Unit 1 History and Methods PowerPoint

Psychology

Unit 1: Foundations and Research

• Attendance• Fire Drill Procedures• Medical Team/Crisis Response Team• Bathroom Sign-out• Syllabus• Assign Books• Questions

First Day of ClassEQ: What are the expectations/requirements of this course?

Unit 1 Overview

• PPS 1.1-Define psychology as a discipline and identify its goals as a science

• PPS 1.2-Describe the emergence of psychology as a scientific discipline• PPS-1.3-Describe perspectives employed to understand behavior and

mental processes• PPS-1.4-Explain how psychology evolved as a scientific discipline• RMS 1.1: Describe the scientific method and its role in psychology• RMS 1.2: Describe and compare a variety of quantitative and qualitative

research methods• RMS 2.1: Identify ethical standards psychologist must address regarding

research with human participants.

Unit EQ: How have philosophical perspectives and theoretical approaches shaped the development of psychology?

You will need to be able to “Do” the following:

• Psychology is a social science that studies mental processing and behavior

• Psychology employs several different major theoretical

perspectives and/or subfields

• Psychologists use several approaches to conducting research, all sociologists follow a seven step research process, and psychologists are bound by ethical guidelines.

You will need to be able to “Understand” the following:

Unit 1 Outline

Concept 1: The Discipline of PsychologyConcept 2: Foundations and PerspectivesConcept 3: Modern PerspectivesConcept 4: Conducting Psychological Research

Lesson: 1 2 3Concept 5: Ethics

Activator:

1. Steps of the Scientific Method

Foundations and Perspectives

EQ: How have philosophical perspectives and theoretical approaches shaped the development of psychology?

Vocabulary• Structuralism• Functionalism• Gestalt• Charles Darwin• Sigmund Freud• Carl Rogers• Wilhelm Wundt

• William James• John Watson• B.F. Skinner• Psychoanalytic Perspective• Behavioral (Learning)

Perspective• Biological Perspective

• Humanistic Perspective• Sociocultural Perspective

Activator:

1. What role do scientific methods play in psychology?

2. Steps of the Scientific Method

Foundations and Perspectives

EQ: How have philosophical perspectives and theoretical approaches shaped the development of psychology?

Vocabulary• Structuralism• Functionalism• Gestalt• Charles Darwin• Sigmund Freud• Carl Rogers• Wilhelm Wundt

• William James• John Watson• B.F. Skinner• Psychoanalytic Perspective• Behavioral (Learning)

Perspective• Biological Perspective

• Humanistic Perspective• Sociocultural Perspective

Foundational PerspectivesUsing textbook pg. 18-19, summarize the beliefs of each of the following perspectives.

Structuralism Functionalism

Structuralism• Wilhelm Wundt• Focused on the basic elements of consciousness• “What are the elements of psychological

processes?” • Broke consciousness down (Human Mind)

• Objective sensations• Accurately reflect outside world

• Subjective sensations• Included emotional experiences

• Introspection: a person carefully examines and reports their own experiences

Functionalism

• William James• Stated conscious experience can’t be broken

down• Focused on how mental processes help

organisms adapt to their environment• “What is the purpose of behavior and process?”• Used introspection and observation• Evolution

Key Contributors to PsychologyName Key Contributions

Charles Darwin

Wilhelm Wundt

William James

Sigmund Freud

John B. Watson

B.F. Skinner

Carl Rogers

Kenneth & Miriam Clark

Modern Psychological Perspectives

Psychoanalytic

GestaltLearning

(Behaviorist/Social Learning)

Cognitive

Biological

Humanistic

Sociocultural

Evolutionary

Biopsychosocial

Summarize the key aspects of each perspective. When applicable, identify which Key Contributors are associated with a perspective.

Gestalt• Wertheimer, Koffka, and Kohler• Context influences people’s interpretation of

information.• Our perceptions are more than the sum of its

parts.• We see things a wholes• They reject the structuralist perspectives.• Examine pg. 20

Conducting Psychological Research

Vocabulary

• scientific method • Dependent variable • Independent variable • Experimental group

• Control group• Double-blind study • Confounding variable• Placebo

EQ: How do psychologists use a variety of scientific research methods to draw reasonable conclusions?

• RMS 1.1: Describe the scientific method and its role in psychology

• RMS 1.2: Describe and compare a variety of quantitative and qualitative research methods

Activator:

1. Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Question• Research questions are best

focused on behavior rather than constructs that cannot be seen or measured directly.

2. Hypothesis• Form a hypothesis about the

answer to the research question.• A hypothesis is an educated guess.

3. Testing the Hypothesis• A hypothesis cannot be considered

to be correct until it has been scientifically tested and proved to be right..

• May use a variety of research methods to test a hypothesis.

4. Analyzing the Results• What do their findings mean?• Psychologists often look for

patterns and relationships in the data.

5. Drawing Conclusions • Psychologists draw conclusions about their research question and their

hypothesis.• When observations do not support a hypothesis, they often must change the

theories or beliefs from which the hypothesis was derived.

Bystander EffectAnd

Diffusion of Responsibility

KittyGenovese

Assignment: Experiment Creation• Create a testable thesis• Your group should then design an experiment that could be

used to test the phenomenon of diffusion of responsibility (bystander effect).

• Include as many details as possible.• Be prepared to share out.

• Psychologists use the experimental method to answer questions about cause and effect.

• Independent and Dependent Variables• Experiments have variables, which are factors that can

vary, or change.• The independent variable is the factor that researchers

manipulate.• The dependent variable is the factor whose value

depends on a change made to the independent variable.

Variables

Adderall Experiment Exercise 1

Hypothesis: If a person diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is given 20mg of Adderall then his/her focus time will increase.

Formative Assessment: Using all the hypothesis above, identify the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV). Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

IVDV

Assignment: Terms

Read: The Experimental Method and Single- and Double-Blind Study on pages 52-54.

Define the terms using the Advanced Organizer (Note Sheet)

Variables• Confounding Variables

• Hidden variables that distort the association being studied

Questions: 1. In the Bystander Effect study or the Adderall Study, what

might be some of the confounding variables?2. What does the phrase “the power of suggestion” mean?

Blind Studies

Double-Blind Studies• Participants and researchers are unaware of who receives the treatment.• Double-blind studies help researchers avoid the influence of expectations

and remain unbiased.

Single-Blind Studies• Participants unaware of the treatment.• Helps to avoid The Placebo Effect

– A placebo is a substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person’s belief in its effect.

– Feeling better simply because we expect to feel better—and for no other reason—is an example of the placebo effect.

Groups• Experimental and Control

Groups– Members of an

experimental group receive the treatment; members of a control group do not.

– All other conditions are held constant for both the experimental group and the control group.

– A controlled experiment uses both a control group and an experiment group.

Adderall Experiment Exercise 2

Hypothesis: If a person diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is given 20mg of Adderall then his/her focus time will increase.

Formative Assessment : Using all terms on the vocabulary sheet, design and label and experiment that tests the above hypothesis

Adderall Experiment Exercise 2Vocabulary Application to the Experiment

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Control Group

Experimental Group

Placebo

Single-Blind Study

Double-Blind Study

20mg of Adderall

Groups that receives the Placebo not the Adderall

Group that receives the Adderall

False pill to make up for the power of suggestion

Researcher knows who took the Adderall/Subject Doesn’t

Neither Researcher or Subject knows who took Adderall

Ability to Focus

Summarizing Activity

5 Steps of the Scientific Method, 2 Variables, and Questions Remaining

Finding Evidence: What do you think? (Read Textbook pg. 32-33. Answer questions and identify

where you found the evidence for your answer)• What flaws did the Hawthorne study have, and how did

these flaws affect the study’s outcome?• What is the Hawthorne effect, and why do some people

question its existence?

Classwork/Homework Assignment

Conducting Psychological Research: Flaws and Confounding Variables

Vocabulary

• Case Study• Psychological Tests • Longitudinal method• Cross-Sectional Method

EQ: How do psychologists use a variety of scientific research methods to draw reasonable conclusions?

Activator: What are confounding variables? What are some examples discussed yesterday?

• Survey Method • Naturalistic Observation• Interviews• Hawthorne Effect

What do you think? (Read Textbook pg. 32-33)• What flaws did the Hawthorne study have, and how did

these flaws affect the study’s outcome?• What is the Hawthorne effect, and why do some people

question its existence?

• The tendency of research subjects to change their behavior as a result of their awareness of being observed.

• It was named for a 1927 workplace study.

The Hawthorne Effect

Case Study: Learning from a Flawed Experiment

• Was not a blind study

• Did not have a control group

• Small Sample Size

• Results of the study may have been misinterpreted

Flaws in the Hawthorne Study

Participatory Learning – Flawed Experiment

1. Hypothesis: “Smart” people tend to be more open-minded and flexible.

2. Subjects: To test the hypothesis above, the experimenter asks a wide variety of friends to complete a puzzle that requires flexibility. Then he or she compares their scores.

3. Procedure: The experimenter tries to test the hypothesis above on his friends, but they are too busy. Instead, he or she uses strangers. The experimenter administers a brief intelligence test, then gives subjects a test of flexibility. In the morning he or she finds a group in the cafeteria and passes out the tests to them. In the afternoon, the experimenter finds people in the library who are studying by themselves.

Pick out the flaws in the following statement.

Flaws & Confounding Variables• Confounding Variables

• Hidden variables that distort the association being studied

Examples: 1. “Power of Suggestion” --- Single-blind study2. Researcher Bias --- Double-blind study

Samples• Ensure samples accurately represent the population.• Random Sample

• individuals are selected by chance from the target population.

• Stratified Sample• consists of subgroups in the population that are represented

proportionally.• A large random sample is more likely to be accurately

stratified even if researchers take no steps to ensure that it is.

Volunteer Bias

• When conducting surveys, bias may occur on the part of the respondents.

• Bias is a predisposition to a certain point of view • Volunteer bias: People who volunteer to participate in studies

may have a different outlook from people who do not volunteer.

– Volunteers are usually more willing to disclose personal information.

– They may have more spare time to participate.– Volunteers probably do not represent the target population.

Critical Thinking Activity

Experimental Group

Control Group

Average Score(Mean)

81% 67%

Highest Score 89% 87%Lowest Score 73% 34%Median Score

(Mid-Point)79% 77%

Complete Methods of Psychology: Critical Thinking Activity worksheet in your packet.

How can a scientific mistake lead to a scientific truth?

Data

Conducting Psychological Research: Methods and Data

Vocabulary

• Quantitative • Qualitative • Naturalistic Observation• Interviews

• Case Study• Psychological Tests • Longitudinal method• Cross-Sectional Method • Survey Method

EQ: How do psychologists use a variety of scientific research methods to draw reasonable conclusions?

Activator: Remember the Methods of Research

Psychological Methods

Psychological Methods

Psychological Methods

One method psychologists use to analyze and interpret their observations is correlation. Correlation is a measure of how closely one thing is related to another. The stronger the correlation between two things, the more closely the two things are related.

• Positive correlation occurs when an increase in one thing is accompanied by an increase in the other.

• Negative correlation occurs when a increase in one thing is accompanied by a decrease in the other. (or vice versa)

Positive and Negative Correlation

Analyzing the Observations

• Correlation describes relationships, but it does not reveal cause and effect.

• Just because two things are related does not necessarily mean that one causes the other.

Limits of Correlation

Correlation: Scatterplot

Standard Deviation: IQ

Assignment: Frankenstein and Ethics

• In your packet, read Ethics in Experimentation: Frankenstein and Complete Questions 1, 3-5

• REMINDER: UNIT 1 Exam is Wednesday STUDY!!!

APA Ethical Guidelines for Human Research• Informed Consent - participants must know that they are involved in

research and give their consent or permission• Deception - if the participants are deceived in any way about the nature of

the study, the deception must not be so extreme as to invalidate the informed consent.

• Coercion - participants cannot be coerced in any way to give consent to be in the study.

• Anonymity-the identities and actions of participants must not be revealed in any way by the researcher.

• Risk-participants cannot be placed at significant mental or physical risk. This clause requires interpretation by the review board.

• Debriefing Procedures -participants must be told of the purpose of the study and provided with ways to contact the researchers about the results.

Unit 1 Exam Topics

• Definition of Psychology• Applied vs. Research Psychologist• Historical Figures/Contributions• Psychological Perspectives• Experimentation (Terms and Application)• Data (Correlation) • Methods of Research• Ethics