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Understanding Understanding Personality Personality Chapter Focus: Chapter Focus: Factors that influence Factors that influence personality personality Overview of personality Overview of personality theories theories Criticism of those theories. Criticism of those theories.
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Understanding Personality Chapter Focus: Factors that influence personality Overview of personality theories Criticism of those theories.

Dec 30, 2015

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Page 1: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Understanding PersonalityUnderstanding Personality

Chapter Focus:Chapter Focus: Factors that influence personalityFactors that influence personality Overview of personality theoriesOverview of personality theories Criticism of those theories.Criticism of those theories.

Page 2: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

PersonalityPersonality

The sum total of an The sum total of an individual’s consistent, individual’s consistent, organized, and unique organized, and unique thoughts and reactions thoughts and reactions to the environment.to the environment.

Page 3: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

The Development of PersonalityThe Development of Personality

Many factors weigh into how a Many factors weigh into how a personality develops.personality develops.

Intelligence, Heredity, and Intelligence, Heredity, and social factors all play a role social factors all play a role and influence in personality.and influence in personality.

Page 4: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Influence of the HomeInfluence of the HomeMost of a child’s early life in spent in Most of a child’s early life in spent in

the home, so it is important.the home, so it is important.Parenting has a great deal of Parenting has a great deal of

influence on a child’s personality.influence on a child’s personality.Some children are forced to begin Some children are forced to begin

making decisions at an early age, making decisions at an early age, while some are very dependent.while some are very dependent.

Affection influences personality/trust.Affection influences personality/trust.

Page 5: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Influence of Birth OrderInfluence of Birth OrderBirth order does not have a Birth order does not have a

biological impact on personality.biological impact on personality.However, there is a social effect, However, there is a social effect,

because children are brought up because children are brought up differently in many cases.differently in many cases.

Maternal treatment differs.Maternal treatment differs.

Page 6: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Maternal ChangesMaternal Changes

Mothers spent less time taking Mothers spent less time taking care of second and third born.care of second and third born.

Less maternal treatment of Less maternal treatment of second born girls if the first born second born girls if the first born was also a girl.was also a girl.

Second born boys were mothered Second born boys were mothered just as much as first born girls.just as much as first born girls.

Page 7: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Two kid familiesTwo kid families

First born is an only child for a First born is an only child for a while so they tend to be shy, while so they tend to be shy, serious, and oriented to adults.serious, and oriented to adults.

Younger child tends to be Younger child tends to be cheerful, out-going, and less cheerful, out-going, and less studious than the older child.studious than the older child.

Page 8: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

First BornFirst Born

Famous people are more likely to Famous people are more likely to be first born.be first born.

A larger percentage go to college.A larger percentage go to college.Are more socially conforming Are more socially conforming

than younger siblings.than younger siblings.First born females desire the First born females desire the

company of others when afraid.company of others when afraid.

Page 9: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Influence of SocietyInfluence of Society

Society – A large group of people who Society – A large group of people who share common traits, customs, and share common traits, customs, and ways of behaving.ways of behaving.

Personality is shaped by interactions Personality is shaped by interactions with social contacts in and out of the with social contacts in and out of the home.home.

We gradually learn what is expected We gradually learn what is expected of us by the society we live in.of us by the society we live in.

Page 10: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Approach to Explain Approach to Explain PersonalityPersonality

Molecular approach - Behavior is Molecular approach - Behavior is explained in terms of tiny, very explained in terms of tiny, very specific units, such as nerve specific units, such as nerve impulses.impulses.

Molar Approach – Concerned with Molar Approach – Concerned with larger, more general units and larger, more general units and the influence of goals and the influence of goals and expectations on one’s behavior.expectations on one’s behavior.

Page 11: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Factors of explaining Factors of explaining behaviorbehavior

1.1. Role of goals.Role of goals.2.2. Effects of reward and Effects of reward and

punishment.punishment.3.3. Role of learning.Role of learning.4.4. Influence of heredity.Influence of heredity.5.5. Importance of early childhood.Importance of early childhood.6.6. How unique their behavior is.How unique their behavior is.7.7. Role of the environment.Role of the environment.

Page 12: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Psychoanalytic TheoriesPsychoanalytic Theories

• Stem from the work of Freud.

• He was the first and most influential people to form a theory of personality.

• His ideas have had a lasting impact on psychology.

Page 13: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Freud’s TheoryFreud’s Theory

• Conscious – those thoughts that we are aware of at any moment.

• Unconscious – contains the desires, wishes, needs, and impulses that we are not aware of

• Conscious thoughts are the tip of the iceberg while unconscious make up the largest part of the iceberg under the water.

Page 14: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

The IdThe Id• The original system of personality and

the energy source for the rest of the personality.

• It is completely unconscious and has no direct contact.

• It acts according to the pleasure principle which seeks to lower tension by obtaining pleasure.

Page 15: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

The EgoThe Ego• It is primarily conscious.• Provides a middle role between the

pleasures of the id and the reality of the outside world.

• The ego is based on the reality principle, which finds appropriate ways to satisfy needs. It limits pleasure and protects you from the id.

Page 16: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

The SuperegoThe Superego• This refers to the moral aspects of

the personality.

• Represents morals and ideals.

• Dictates right and wrong.

• It prevents id impulses from being expressed, and moralizes the ego

Page 17: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Studying the UnconsciousStudying the Unconscious

• Freud tried hypnosis first to study the id.

• Free Association – when people say whatever comes into the mind

• Also thought that dreams were expressions of the unconscious.

Page 18: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Carl JungCarl Jung• Originally a follower of Freud,

Jung went on to his own theory.• Believed human behavior was

determined by goals and not just childhood experiences.

• Stressed ancestry and pulling parts of the personality together.

Page 19: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

The UnconsciousThe Unconscious• Jung divided it into two parts:• Personal unconscious – consists of

experiences that have been forgotten through the years.

• Collective unconscious – Contains all memories from our ancestors. It is stuff we all have.

EX: Being afraid of the dark.

Page 20: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Introversion and ExtroversionIntroversion and Extroversion

• Introverted people respond mainly to their own inner thoughts – Ex: feeling hurt easily, daydreaming, blushing, stage fright, careful.

• Extroverted people respond mainly to social situations – Ex: making friend easily, life of party

Page 21: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Social Psychoanalytic TheoriesSocial Psychoanalytic Theories

This theory has some of This theory has some of the same components as the same components as Freud/Jung, but they Freud/Jung, but they stress the social and stress the social and cultural influences on cultural influences on personality.personality.

Page 22: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Alfred Adler 1870-1937Alfred Adler 1870-1937People are social creatures People are social creatures and stressed conscious and stressed conscious awareness instead of awareness instead of unconscious thoughts.unconscious thoughts.

Creative self – It makes Creative self – It makes people strive toward people strive toward complete fulfillment.complete fulfillment.

Page 23: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Erich Fromm 1900-81Erich Fromm 1900-81FiveFive needs of the individual:needs of the individual:

1.1. Relatedness – need others.Relatedness – need others.2.2. Transcendence – need to Transcendence – need to

become creative.become creative.3.3. Belonging – being part of worldBelonging – being part of world4.4. Identity – need to be uniqueIdentity – need to be unique5.5. Frame of reference – view life.Frame of reference – view life.

Page 24: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Karen Horney 1885-1952Karen Horney 1885-1952She emphasized the social She emphasized the social relationship between child and relationship between child and parents.parents.Parental mistakes impact child.Parental mistakes impact child.Insecure children deal with it Insecure children deal with it differently, some crave love and differently, some crave love and others act out in negative ways.others act out in negative ways.These problems are created.These problems are created.

Page 25: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Harry Sullivan 1892-1949Harry Sullivan 1892-1949Key to personality in Key to personality in interpersonal relationships.interpersonal relationships.Dynamism – Habits that we Dynamism – Habits that we repeat over and over.repeat over and over.Personification – Our image of Personification – Our image of ourselves or another person.ourselves or another person.Cognitive processes – ways of Cognitive processes – ways of thinking and communicating.thinking and communicating.

Page 26: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Erik Erikson 1902-1982Erik Erikson 1902-1982Eight stages of personality – Eight stages of personality – all stages involve solving a all stages involve solving a major crisis.major crisis.

1.1. Establishing trust/mistrust.Establishing trust/mistrust.2.2. Achieving individuality.Achieving individuality.3.3. Channeling attraction to Channeling attraction to

opposite sex parent.opposite sex parent.

Page 27: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

8 stages of personality8 stages of personality

4. Industry – Ability to work hard4. Industry – Ability to work hard

5. Identity – Who am I?5. Identity – Who am I?

6. Intimacy – Sharing with others.6. Intimacy – Sharing with others.

7. Accomplishment – Doing 7. Accomplishment – Doing something worthwhile.something worthwhile.

8. Integrity or Despair – If life is 8. Integrity or Despair – If life is full, they are happy. If not, sad.full, they are happy. If not, sad.

Page 28: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Behavioristic TheoriesBehavioristic Theories

Behaviorists investigate the role Behaviorists investigate the role of learned behaviors in the of learned behaviors in the development of personality.development of personality.

They examine the conditions and They examine the conditions and situations that impact the situations that impact the learning of those behaviors.learning of those behaviors.

Page 29: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

BF Skinner 1904-BF Skinner 1904-9090

Analyzed external event to examine Analyzed external event to examine behavior – what happens to you.behavior – what happens to you.

Reinforcement – when a behavior is Reinforcement – when a behavior is rewarded, there is a good chance rewarded, there is a good chance that the behavior will be repeated.that the behavior will be repeated.

Punishment – Believed this was not Punishment – Believed this was not the best way to change behavior.the best way to change behavior.

Page 30: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Albert Bandurea 1925-Albert Bandurea 1925-

Focused on social behavior.Focused on social behavior. Believed new behaviors are learned Believed new behaviors are learned

through observation and imitation.through observation and imitation. Model – A person we use as an Model – A person we use as an

example of how to behave.example of how to behave. A behavior is more likely if the child A behavior is more likely if the child

sees the model is rewarded.sees the model is rewarded.

Page 31: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Humanistic Theories

Emphasize the positive aspects of human growth.

Says the human personality has an active drive toward health, growth, and creativity.

The environment causes negative behaviors.

Page 32: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Abraham Maslow

Said people are motivated by certain needs.

These seven needs are in a specific order, and the need on the bottom of the hierarchy must be met before the ones at the top.

The hierarchy appears on page 123

Page 33: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Hierarchy of Needs - Mazlow

1. Physiological Needs2. Safety Needs.3. Love and Belongingness Needs4. Esteem Needs.5. Needs to Know and Understand.6. Aesthetic Needs7. Self-Actualization Needs

Page 34: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Mazlow’s Needs

Self-actualization – When people try new things to grow better.

The lower 4 “push” an individual in certain directions toward need fulfillment.

The top 3 reflect growth motivation. They “pull” the individual toward them.

Page 35: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Carl Rogers 1902-87

All people have free will to determine their own personality.

Self-concept – A system of attitudes that people have toward themselves

People’s behavior support their own self-concept.

When your behavior opposes one’s self-concept, often blame is placed.

Page 36: Understanding Personality  Chapter Focus:  Factors that influence personality  Overview of personality theories  Criticism of those theories.

Criticisms of Personality TheoryCriticisms of Personality Theory

Psycho-Analytic – Freud’s procedures Psycho-Analytic – Freud’s procedures were not repeatable.were not repeatable.Social P-A – Too idealistic.Social P-A – Too idealistic.Behavioristic – Not relating behaviors Behavioristic – Not relating behaviors and putting too much on environment.and putting too much on environment.Humanistic – Too subjective, and Humanistic – Too subjective, and there is not evidence of a hierarchy of there is not evidence of a hierarchy of needs.needs.