UNIT VIII: EMOTION AND MOTIVATION
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UNIT VIII: EMOTION AND MOTIVATION
Get out a sheet of paper True or False
1. Humans who have had ulcerated or cancerous stomachs removed do not experience hunger. 2. Part of knowing when to eat is our memory of our last meal. 3. At least one – third of adult Americans no longer object to extramarital sex. 4. When asked “What is it that makes your life meaningful?” most people mention “meaningful work” before anything else. 5. Married people are less at risk for depression, suicide and early death than are unattached people. 6. People report greatest enjoyment of life when they are quietly relaxing. 7.Only 20 percent of employees surveyed globally strongly agree that every day they have “the opportunity to do what I do best.”
➤Why do students go to college?
QUESTION
MOTIVATION
➤ a need or desire that energizes and directs ones behavior.
TYPES OF MOTIVATION
➤ A. Intrinsic motivation- the desire to engage in an activity for its own sake. (love of the game)
➤ B. Extrinsic motivation- the desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence. (a reward)
➤ Overjustification effect- where promising a reward for doing something we already like to do results in us seeing the reward as the motivation from performing the task. When the reward is taken away, the behavior tends to disappear.
INTRINSIC vs. EXTRINSIC
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective.
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
Why are you in AP Psych?
• Parents.
• Need the credit.
• Save money in college.
Why are you in AP Psych?
• Interesting
• Curiosity
• Competent
INTRINSIC vs. EXTRINSIC
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective.
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
4 THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
➤ A. Instinct/Evolutionary theory- view that certain behaviors are determined by innate factors.
➤ At the heart of this perspective, is the motivation to survive - we are biologically programmed to survive.
➤ Fixed-action patterns- genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus.
➤ i.e. Birds migrating south for the winter
4 THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
➤ B. Drive-reduction theory- view that a biological need (an imbalance that threatens survival) produces drive.
➤ Main goal of this theory is to achieve homeostasis- natural tendency to maintain an internal balance.
➤ i.e. Hunger. Drive= hunger Reduce hunger-> eat. -> homeostasis
For example, you might be motivated to drink a glass of water in order to reduce the internal state of thirst. We reduce the NEED to eat by eating.
4 THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT’D)
➤ Incentives- positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us.
➤ Incentives are used to motivate people.
➤ An incentive may be defined as an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior. This does not mean that it will always motivate behavior, only that it can.
➤ i.e. Getting a “5” on the AP exam, future promotions.
4 THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT’D)
➤ C. Arousal Theory- “Yerkes-Dodson Law” states that we usually perform most activities best when moderately aroused, and efficiency of performance is usually lower when arousal is either low or high.
➤ i.e. when taking an exam, it is helpful to be moderately aroused (alert but not trembling)
➤ optimal performance depends on task difficulty
4 THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT’D)
➤ D. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- the notion that needs occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic.
➤ follows Humanistic theory
MODULE 38: HUNGER MOTIVATION
I. BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR HUNGER
➤ Hunger does not only come from our stomach…..
➤ It comes from the brain too! ➤ Washburn’s studies showed hunger was partially related to the
stomach.
➤ Those with their stomachs removed still feel hunger.
➤ Hypothalamus: control center for hunger
➤ Lateral Hypothalamus (LARGE hunger)
➤ when stimulated it makes you hungry.
➤ when lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again.
➤ Ventromedial Hypothalamus
➤ When stimulated you will feel full.
➤ When lesioned you will never feel full again.
HOW DOES THE HYPOTHALAMUS WORK?
➤ Two theories:
➤ 1. Leptin theory- a protein hormone produced by bloated fat cells.
➤ Hypothalamus senses rise in Leptin and will curb eating and increase activity.
➤ 2. Set Point theory- We are meant to be in a certain weight range determined by the number of fat cells in our body.
➤ Hypothalamus acts like a thermostat.
➤ When we eat less, our weight goes down and our fat cells contract, which seem to trigger processes that result in decreased metabolism and increased hunger.
➤ When we eat more, our weight goes up and our fat cells increase in size, which seems to result in increased metabolism and decreased hunger.
BODY WEIGHT:
➤ BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)- regulates the expenditure of energy used to maintain our body’s vital functions.
➤ Many factors affect the BMR: age, gender, weight.
➤ Not eating lowers the BMR, hence fewer calories are burned off. Key is to eat at regular intervals.
HORMONES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
➤ Insulin: hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose.
➤ Ghrelin: hormone secreted by empty stomach; send “I’m hungry” signals to the brain.
➤ Orexin: Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus.
➤ Leptin: Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.
➤ PYY: Digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain.
➤ Glucose: is the sugar that the body uses for energy, when blood glucose levels drop, the individual experiences hunger.
II. PSYCHOLOGY OF HUNGER
➤ What psychological and cultural factors influence hunger?
➤ Externals: people who eat due to the presence of food rather than internal factors.
➤ Taste preferences: food tastes better and we chew less when we are hungry (beginning of the meal) food tastes worse and we chew more when we are not hungry.
➤ Culture teaches us that some foods are acceptable but others are not. Examples???
III. PHYSIOLOGY OF OBESITY
➤ Measured by the BMI (Body Mass Index) - the measure of a person’s weight in proportion to his or her height.
➤ Flawed because it doesn’t take into account muscle mass or bone density.
➤ Factors of obesity: genetics, higher amount of fat cells, lack of physical activity, and where one lives.
IV. EATING DISORDERS
➤ Anorexia Nervosa:
➤ refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for height and age.
➤ intense fear of gaining weight, even though underweight.
➤ the experience and significance of body weight and shape are distorted in these individuals.
➤ Bulimia Nervosa:
➤ recurrent episodes of binge eating.
➤ recurrent inappropriate behavior in order to prevent weight gain.
➤ i.e. self induced vomiting (purging), misuse of laxatives, excessive exercise.
➤ behaviors occur on average twice a week, for 3 months.
➤ Causes of eating disorders:
➤ learning
➤ genetics
➤ media
MODULE 39: SEXUAL MOTIVATION
I. SEXUAL MOTIVATION
➤ Alfred Kinsey (Kinsey Reports)
➤ Interviewed 18,000 Americans concerning their sexual behavior.
➤ Provided statistics showing that sexual practices varied widely, and that even in the 1940s there was a high prevalence of masturbation and premarital sex.
➤ Sample was not random, leading questions, influenced by his own beliefs.
➤ Masters and Johnson (Sexual Response Cycle) Four stages occur in both men and women.
➤ 1. Initial excitement or arousal- swelling of blood vessels.
➤ 2. Plateau- physiological changes- heart rate increases, sweat, etc.
➤ 3. Orgasm- heart rate and respiration increases further, rhythmic genital contractions that might help conception, ejaculation.
➤ 4. Resolution- parasympathetic systems calm body down, men experience refractory period.
II. PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX
➤ Sexual motivation is less influenced by biological factors (sexual maturity, sex hormones).
➤ Psychological and social-cultural factors play a bigger role.
➤ psychological (exposure to stimulating conditions, sexual fantasies)
➤ social-cultural (family and society values, religious and personal values, cultural expectations, media)
*According to research, external stimuli can have adverse effects.
MODULE 40: SOCIAL MOTIVATION
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
➤ To what groups do you belong to?
➤ When did you first feel accepted by a group?
➤ How are new members added to a group?
➤ How are you different when you are alone vs. being in your group?
I. SOCIAL MOTIVATION
➤ The need to belong
➤ cooperation and social bonds boosted our early ancestors’ chance of survival.
➤ much of our social behavior aims to increase our feelings of belonging.
➤ when our need for relatedness is satisfied in balance with two other basic psychological needs- autonomy (a sense of personal control) and competence, we experience a deep sense of well-being, and our self esteem rides high.
➤ Need for achievement (N Ach):
➤ People with a high need for achievement chose moderately difficult or challenging tasks to satisfy their need. People with a high N Ach are motivated by challenges, not rewards. They tend to be competitive. They do not give up easily and enjoy being responsible for the outcome of projects.
➤ People low in N Ach select very easy goals so that they do not have to take any responsibility for failure.
➤ How does social networking influence us? READ pp. 415-417
➤ Activity: Assess your own social networking usage and habits.
➤ How much time do you spend on social media each day?
➤ How emotionally distracted are you when using social media?
➤ How many posts do you make that would be considered IMPORTANT.
➤ how often do you communicate with these people “in-person.”
➤ How often do you turn off your mobile device?
➤ Do you ever spend time, taking walks, etc without your mobile device? How does the separation make you feel?
➤ hHve you or someone close to you ever shared something over social media that you later regretted? What was the impact of such oversharing?
MODULE 41: THEORIES AND PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTION
EMOTION:
➤ a response of the whole organism, involving
➤ 1. physiological arousal
➤ 2. expressive behaviors, and
➤ 3. conscious experience
➤ A mix of bodily arousal (heart pounding); expressive behaviors (quickened pace); and conscious experience, (did my child get kidnapped?)
I. THEORIES OF EMOTION
➤ A. Evolutionary Theories (Charles Darwin):
➤ Emotions evolve because they had an adaptive value?
➤ How so?
I. THEORIES OF EMOTION
➤ B. James-Lange Theory:
➤ people experience emotion because they perceive their bodies physiological responses to external events.
➤ i.e. My heart accelerates then i feel FEAR.
I. THEORIES OF EMOTION
➤ C. Cannon-Bard Theory:
➤ the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers
➤ 1. physiological responses and
➤ 2. the subjective experience of emotion
➤ experience of emotion happens at the same time that physiological arousal happens.
➤ i.e. stimulus -> sympathetic nervous system
stimulus -> brain’s cortex = feel sad and cry at the same time
and
I. THEORIES OF EMOTION
➤ D. Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor Theory-
➤ to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
➤ emotion is dependent on two factors.
➤ i.e. Strike vs. Rock Concert
I. THEORIES OF EMOTION
➤ E. Opponent Process Theory of Emotion:
➤ Emotions have pairs. When one is triggered, the other one is suppressed.
➤ suggests that most motivation is learned via a pattern of opposing emotions, and in fact become addictive.
➤ F. Cognitive Appraisal Theory of Emotion:
➤ Emotions are the result of the cognitive appraisal of a situation and how a person decides it will affect his or her well-being.
➤ i.e. Being afraid when you see someone in a dark alley, only to realize it is someone you know.
II. BIOLOGICAL BRAIN OF EMOTION
➤ A. Limbic system
➤ Thalamus: central relay station
➤ Amygdala: brain region responsible for fear
➤ Hypothalamus: activates ANS. The sympathetic branch of the ANS prepares the body for action. Stimulates blood pressure, heart rate, blood sugar levels increase, pupils let in more vision, digestive process slows down.
➤ Hippocampus: memories that are more emotional tend to be remembered better.
➤ B. Lateralization of Emotions (Frontal Lobe):
➤ left hemisphere influences positive emotions, right hemisphere influences negative emotions.
➤ i.e. experiencing negative emotions such as disgust will show right pre frontal cortex being more active that the left. Depression-prone people, and those with more negative personalities show more right frontal lobe activity.
Brain’s pathways for emotions: in the two track brain, sensory input may be routed (a) to the cortex (via the thalamus) for analysis and then transmission to the amygdala; or (b) directly to the amygdala (via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction.
MODULE 42: EXPRESSED EMOTION
DETECTING DECEPTION?*Cues people use when actually trying to deceive:
speech hesitation, increased vocal pitch, blinking, and pupil dilation.
*Deceivers tend to:
use shorter sentences and talk for shorter durations.
make more speech errors and stutter.
pause longer between words and take longer to response to questions and comments.
fidget around when talking, play with hair, collar, etc.
I. MEASURING EMOTION:
➤ A. Galvanic Skin response-
➤ measures skin’s rate of electrical conductivity.
I. MEASURING EMOTION:
➤ B. Polygraph Test-
➤ measures autonomic, physiological indicators of emotion; blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity.
II. EXPRESSIONS AND EMOTIONS FUN FACTS!
ARE YOU SELF CONSCIOUS?
1. Draw a capital E on your forehead with your dominant hand.
EMOTIONAL CONTAGION
Fact: we catch one another’s emotions by unconsciously engaging in motor mimicry. We automatically imitate other people’s facial expressions, gestures, and postures. As a result we come to feel as others do as well as look the same way.
MODERN DAY COMMUNICATION
Question: Are you able to tell your friends’ moods via text message or tweet? If yes, how so? What role do hashtags play in helping convey emotions in texts/tweets?
II. EXPRESSIONS AND EMOTION:
➤ A. Paul Ekman:
➤ there are 7 basic emotions that are universal: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and contempt.
➤ B. Experience influences how we perceive emotions:
➤ Physically abused children were more likely than non abused children to perceive a face as “angry.”
➤ C. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
➤ Male or Female? On a gender neutral face, people were more likely to see it as a male if it wore an angry expression.
MODULE 43 & 44: STRESS AND HEALTH; STRESS AND ILLNESS
WHAT IS STRESS?
➤ the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors.
➤ depends on how environmental events are appraised
➤ tough math test->threat: YIKES! ->stressed
➤ tough math test->challenge: apply all I know->aroused and focused.
➤ three major types of stressors: catastrophic events, major life changes, and minor hassles
➤ stress is produced when people experience frustration, conflict and pressure
What are your stressors???
TYPES OF STRESS
➤ Positive Stress (EUSTRESS)
➤ Results in:
➤ heightened concentration
➤ increased performance
➤ energized motion
➤ Negative Stress (DISTRESS)
➤ Results in:
➤ loss of motivation
➤ reduces effectiveness
➤ physical, mental, and behavioral problems
Stress Responses
STRESS
Behavioural Sleep disturbance
Use of alcohol/drugs Absenteeism Aggression
Emotional Depression/anxiety
Irritability Crying Suicide
Loss of humour
Cognitive Lack of concentration
Negative thoughts Worrying
Poor Memory
Biochemical Increased metabolic rate Altered hormone levels
(adrenaline, cortisol, ACTH) Altered endorphin levels
Physiological Higher blood pressure
Rapid shallow breathing Increased heart rate Dilation of pupils
Muscle tension Dry mouth
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyP8L3qTW9Q
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHl7BewJ0yU&NR=1&feature=fvwp
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzrjEP5MOT4
STRESS AND MEMORY
THE SCIENCE OF STRESS
CAN STRESS KILL YOU
SOCIAL MOTIVES IN CONFLICT
➤ Approach-approach conflict: a conflict in which one must choose between two equally attractive options.
➤ movies or the beach?
➤ Approach-avoidance conflict: a conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision to be made.
➤ should i violate curfew?
➤ Avoidance-avoidance conflict: a conflict in which one must choose between two equally unattractive options.
➤ homework or chores?
➤ Multiple approach-avoidance conflict: a conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects.
➤ where should i go to college?
STRESS RESPONSE SYSTEM
➤ General adaptation syndrome (Hans Selye): A pattern of general physical responses that takes essentially the same form in responding to any serious chronic stressor.
➤ Alarm reaction: sympathetic nervous system activates, blood goes to skeletal muscles, heart rate increases
➤ Resistance stage: Occurs when stress continues. Blood pressure, heart rate all remain high. Hormones are released to maintain this stage of readiness
➤ Exhaustion: If stress is prolonged, organisms reach exhaustion stage. Parasympathetic nervous system returns us to normal. More vulnerable to disease during this stage.
➤ Alarm reaction: the body mobilizes it’s resources to cope with a stressor.
➤ Resistance: the body seems to adapt to the presence of the stressor.
➤ Exhaustion: the body depletes it’s natural resources.
EARLY WARNING SIGNS OF EXHAUSTION
➤ Headaches
➤ GI disturbances
➤ Skin rashes and hives
➤ Dizziness
➤ Fatigue
➤ Hypertension
➤ Aggravation of: arthritis, colitis, asthma, ulcers, diabetes
HOW STRESS AFFECTS HEALTH
➤ A. Cancer
➤ Not clearly associated with onset, but is associated with acceleration of the disease.
➤ rodent experiments
➤ B. Coronary Heart Disease
➤ clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle.
➤ Increased risk in high stress jobs (Pickering et al, 1996)
*lymphocytes help search out and destroy cancer cells and cancer-damaged cells.
STRESS AND MENTAL ILLNESS
➤ Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
➤ numbness to the world, estrangement from others, lack of interest in activities
➤ relive their trauma repeatedly in memories and dreams
➤ sleep disturbance, decreased concentration, over-alertness
➤ may last for years
➤ correlates=substance abuse, violence, interpersonal problems
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_H_mAm4a4s
PERSONALITY AND STRESS (FRIEDMAN & ROSENMAN, 1959)
➤ TYPE A
➤ competitive, achievement-oriented, sense of time urgency, difficulty relaxing, impatient, angry, hostile, outwardly confident but full of self-doubt
➤ more at risk for heart disease, marital stress, and work related problems
➤ TYPE B
➤ relaxed, easy-going, unprepared
EXAMPLES OF TYPE A BEHAVIORS:
➤ thinking of, or doing, two things at once
➤ hurrying the speech of others
➤ if you want something done you have to do it yourself
➤ frequent leg jiggling or rapid finger tapping
➤ frequent use of obscenities
➤ playing every game to win, even with children
➤ impatience when you watch someone else do something you think you can do better or faster
➤ rapid blinking
*SNS is hyper-responsive to stressful situations
EXAMPLE OF TYPE B BEHAVIORS
MANAGING STRESS (HELPFUL TIPS!)
➤ DRAW it out! ➤ another way of letting go and releasing your feelings ➤ draw a picture or image, which may help to express what is going
on for you. ➤ EXERCISE! ➤ TALK to someone!
➤ bottling your thoughts can make reaction worse
➤ talk to someone about what you are feeling
➤ JOURNAL!
➤ it helps to write your thoughts down, helps with processing and releasing.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v6OLCF5Qcg&feature=related
MANAGING STRESS (HELPFUL TIPS!)
➤ BREATHING!
➤ take a few deep breaths when tired- try with eyes closed.
➤ MEDITATION! ➤ lie in a relaxed position ➤ empty your mind of all thoughts- practice required
➤ MUSIC!
➤ listen to music
➤ energizes the brain ➤ helps in brain cell development
➤ SLEEP!
➤ minimum of 8 hrs per day
➤ power naps
AND ALWAYS REMEMBER….
➤ Positive Mental Attitudes
➤ be open to learning
➤ be open to change
➤ be patient
➤ have a sense of humor- our most complex emotion
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