ________ a consequence, their
raw material is of substandard quality. 31. I think that what he
really meant was the shares looked _______a promising long term
gamble. 32. The whole thing looks _______common sense to me! 33.
The flow of foreign exchange is regarded nowadays _________ the
principal factor influencing development. 34. It is results
_________ that which are very encouraging especially when you've
worked hard. 35. Countries ________the ones we visited have been
having economic problems lately. 36. He said that the threat of
insolvency was ________a sentence of immediate hanging ...
So, where's the Cannes Film Festival being held this
year?Christina Aguilera
VOCAB & SPEAKING (1)1. a) Study the following words and
idioms and use them in your own sentences.A-level (or A-list)
usually refers to top-tier actors/actresses who are paid upwards of
$20 million per feature film; can also refer to producers,
directors and writers who can be guaranteed to have a film made and
released
B-film (or B-movie, B-picture) (cf. A-pictures) an off-beat,
low-budget, second-tier film, usually from an independent producer,
shot quickly with little-known, second rate actors. B-films are
often characterized by sensational and catchy titles, campy acting,
cheesy special effects, and gratuitous violence and sexualitybehind
the scenes
without receiving credit or fame; out of public view. (Referring
originally to those who worked on a theatrical piece but do not
appear on the stage.)
building a scene using dramatic devices such as increased tempo,
volume, and emphasis to bring a scene to a climax
cast against type (cf. typecast) an actor playing a role
distinctly different from roles previously played
cliffhanger a film characterized by scenes of great tension,
danger, adventure, suspense, or high drama, often climaxing at the
end of a film, or at the end of a multi-part serial episode, where
the plot ending and the fate of the protagonist(s) are left
unresolved
deadpan humour a specific type of comedic device in which the
performer assumes an expressionless (deadpan) quality to her/his
face demonstrating absolutely no emotion or feeling.
disneyfication or disneyfied (derog.) refers to the making of an
adapted, sanitized, 'family-friendly' version of a book or play, by
removing objectionable elements (such as crude language, sexuality,
or violence) and modifying plot elements to make the tale more
acceptable, entertaining, predictable and popular for mass
consumption by audiences, as first exercised by the Disney studios
in the 50s
feel good" film usually a light-hearted, upbeat comedy or
romance that ends with an audience-pleasing conclusion; sometimes
used derogatively
flash in the pan transitory, impermanent success or recognition;
fifteen minutes of fame.
ham something up
Fig. to make a performance seem silly by showing off or
exaggerating one's part. (A show-off actor is known as a ham.) hoot
(boo) someone off the stage
[for an audience] to boo and hiss until a performer leaves the
stage.
in a stage whisper
Fig. in a loud whisper that everyone can hear.scene-stealer
An actor who draws attention from or overshadows other actors in
the same production, as by charm or quality of performance. spoof
usually a comedic film that pays tribute to an earlier film in a
humorous way; parody (e.g. a spoof horror film)
stage fright
nervousness or panic that may beset a person about to appear in
front of an audience
take the stage
Fig. to become the center of attention; to become the focus of
everyone's attention.
tearjerkers films popular with women, but also used in a
derogatory sense to marginalize films with heavy, sappy emotion and
numerous female characters, aka chick flickswalk on stage and off
again
Fig. to play a very small role where one goes on stage and
quickly leaves again. whodunit a mystery/detective filmb) Fill the
gaps with the suitable words and expressions from the list above.
1. The dark Dickens novel Oliver Twist was as a light musical
Oliver!2. Humphrey Bogart, as good-guy Rick Blaine, was an example
of. Bogart had played gangster figures in dozens in films before
Casablanca (1942)3. George Lucas and Steven Spielberg are
directors.4. Imelda Staunton is a as Dolores Umbridge, playing the
callous teacher to perfection.5. The major or lead character in a
is a crime-solving detective, such as in the Sherlock Holmes series
of films.
6. The next is WNO's production of Madam Butterfly with American
tenor Russell Thomas as Pinkerton, Judith Howarth as the
heartbroken Cio-Cio-San and Claire Bradshaw as Suzuki.
7. As far as I can tell, the physical symptoms of are caused by
the release of adrenaline.8. The actor was supposed to fall over
and die, but he too much and got fired instead.2. Describing
films
Would you go and see a film which was described in any of the
following ways? Why / why not?
AmusingExplicithyped-uppredictable
Art-houseGoryMovingSoppy
convolutedGrippingoff-the-wallTense
disturbingharrowingover-the-topUplifting
Choose four of the adjectives to describe films or TV programmes
you've seen. Now complete these sentences about films with the
words in the box.convolutedhyped-upScene
Crosslet-downSoppy
GenreMoving
Gorypreposterous
1. My girlfriend found it quite..- she was in tears by the end -
but I just thought it was .. sentimental rubbish!
2. It's a horror film, but it's not that.It works on more of a
psychological level. There's this one.where this woman emerges from
a TV screen that scared me to death!3. It's a film that defies, but
at a push, I guess I'd describe it as a between an art-house film
and a comedy!
4. It'd been so.. by everyone that I found it a bit
disappointing, to be honest - a bit of a..
5. I think at best you could say the plot was a bit.- and at
worst it was just totally! I didn't believe any of it myself!
3. Render the following review into English using at least 20
active words and expressions both from the Active Vocabulary list
and the exercises above. Feel free to add your own comments. , !
("")
- , , . , . . - , "" - , , .
"". "" - , " ", . . . - .
"" . . . . , , , , . .
, , - . , , . , , .
, . - , , "", " ". . "" , " ".
, , , , , .4. Now write a review of a film that you particularly
like (or dislike) using as many active words as you can. READING
& SPEAKING1. Find the key words in the article and write them
into the sentences below. 1. a verb which describes how well a film
did _________________________ (para 1)
2. a verb which describes how badly a film did
_________________________ (para 1)
3. A film _________________________ is an intellectual property
involving the characters, setting and trademarks of an original
work of fiction, such as a film or a series of books, e.g. Harry
Potter, James Bond. (para 1)
4. two inexact methods of measuring things based on experience
and feeling _________________________ (para 2)
5. When somebody is _________________________ they are involved
in a project. (para 3)
6. to earn a particular amount of money before taxes or costs
have been taken out _________________________ (para 3)
7. to fail financially and lose all your money
_________________________ (para 4)
8. a film without a sequel or an ongoing storyline
_________________________ (para 6)
9. Something that makes a large amount of money is
_________________________. (para 7) 10. the process of becoming
successful or popular again _________________________ (para 9) 11.
a four-word phrase meaning a good reputation based on what has
happened before _________________________ (para 9)
12. a phrase meaning to make someone very angry
_________________________ (para 11)
13. a new blended word made up of two known words to describe
the unwanted growth in the number of sequels
_________________________ (para 11)
The formula for a hit film sequelKatie Allen Ever wondered why
Spider-Man 2 triumphed and Basic Instinct 2 bombed? Now a group of
academics have come up with a formula to predict the fortunes of a
film sequel.Hollywood has long known a follow-up is a fairly safe
bet and franchises from Pirates of the Caribbean to Star Wars have
dominated cinema schedules for years. But, until now, decisions
about what to invest in a film sequel or how much to pay for the
rights to a franchise have been based on some simple rules of thumb
and gut feeling.Based on factors such as whether key stars are
still on board, how long it has been since the last film and how
that performed, the researchers now say they can calculate what
producers can expect to gross relative to a film in the same genre
that is not a sequel.It is the industry of dreams, an industry of
illusions, and lots of people go bust. The idea here is to put some
more analytical thinking into the process, says Professor Thorsten
Hennig-Thurau, of Cass Business School in London.With follow-up
films enjoying widespread box office success and strong DVD sales,
financial investors and film companies compete aggressively to
acquire sequel rights. The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise
was recently sold for $60 million (36 million). I want this
industry to recognize that it is not as different to other sectors
as it thinks it is. What we are talking about here is brand
extension, says Hennig-Thurau.The research, which will be published
in the Journal of Marketing this month, examined data from all 101
movie sequels released in North American cinemas between 1998 and
2006 and a sample of stand-alone films with similar
characteristics. According to the formula, upcoming sequel The
Twilight Saga: New Moon should be expected to return $34 million
more for the producers in its US run than a comparable vampire/
teen romance movie with the same characteristics that is not a
sequel.Movies like the Twilight sequel New Moon are highly
lucrative and relatively safe bets if key parameters, such as
original cast, are maintained, explains Hennig-Thurau. Star
continuity is where Basic Instinct 2 went wrong no Michael Douglas.
The time difference between the two films was very, very long and
actor continuity was halved in that you only had (a much older)
Sharon Stone.On the whole, however, sequels do well and often
outperform the original. That is especially true now studios are
presenting films as a franchise with a narrative woven throughout
several instalments. We are not really talking about sequels any
more. We are talking about films that are conceived of as longer
plays than one film. You are saying to the audience: This is a
story, you have got to stick with it, says David Hancock, head of
film and cinema at media research company Screen Digest.
Underlining that audience loyalty, Hancock notes that in the US
last year, just 4.2% of releases were franchise films but they
accounted for 20.6% of box office takings.The revival of the Star
Trek franchise this summer saw JJ Abramss new film gross 21 million
in UK cinemas, which is more than double the return of any of the
previous 10 Star Trek feature films. There is clearly a public
appetite for new stories taking favourite characters on new
adventures and from an industry point of view, there is less risk
in investing in the production and release of a film which has a
proven track record, says Mark Batey, chief executive of the Film
Distributors Association.For film producers fighting poor DVD
sales, sequels bring an added benefit. Hennig-Thuraus research
showed that DVD sales of the original movie often peak when a
sequel hits the cinema screens. Once that sequel is out on DVD it
also has a good chance of strong sales. DVD charts and cinema
rankings containing sequels such as Shrek the Third, Transformers 2
and Ice Age 3 have, of course, incited the wrath of film critics
worried about a lack of creativity. Cinema-goers have also
complained of sequelitis. Such criticism may have been justified in
the days when making a sequel was a relatively lazy process but
sequels are now produced in a more thoughtful manner.The Film
Distributors Association is keen to argue that sequel mania does
still leave room for original stories. Slumdog Millionaire is one
of the top films of 2009 while The Full Monty remains one of the
most successful British films ever released. With 500 films
released in UK cinemas each year, the blockbuster sequels tend to
do well but theres plenty of other choice for film fans during the
year, says Batey. Guardian News & Media 2009
First published in The Observer, 08/11/09
2. Write answers to these questions based on the information in
the article.1. What qualities does a film sequel need to make it
success?2. What attracts the public (movie-goers) to watch sequels?
3. What effect do sequels have on DVD sales?4. What did the
researchers compare in order to come to their conclusions? 5. How
is the film industry described? 6. Is this the end for original
stories and stand-alone films?3. Find words and phrases from the
article that relate to film and finance and write them in two
columns. Write words that relate to both subjects in the third
column. Retell the article using all these words. 4. Discussion. a)
Do you like to watch sequels? Why / Why not?b) Are there any
stand-alone films that do not have a sequel but that you would like
to have a sequel?5. Comment on the following famous quotes about
films:
All you need for a movie is a gun and a girl.
Jean-Luc GodardCuriosity doesn't matter any more. These days
people don't want to be transported to emotional territories where
they don't know how to react.
Hector BabenkoI guess I think that films have to be made totally
by fascists -- there's no room for democracy in making film.
Don Alan PennebakerPictures are for entertainment, messages
should be delivered by Western Union.Samuel GoldwynThe movies today
are too rich to have any room for genuine artists. They produce a
few passable craftsmen, but no artists. Can you imagine a Beethoven
making $100, 000 a year?
H. L. Mencken (1880-1956)There's only one thing that can kill
the movies, and that's education.Will RogersI pity the French
Cinema because it has no money. I pity the American Cinema because
it has no ideas.Jean-Luc Godard
I came out here with one suit and everybody said I looked like a
bum. Twenty years later Marlon Brando came out with only a
sweatshirt and the town drooled over him. That shows how much
Hollywood has progressed.Humphrey Bogart A good film is when the
price of the dinner, the theatre admission and the babysitter were
worth it. Alfred Hitchcock
Every great film should seem new every time you see it. Roger
Ebert
Every single art form is involved in film, in a way. Sydney
Pollack
If my films don't show a profit, I know I'm doing something
right. Woody Allen
An actor's a guy who, if you ain't talking about him, ain't
listening
Marlon BrandoVOCAB & SPEAKING (II)
Keeping your options open.
1. Match the five sentence starters to the endings.1. I've
vaguely arranged2. I was vaguely thinking3. I should really try
to4. I'm toying with the idea of5. I'm supposeda.of going to the
cinema tonight.
b.maybe going ice-skating tomorrow.
to be going out with some people from work later.
d.to go out somewhere with Ben tonight.
e.go to the gym today, I suppose.
We often follow sentences like those above with an extra
comment. Put the words in order to make five common follow-up
comments.6. suggestions / to / I'm / but / open7. looking / it /
out / I'm / for / to / but / get / excuse / of / an8. do /I /
suppose / with / anyone / don't / fancies / me, / they / coming?9.
confirmed / yet / haven't / we / but / anything / got / definite10.
the / if / the / wouldn't / be / world / didn't / it / but / end /
of / I
Spend three minutes thinking of your plans for the rest of today
/ tomorrow / this weekend. Make sure you use at least two of the
sentence starters from Activity 1 when you report your plans - even
if you need to lie! Then have conversations with some other
students like this:A: So what're you up to tonight?
B: I'm not really sure. I should probably try to do a bit of
studying, I suppose ... but it wouldn't be the end of the world if
I didn't, though! Why? What've you got on?
A: Well, I was vaguely thinking of maybe going bowling. I don't
suppose you fancy coming with me, do you?
B: Oh, yeah. I'd love to. Where were you thinking of going?
Continue each conversation until you have sorted out where and
when to meet.2. Complete the dialogue with ONE word in each
space.A: So what're you up (1) ... tonight?
B: Well, I'm supposed to be (2) ... out with some people (3) ...
work. They're going to some techno club, but I'm not really in the
(4) ... , to be honest. I'm looking for an excuse to get (5) ... of
it. What've you got on then?
A: Well, I was (6) ... with the idea of going to the theatre.
There's this play on called Cyprus, which I read a review (7) ... -
it sounds pretty good. I don't suppose you (8) ... going?
B: Maybe. What's it about?A: The secret service and the (9) ...
it's corrupted by politicians.
B: It sounds a bit heavy (10) ... my liking.
A: Apparently, it (11) ... have its funny moments and it's
supposed to be very gripping. You sure I can't persuade you?
B: Maybe. I'm not usually (12) ... that kind of thing, but it
might make a change. Where's it (13) ... ?
A: The Whitehall Theatre, but I could give you a (14) ... , if
you like. I'm driving there.
B: Oh, go on then. You've twisted my (15) ... .What time?
A: Will you be back from work by six?
B: It's pushing it a bit. Can't we (16) ... it later?
A: We could. But I haven't got the tickets, so I wanted to get
there a bit earlier to be on the (17) ... side.
B: Yeah. OK. Listen, it's fine. I'll just have to make sure I
leave on the (18) ... of 5.30.
TEST YOURSELF.
1. Grammar. Choose the correct answer.1We were told to put it
where it was usually.
a belonged b fit had d stored
2It wasn't the first time they had beenhow it worked.
a taught b reported explained d described
3DNA testsaccepted in court cases.
a are known b were used have been d will have
4Somethinghappened or they would be here by now.
a must b must be must have d must have been
5Thereto be serious flaws in the design.
a claimed b reported were said d were told6. Ive never owned
_______ independent cat as this one.a a more than b such an c a so
d as much an
7. Sam was _____ lazy that he lost his job.
a so b such c a so d such a8. There was _____ much noise that we
couldnt hear the speech.
a such b so c too d as9. ________ I said at the beginning of my
presentation, sales have been very good. However, the situation has
not been ________ last year.
a as/as b like/like c as/like d like/as
10. Some sports _________ motor racing can be dangerous.
a like b as c so as d as if
2. Vocab. Suggest active vocabulary units corresponding to the
following definitions:1. translation of a foreign-language film
which appears at the bottom of the screen
2. record a new soundtrack for a film or tape (often in a
different language)
3. one who performs a secondary role in a film
4. a social and economic order that is based on the systematic
creation and fostering of a desire to purchase goods or services in
ever greater amounts.5. store which sells almost every type of
product
6. test given to a performer (musician, actor, etc.) to
determine the level of his abilities
7. very funny, amusing8. a happening that occurs only once and
is not repeated
9. help or support, especially with money10. (phr.v.) to educate
and care for a child until grown-up.11. (phr.v.) to suffer
something annoying or unpleasant without complaining
12. (phr.v.) to discourage someone from something
13. (phr.v.) to begin a usually long or difficult course of
action with a clear purpose
14. (phr.v.) to establish or arrange (an organization, business,
plan, etc.)
15. (phr.v.) to come out or gather for a meeting, public event,
etc.ACTIVE VOCABULARYp. 70
(Learn the words and phrases in V9.1 p. 133), a plot, nominate
for an award/ an Oscar, be awarded (an Oscar)
p. 71
be good at, be rewarded, get publicity, hold a ceremony,
postpone, an assassination attempt (on smb), keep smth secret,
(mysteriously) vanish, in recognition of smth, origin, confirm, a
metal alloy, gold-plated, weigh, compete with, big-budget filmsp.
72
(Learn the adjectives in V9.2 p133)
p. 73
gorgeous, classic films, an extra, walk out, reality TV
programmes, a sad ending, get to sleep
p. 75
a mixed reaction to, consumerism, (learn the words in V9.3
p133), a department store, put on (an exhibition), throw smb out,
handle emotions, unacceptable, feel no guilt, span (15) years,
offer smb counseling, be eroded (by the everyday concerns of life),
remains of smth, give smb financial backing for, have a change of
heart, end up doing smth, pour in, point out, (a) one-offp. 77
a drama school, an audition, perform a speech, shop assistant
R9.2
Dont get us started., You can say that again., Whatever makes
you think that?
R9.3
Get time off work, be piled on top of one another, a load of
rubbish, Say no more!, rave reviewsR9.4
Give smth a try, feel up to doing smth, give smth a miss, go out
for a meal, Im easy., Its up to you., come to think of it, make up
ones mind, Its all the same to me., be better off doing smth, Its
pouring with rain., on second thoughts
Vocabulary Plus: phrases with set, turn, put and bring.
Set out to, bring up, put away, set up, bring around, bring
back, put down, put up with, put off, turn out.
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