Unit One “Science Introduction and Cellular Function” Chapter One “The Science of Biology”

Unit OneUnit One“Science Introduction “Science Introduction

and Cellular and Cellular Function”Function”

Chapter OneChapter One

““The Science of Biology”The Science of Biology”

All life on Earth is subdivided into All life on Earth is subdivided into groups based on similar structure and groups based on similar structure and functionfunction

The largest group into which The largest group into which organisms are placed is a “Kingdom”organisms are placed is a “Kingdom”

There are six kingdoms (previously There are six kingdoms (previously there were five)there were five)

A Kingdom is the broadest group by A Kingdom is the broadest group by which organisms are categorizedwhich organisms are categorized

Further subdivisions of organisms are Further subdivisions of organisms are done as follows:done as follows: Kingdom Kingdom (King)(King)

Phylum (Philip)Phylum (Philip)

Class (Came)Class (Came)

Order (Over)Order (Over)

Family (From)Family (From)

Genus (Great)Genus (Great)

Species (Spain)Species (Spain)

There are six Kingdoms:There are six Kingdoms: Archaea - Methanococcus Archaea - Methanococcus Bacteria – Lactobacillus (rod-shaped)Bacteria – Lactobacillus (rod-shaped) Protista – Giardia (intestinal parasite)Protista – Giardia (intestinal parasite) Fungi – Mushrooms Fungi – Mushrooms Plantae – Oak tree/Rose bushPlantae – Oak tree/Rose bush Animalia - Black Bear/Alligator Animalia - Black Bear/Alligator

Prokaryotic (single celled)Prokaryotic (single celled) Similar to BacteriaSimilar to Bacteria Have a type of protein that Bacteria Have a type of protein that Bacteria

do not possessdo not possess Have been in existence for billions of Have been in existence for billions of

years: “since the beginning”years: “since the beginning” Some Archaea species are Some Archaea species are

Extremophiles: Extremophiles: live in salty, acidic, live in salty, acidic, or high temperature environmentsor high temperature environments

Prokaryotic – single celled organismsProkaryotic – single celled organisms Similar to Kingdom ArchaeaSimilar to Kingdom Archaea They are one of three shapes: spherical, They are one of three shapes: spherical,

rod, or spiralrod, or spiral Most bacteria are Most bacteria are heterotrophicheterotrophic (cannot (cannot

make their own food) and divide through make their own food) and divide through fissionfission

Bacteria fix nitrogen which is important in Bacteria fix nitrogen which is important in reference to nutrient content of the soilreference to nutrient content of the soil

Can be either Prokaryotic or EukaryoticCan be either Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Simplest of the EukaryotesSimplest of the Eukaryotes Can be either Heterotrophic or Can be either Heterotrophic or

AutotrophicAutotrophic This is the kingdom where species are This is the kingdom where species are

categorized when they do not fit into categorized when they do not fit into any other kingdomany other kingdom

Prokaryotic Amoeba and Eukaryotic Sea Prokaryotic Amoeba and Eukaryotic Sea Kelp are both members of this kingdomKelp are both members of this kingdom

Heterotrophic organismsHeterotrophic organisms Eukaryotic organismsEukaryotic organisms Digest their food externallyDigest their food externally Mushrooms = FungiMushrooms = Fungi ““Mycology” = study of fungusMycology” = study of fungus Sessile organismsSessile organisms Reproduce through spores both Reproduce through spores both

sexually and asexuallysexually and asexually

Autotrophs – they convert carbon Autotrophs – they convert carbon dioxide to oxygen via Photosynthesisdioxide to oxygen via Photosynthesis

Essentially, they make their own food Essentially, they make their own food = Producers= Producers

Sessile organismsSessile organisms All life depends on plants - they are at All life depends on plants - they are at

the bottom of the food chainthe bottom of the food chain Plant cells contain chlorophyll which Plant cells contain chlorophyll which

allows them to photosynthesizeallows them to photosynthesize

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs Wide variety of species based on Wide variety of species based on

varying structure and functionvarying structure and function Invertebrate or VertebrateInvertebrate or Vertebrate Insects, Jellyfish, Fish, Amphibians, Insects, Jellyfish, Fish, Amphibians,

Reptiles, Birds, MammalsReptiles, Birds, Mammals

Structure and Function - what is it composed Structure and Function - what is it composed of, and how does it workof, and how does it work

Energy and Metabolism – consumption and Energy and Metabolism – consumption and conversion of food into usable energyconversion of food into usable energy

Homeostasis – maintenance of bodily function Homeostasis – maintenance of bodily function throughout changes in environmental throughout changes in environmental conditionsconditions

Growth and Reproduction – maturity of Growth and Reproduction – maturity of juvenile, then subsequent reproduction to juvenile, then subsequent reproduction to perpetuate speciesperpetuate species

Heredity – passage of physical traits through Heredity – passage of physical traits through reproductionreproduction

Atoms – Molecules/Compounds – Atoms – Molecules/Compounds – Organelles – Cells – Organs – Organ Organelles – Cells – Organs – Organ Systems – Organism – Population – Systems – Organism – Population – Community – Ecosystems – Biomes – Earth! Community – Ecosystems – Biomes – Earth!

Organization proceeds from smallest to Organization proceeds from smallest to largestlargest

Very small structures combine to form an Very small structures combine to form an organisms that then interact to create a organisms that then interact to create a living Earth, which can be thought of as a living Earth, which can be thought of as a “super organism” “super organism”

Deductive Reasoning – using what Deductive Reasoning – using what you know to make decisions and you know to make decisions and learn new informationlearn new information

Inductive Reasoning – using careful Inductive Reasoning – using careful observations to learn new observations to learn new informationinformation Hypothesis – an educated guessHypothesis – an educated guess

In order to learn new information about the In order to learn new information about the world and how it works, scientists employ the world and how it works, scientists employ the Scientific Method:Scientific Method:

1. State the problem1. State the problem 2. Formulate a hypothesis2. Formulate a hypothesis 3. Experiment3. Experiment 4. Record data4. Record data 5. Make a conclusion5. Make a conclusion

*** These five steps may be repeated several *** These five steps may be repeated several times in reference to a specific initial hypothesistimes in reference to a specific initial hypothesis

Control - A standard of comparison for Control - A standard of comparison for checking or verifying the results of an checking or verifying the results of an experiment; an individual or group used as experiment; an individual or group used as a standard of comparisona standard of comparison

Variable – factor in an experiment that is Variable – factor in an experiment that is manipulated by the scientistmanipulated by the scientist

two types: independent and dependent two types: independent and dependent variablesvariables

http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/controls.htmlcontrols.html

In order for scientists to be credible when In order for scientists to be credible when presenting their results to the rest of the presenting their results to the rest of the world, it is imperative they be objective.world, it is imperative they be objective.

Reporting one’s results by way of Reporting one’s results by way of numbers is the best way to remain numbers is the best way to remain objective: a 1 is a 1 no matter who objective: a 1 is a 1 no matter who reviews the data.reviews the data.

Objective = Numbers = FactsObjective = Numbers = Facts Subjective = Words/Pictures = Opinion Subjective = Words/Pictures = Opinion

A lab report should always have data A lab report should always have data displayed in table form (rows and displayed in table form (rows and columns), then subsequently displayed in columns), then subsequently displayed in graph form graph form

The graph clearly shows the presence or The graph clearly shows the presence or absence of any relationship between the absence of any relationship between the variables used in the experimentvariables used in the experiment

There are three commonly used graphs There are three commonly used graphs that display scientific data: Line, Bar, and that display scientific data: Line, Bar, and PiePie

A Line Graph is used to show change A Line Graph is used to show change of a factor over timeof a factor over time

Time, the independent variable, is Time, the independent variable, is plotted on the X axisplotted on the X axis

The other factor, which is the The other factor, which is the dependent variable, is plotted on the dependent variable, is plotted on the Y axisY axis

http://www.mcwdn.org/Graphs/http://www.mcwdn.org/Graphs/Line2FW.gifLine2FW.gif

A Bar Graph is used to show how a A Bar Graph is used to show how a factor changes over time, but not at a factor changes over time, but not at a continuous rate as does the Line Graphcontinuous rate as does the Line Graph

Time, the independent variable, is Time, the independent variable, is plotted on the X axisplotted on the X axis

The other factor, which is the dependent The other factor, which is the dependent variable, is plotted on the Y axisvariable, is plotted on the Y axis

http://www.myleague.com/graphs/http://www.myleague.com/graphs/bar_graph_3d.gifbar_graph_3d.gif

Pie Graphs are used to show parts of Pie Graphs are used to show parts of a wholea whole

http://www.helixcharter.net/http://www.helixcharter.net/department_sites/socialscience/department_sites/socialscience/honors_geo/student%20work/honors_geo/student%20work/per1%20websites/T1jbetheawp/per1%20websites/T1jbetheawp/images/pie.gifimages/pie.gif

The purpose for employing the Scientific The purpose for employing the Scientific Method to conduct experiments is to learn Method to conduct experiments is to learn new informationnew information

As more and more information is gathered As more and more information is gathered about a topic, the more certainty there is about a topic, the more certainty there is as to how the topic functionsas to how the topic functions

Eventually, when there is agreement Eventually, when there is agreement among all of those in the scientific among all of those in the scientific community, the topic is recognized as a factcommunity, the topic is recognized as a fact

A new idea that is just being tested = A new idea that is just being tested = HypothesisHypothesis

An idea that has been tested many times, and An idea that has been tested many times, and each time the results support the idea = Theoryeach time the results support the idea = Theory

A statement of scientific fact = LawA statement of scientific fact = Law ““I will save a $100 or more on my electric bill if I will save a $100 or more on my electric bill if

I install a solar energy system” Hypothesis I install a solar energy system” Hypothesis ““The speed of light within a vacuum is the same The speed of light within a vacuum is the same

no matter the speed at which an observer no matter the speed at which an observer travels ” Theorytravels ” Theory

““An object will tend to stay at rest unless acted An object will tend to stay at rest unless acted upon by another object” Lawupon by another object” Law

The Cell Theory: Cells and Organelles The Cell Theory: Cells and Organelles (Hooke)(Hooke)

The Gene Theory: DNA and RNA The Gene Theory: DNA and RNA (Watson and Crick)(Watson and Crick)

The Theory of Heredity: The Theory of Heredity: Chromosomes and Traits (Mendel)Chromosomes and Traits (Mendel)

The Theory of Evolution: Evolution, The Theory of Evolution: Evolution, Natural Selection, and Adaptation Natural Selection, and Adaptation (Darwin)(Darwin)