Unit 5 Evolution test 1 [107 marks] - Biologyapjk.weebly.com/uploads/4/8/6/8/48680575/unit_5_evolution_test_1.… · Unit 5 Evolution test 1 [107 marks] 1. [1 mark] A bacterial population

Unit 5 Evolution test 1 [107 marks]

1.[1 mark]

A bacterial population with no resistance to an antibiotic may develop into a bacterial population with some resistance to an

antibiotic. Which event could lead to this?

A. Antibiotic resistance was inherited from an ancestral population.

B. An antibiotic resistance plasmid is received from a bacterium in another population.

C. The enzyme needed for antibiotic resistance is received from a bacterium in another population.

D. The bacterial population mutated in response to antibiotics in the environment.

IB Questionbank https://questionbank.ibo.org/en/teachers/23676/questionbanks/43-dp-bio...

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2.[1 mark]

Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is based on DNA sequences and

the cladogram on the right is based on comparing protein sequences.

What is the reason that cladograms based on DNA sequences are more reliable predictors of the phylogenetic relationship of species than

cladograms based on protein sequences?

A. Amino acids are not as chemically stable as DNA nucleotides.

B. DNA mutates but amino acids do not.

C. Several different triplets of bases can code for the same amino acid.

D. There are 20 different amino acids but only 4 nucleotides.


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3.[1 mark]

Below is a phylogenetic tree of the three domains.

There are important differences between the three domains. Which of these domains have organelles?

A. Eubacteria and archaea

B. Archaea only

C. Eukaryotes and archaea

D. Eukaryotes only

4.[1 mark]

A plant has cambium in its vascular tissue and pollen is produced in male cones. The plant disperses seeds but does not produce

fruit. In which phylum does this plant belong?

A. Coniferophyta

B. Angiospermophyta

C. Filicinophyta

D. Bryophyta

5.[1 mark]

What is a direct consequence of the overproduction of offspring?

A. Individuals become more adapted to the environment.

B. They will be subject to intraspecific competition.

C. They will diverge to produce different species.

D. They will suffer mutations.


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6.[1 mark]

The diagram represents a cladogram of the family Procyonidae.

What would justify classifying these organisms into four different genera?

A. They live in different habitats.

B. They do not share any common ancestors.

C. There are enough differences between them.

D. The number of times that the species have split.

7.[1 mark]

Which is a characteristic of both bryophyta and filicinophyta?

A. Vascular tissue

B. Membranous leaves

C. Release of spores

D. Evergreen spines


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8.[1 mark]

The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive system. The graph shows the percentage

of samples in which this bacterium showed resistance to six antibiotics over a period of ten years.

What is a possible explanation for the total percentage resistance being larger than 100% in 2010?

A. People do not take the antibiotics as prescribed.

B. More people have been sampled in that year.

C. There was an epidemic of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in that year.

D. Some bacteria are resistant to more than one antibiotic.

9.[1 mark]

A bacterial population with no resistance to an antibiotic may develop into a bacterial population with some resistance to an

antibiotic. Which event could lead to this?

A. Antibiotic resistance was inherited from an ancestral population.

B. An antibiotic resistance plasmid is received from a bacterium in another population.

C. The enzyme needed for antibiotic resistance is received from a bacterium in another population.

D. The bacterial population mutated in response to antibiotics in the environment.

10.[1 mark]

An animal shows radial symmetry, has only one opening leading to a digestive cavity and is soft without a skeleton. To which phylum

does this animal belong?

A. Platyhelmintha

B. Annelida

C. Mollusca

D. Cnidaria


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11.[1 mark]

The graph shows the song duration of birds from the genus Phylloscopus sampled from west to east throughout Northern Europe

and Northern Asia.

What concept do these data illustrate?

A. Gradual divergence

B. Adaptive radiation

C. Interbreeding populations

D. Punctuated equilibrium

12.[1 mark]

The photograph shows vegetation in a rocky area.

Which characteristic of the plants indicates that the area in which they are growing is probably dry?

A. Relatively small size

B. Small flowers

C. Narrow leaf surface

D. Small root system


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13.[1 mark]

Lichens are returning to the forests of the industrial areas of the United Kingdom due to strict pollution control.

What is the expected outcome in the population of peppered moths (Biston betularia)?

A. Increased numbers of light-coloured peppered moths

B. Increased industrial melanism in peppered moths

C. Increased predation of peppered moths

D. Increased speciation of peppered moths

14.[1 mark]

Which evidence for evolution do the common features in the bone structure of vertebrate limbs provide?

A. Adaptive radiation

B. Divergent radiation

C. Convergent evolution

D. Discontinuous variation

15.[1 mark]

What is the major contributor to the increase in antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

A. Sexual reproduction

B. Mutation

C. Natural selection

D. New antibiotics

16.[1 mark]

In which domain are bryophyta found?

A. Plantae

B. Archaea

C. Eubacteria

D. Eukaryote


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17.[1 mark]

The scientific name of the Wakatobi flowerpecker is Dicaeum kuehni.

Which species is most closely related?

A. Amerila kuehni

B. Wakatobi white-eye

C. Kuehneon duchyense

D. Dicaeum celebicum

18.[1 mark]

The scientific name of the great egret has recently been changed from Casmerodius albus to Ardea alba.

What is a possible reason for the reclassification of egrets?

A. Allopatric speciation

B. Discovery of different ancestry

C. A change in the mating behaviours

D. Change in habitat and geographic range

19.[1 mark]

Which is a coniferophyte?

A. Adansonia digitata, an African baobab tree with white flowers

B. Cyathea australis, an Australian tree fern producing spores

C. Hypnum plumaeforme, a green plant with no vascular tissue grown in Japanese gardens

D. Pinus strobus, a North American tree with ovules on scales not enclosed in an ovary


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20.[1 mark]

Which process promotes variation in a population?

A. Mutation

B. Mitosis

C. Ageing in a population

D. Asexual reproduction

21.[1 mark]

How can molluscs and platyhelminthes be distinguished?

A. Molluscs are unsegmented but platyhelminthes are segmented.

B. Molluscs have a mouth and an anus but platyhelminthes do not.

C. Molluscs are smooth but platyhelminthes have bristles.

D. Molluscs remain attached to rock but platyhelminthes move around in water.

22.[1 mark]

To which domain does Carcharodon carcharias, a shark, belong?

A. Eukaryote

B. Consumer

C. Fish

D. Chordata


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23.[1 mark]

The pictures show skeletons of a frog (Conraua goliath) and of a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

What is the evolutionary relationship between X and Y?

A. They are analogous.

B. X is analogous and Y is homologous.

C. They are homologous.

D. They are neither homologous nor analogous.

24.[1 mark]

How can species of bacteria evolve to be resistant to antibiotics?

I. A variation within one bacterium’s genome confers resistance.

II. Antibiotics enable genes to become adapted through transcription and translation.

III. An incomplete dose of antibiotics allows bacteria with a high resistance to survive and reproduce.

A. I only

B. I and II only

C. I and III only

D. III only


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25.[1 mark]

The image shows an Acacia tortilis tree which is one of 13 species of Acacia. All such flowering trees are examples of Fabaceae.

What is the highest level of taxa for Acacia tortilis?

A. Acacia

B. Tortilis

C. Fabaceae

D. Angiospermophyta

26.[1 mark]

Darwin described evolution as “descent with modification”. What would make evolution less probable?

A. Stable environment

B. Migration

C. Variation in offspring

D. Random mutation

27.[1 mark]

What is the highest level of taxa for Acacia tortilis?

A. Acacia

B. Tortilis

C. Fabaceae

D. Angiospermophyta

28.[1 mark]

What is the biological definition of the term evolution?

A. The changes shown by fossils over millions of years

B. The transmission of favourable variations to offspring

C. The cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population

D. The promotion of variation in a species by sexual reproduction


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29.[1 mark]

Which example provides evidence of evolution?

A. White wings of a peppered moth turn black in industrial areas.

B. Antibiotic resistant bacteria replace non-resistant bacteria over time.

C. Some Galapagos finches’ beaks become smaller during dry years.

D. Polar bears are found in warmer latitudes following global warming.

30.[1 mark]

The photograph shows an animal of the species Eisenia fetida.

[Source: “Redwiggler1” by Mihai Duguleana; - Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.

Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons -

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Redwiggler1.jpg#/media/File:Redwiggler1.jpg]

Which phylum does it belong to?

A. Cnidaria

B. Platyhelminthes

C. Annelida

D. Arthropoda


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31a.[1 mark]

Native oyster populations are decreasing where rivers meet the ocean along the northwest coast of North America. These oyster

populations are being attacked by a gastropod.

It is known that oysters and gastropods have hard parts composed of calcium carbonate and that ocean acidification is increasing. Studies

were carried out using juvenile oysters and gastropods to investigate the effects of acidification on the decrease in the population of oysters.

The first step was to raise oysters in two different mesocosms. One had seawater at a normal concentration of CO and the other had sea

water with a high concentration of CO . Gastropods were raised in two further mesocosms with normal and high CO concentrations

respectively.

2

2 2

Outline how acidified sea water could affect the shells of the oyster.


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31b.[2 marks]

A juvenile gastropod will attack a juvenile oyster by using its tongue-like structure (radula) to drill a hole through the oyster shell.

Once the hole has been drilled, the gastropod sucks out the soft flesh. Researchers investigated the shell thickness at the site of the drill

hole in relation to the size of the oyster. The results are seen in this graph.

Outline the trends shown in the data in the graph.


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31c.[1 mark]

Equal numbers of oysters raised in seawater with a normal CO concentration and in seawater with a high CO concentration were

then presented together to the gastropod predators in seawater with a normal CO concentration. The same numbers of oysters from the

two groups were also presented together to the gastropods in seawater with a high CO concentration. The bar charts show how many of

the oysters were drilled by the gastropods and the mean size of drilled oysters.

2 2

2

2

Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO concentration were than drilled oysters raised in seawater at a

normal CO concentration.

2

2


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31d.[2 marks]

Deduce from the data in the bar charts which factors were and were not correlated significantly with the number of oysters drilled

by the gastropods.

31e.[2 marks]

Suggest reasons for the differences in the numbers of oysters drilled, as shown in the bar charts.


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31f.[2 marks]

The radula in a gastropod is hard but not made of calcium carbonate. Outline how this statement is supported by the drilling

success of the gastropods in seawater with normal or high CO concentrations.2

31g.[2 marks]

Using all the data, evaluate how CO concentrations affect the development of oysters and their predation by gastropods.2


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32a.[1 mark]

The following cladogram shows three possible evolutionary routes for the turtle (Turtles 1, Turtles 2 and Turtles 3). The taxa in

italics are extinct.

State the organism most closely related to the lizards.


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32b.[1 mark]

Based on the taxa shown, deduce a difficulty in gathering data to study turtle ancestry.

32c.[2 marks]

Molecular evidence is often used to construct a cladogram. Describe one type of molecular-based evidence to identify members of

a clade.

32d.[1 mark]

Suggest one type of additional evidence that could provide strong support for Turtles 3 as the evolutionary route for turtles rather

than Turtles 1 or Turtles 2.


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32e.[2 marks]

Taxonomists aim to place species into genera, families and higher taxa according to their evolutionary origins. This is known as

natural classification.

Explain the usefulness of natural classification in biodiversity research.

33a.[1 mark]

Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation and are essential to evolution.

State one type of environmental factor that may increase the mutation rate of a gene.

33b.[1 mark]

Identify one type of gene mutation.

33c.[2 marks]

Lice are wingless insects that belong to the phylum arthropoda.

State two characteristics that identify lice as members of the arthropoda.

1.

2.


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33d.[3 marks]

Some lice live in human hair and feed on blood. Shampoos that kill lice have been available for many years but some lice are now

resistant to those shampoos. Two possible hypotheses are:

Discuss which hypothesis is a better explanation of the theory of evolution by natural selection.


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34a.[2 marks]

The Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, lives in salt water marshes. The turtle can live under water and out of water.

These turtles have fully developed lungs and kidneys, however, many microvilli have been discovered in the mouth of P. sinensis. A study

was undertaken to test the hypothesis that oxygen uptake and urea excretion can simultaneously occur in the mouth.

Initial experiments involved collecting nitrogen excretion data from P. sinensis. The turtle urinates both in water and out of water. When in

water it allows waste products to be washed out of its mouth. When out of water it regularly dips its head into shallow water to wash its

mouth. The table shows the mean rates of ammonia and urea excretion from the mouth and kidney over six days.

Deduce whether the excretion of ammonia or urea changes more when a turtle emerges from water.

34b.[3 marks]

Compare and contrast the changes in urea excretion in the mouth with the changes in urea excretion in the kidney when a turtle

emerges from the water.


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34c.[1 mark]

It was noted that during long periods out of water, turtles rhythmically moved their mouths to take in water from a shallow source

and then discharge it. Changes in the dissolved oxygen and the quantity of accumulated urea in the rinse water discharged by the turtles

were monitored over time as shown in this graph.

Describe the trends shown by the graph for dissolved oxygen in water discharged from the mouth.

34d.[2 marks]

Suggest reasons for these trends in dissolved oxygen.


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34e.[2 marks]

In order to test whether a urea transporter was present in the mouth tissues of the turtles, phloretin (a known inhibitor of

membrane proteins that transport urea) was added to the water in which a further set of turtles submerged their heads. The results of that

treatment are shown.

Deduce with a reason whether a urea transporter is present in the mouth of P. sinensis.


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34f.[2 marks]

Further research was conducted to determine where mRNA expression of a urea transporter gene might be occurring in P.

sinensis. Gel electrophoresis was used to analyse different tissue samples for mRNA activity.

Outline the additional evidence provided by the gel electrophoresis results shown above.


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34g.[1 mark]

Expression of the urea transporter gene by cells in the turtle’s mouth was assessed by measuring mRNA activity. Turtles were kept

out of water for 24 hours and then injected with either a salt solution that matched the salt concentration of the turtle, dissolved ammonia or

urea, followed by another 24 hours out of water.

Identify which of these turtle groups represent the control, giving a reason for your answer.


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34h.[2 marks]

Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an injection with dissolved ammonia than an

injection of urea.

34i.[3 marks]

The salt marshes where these turtles live periodically dry up to small pools. Discuss the problems that this will cause for nitrogen

excretion in the turtles and how their behaviour might overcome the problems.


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35a.[2 marks]

The cladogram is based on a comparison of open reading frames in DNA taken from fungi. It is an example of how open reading

frames can be used in phylogenetic studies.

Outline how open reading frames are identified in DNA.


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35b.[1 mark]

Explain what the branching off points represent in the cladogram of these fungi.

35c.[2 marks]

There are several methods of introducing DNA into a cell in the laboratory. Outline the introduction of recombinant DNA in plant

cell protoplasts.

36a.[2 marks]

List two causes of variation within a gene pool.


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36b.[3 marks]

Describe how variation contributes to evolution by natural selection.

36c.[3 marks]

Outline what is required for speciation to occur.


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37a.[1 mark]

Modern human mothers give birth to proportionately larger infants than apes do, but it is not clear when this change occurred over

the course of human evolution. The graph shows the infant mass relative to mother mass in primates, extinct hominids and modern humans.

State the infant mass relative to mother mass of Homo sapiens.


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37b.[1 mark]

Outline the difference in infant mass relative to mother mass in extinct hominids and modern humans.

37c.[2 marks]

Suggest a hypothesis, based on evidence in the data, for when the shift to giving birth to larger infants occurred in the evolution of

humans.

37d.[1 mark]

Suggest one disadvantage of infants being born with a relatively large size in humans.


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38a.[7 marks]

The biological insights of Mendel and Darwin in the 19th century remain important to this day.

Discuss the role of genes and chromosomes in determining individual and shared character features of the members of a species.


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38b.[4 marks]

Outline the process of speciation.


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Printed for St Andrews International School, Bangkok

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2018

International Baccalaureate® - Baccalauréat International® - Bachillerato Internacional®

38c.[4 marks]

Describe, using one example, how homologous structures provide evidence for evolution.


35 of 35 1/9/2018, 9:24 AM

Unit 5 Evolution test 1 [107 marks] - Biologyapjk.weebly.com/uploads/4/8/6/8/48680575/unit_5_evolution_test_1.… · Unit 5 Evolution test 1 [107 marks] 1. [1 mark] A bacterial population

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