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Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development Ana Miljenović Faculty of Law, dept. for Social Work Social Work Social Development 2012: Action and Impact
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Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

Feb 24, 2016

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Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development. Ana Miljenović Faculty of Law , dept . for Social Work Social Work Social Development 2012: Action and Impact. Starting point for understanding UC: understanding community development. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable

economic and social development

Ana MiljenovićFaculty of Law, dept. for Social Work

Social Work Social Development 2012: Action and Impact

Page 2: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

• Community development is process and outcome (Phillips and Pittman, 2009) regarding 3 dimensions of ˝community˝:

Starting point for understanding UC: understanding community development

People: personal capacities, relation toward community and

collectiveness

Relations: cooperation, power relations, isolation, citizens’

participation…

Community as entity itself: locality, institutions,

infratructure, culture, social and political status…

Page 3: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

Community development as outcome:community resources are increased or improved in certain

sense:† Infrastructure† Physical environment† Economical† Social: e.g. equal opportunities for all members† Cultural † Better social status of community† Improved political autonomy† Better quality of life† Better demographical structure …

Starting point for understanding UC: understanding community development (II)

Page 4: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

Community development as process:activities, strategies and methods used toincrease community resourcesOr //what happens in community to increase itsresources

Foundation of ˝capable or sustainable community˝ concept (Wallman, 1982, Schoenberg, 1979 and Schoenberg i Rosenbaum, 1980)

Its members have competencies to participate in developmentalprocesses, negotiate, and establish organizations for actions, beinvolved in activities, maintain connections with significantsources and establish mechanisms for further communication

Starting point for understanding UC: understanding community development (III)

Page 5: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

outcome

• Lack of economical sources, high unemployment, low income, lower education, lack of physical resources, lack of cultural activities, bad social status (stigmatised area); less political autonomy, unwanted geographical location, higher rate of emigration, decreased birthrate, increased delinquency, lower quality of life, higher inequalities, discrimination. lack of important institutions and services…

process• Lack of communication and negotiating among members,

lack of community action groups and structures, lack of citizens’ participation, lack of developmental activities in general

Based on CD- community could be seen as underdeveloped in terms of:

Page 6: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

• Importance of dealing with UC issue in Croatia:

Underdeveloped communities as Croatian issue

State point: Equal regional development as significant for entire Croatian development

Individual point: Access to human rights for each individual: preventing social exclusion and multiple deprivation

Page 7: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

Several foundations for detecting UC:1. War affected communities2. Communities in adverse geographical

location (mountains, islands)3. Other communities with adverse structural

indicators (mostly economical, demographical, educational)

Detecting UC or developmentally vulnerable communities in Croatia

Page 8: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

• There hasn’t been any holistic scientific or practical approach

• Most interesting in practical and scientific sense were war affected communities and issues of:▫Psychosocial consequences of war▫Relations among ethnic groups (mostly Serbs

and Croats, even though demographical changes were more complex)

▫Minority rights▫Rebuilding of outdoor infrastructure

Approach to UC in Croatia

Page 9: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

1. post- war – accent on war affected communities

2. end of 90’s and beginning of 2000. – accepting various foundation of underdevelopment- several legislative acts

3. more integrative approach to all communities in detecting their development status – in 2010.

* ˝Community˝ refers to municipalities based on their political establishment in early 90’s

Political approach to UC – three stages

Page 10: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

Recognised in Act on areas under special state care (Official Gazette, 1996)

In beginning two groups: first by state border and second

Restrictive state injection measures – state provides help only in housing, fiscal sense, higher salaries to public administers (even though often they weren’t from affected areas) and benefits in using minerals and land

At first it referred to 72 municipality in total, and partially on some villages in 32 municipalities

Stage 1: war affected communities

Page 11: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

Stage 2: recognising various types of development issues- late 90’s and 2000.

War affected communities: areas under special state care and Vukovar

Geographical adverse located communities: in mountain and hill areas and island

3rd type of areas under special state care based on adverse structural indicators

Page 12: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

In 2001. Vukovar got special status with more state support than other affected communities and special fund was aimed to Vukovar’s development

New focus on developmentally vulnerable communities due to adverse geographical location: islands and mountain – hill areas.

* islands had much more attention, policy maker approch them as resource and gave larger autonomy in making developmental plan

Other mountain areas – detected as problem, not resource, with very limitied measures: mostly oriented to agriculture

Stage 2. (II)

Page 13: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

• Areas under special state care: situation got complicated in 2003.

• Third type of communities were introduced, but not as war affected, but ˝other ˝ underdeveloped community

• However, law had some paradoxes:▫ Measures remained the some, but reduced (to

housing and fiscal benefits)▫ Rights were given gradually in sense that first group

had most, and third least right. Even though, they weren’t grouped by same criteria

Total of 110 municipalities

Stage 2. (III)

Page 14: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

• 2010. Croatia entered new regional policy with Strategy of regional development and Act on regional development

• Very ambitious start traing to deal with problems that previous acts had:

• - reduction of measures• - neglecting process aspect of development• - uncelar criteria for selecting • - disconnection with wider social surrounding• - passive and state directed measures

Stage 3 – 2010/2011. new regional policy

Page 15: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

Concrete changes: Introducing index of development Wider approach to development as social, economical,

political, ecological… Establishing infrastructure for monitoring and

statistical data base More accent on process dimensions: building strategic

plans, cooperation among all stakeholders Introducing fund for regional development Development as dinamic, not static process More influence by regional authorities (counties), and

less by state

Stage 3 (II)

Page 16: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

Three underdeveloped communities – three stories, one solution?General indicators of underdevelopment: demographical

Population density

CroatiaVojnićGradinaCista Provo

Population drop 1991-2011 Croatia

VojnićGradinaCista Provo

vital indexCroatiaVojnićGradinaCista Provo

aging indexCroatiaVojnićGradinaCista Provo

Page 17: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

Three underdeveloped communities – three stories, one solution?General indicators of underdevelopment: economic

developmental indexCroatiaVojnićGradinaCista Provo

Average income

CroatiaVojnićGradinaCista Provo

Unemployment rate

CroatiaVojnićGradinaCista Provo

Share of unemployed in population

CroatiaVojnićGradinaCista Provo

Page 18: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

Three underdeveloped communities – three stories, one solution?Specific local context:

Vojnić, Karlovac county, middle Croatia • Deconstructed community – all vital features are

detoriated during war (industry, agriculture, ethnic relations, infrastructue)

• New community process haven’t been facilitated

Gradina, Virovitica county, east Croatia• Immerged community – no solid adaptation after

social transtion from socialist to capitalist system• Life is conserved partially with old habits, and not

developed new ones

Cista Provo, Split county, south Croatia• Latent community – no sense of collectiveness• No collective action due to previous emigration of

population

Page 19: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

Working definiton and developmental prospects of underdeveloped communities

How does underdeveloped community in Croatia look like?

What are possible developmentat approaches?

Economic underdevelopmentAlmost equlised with underdevelopmentLack of financial resorcesUnactive economical actors

Raising economic standards as imperativ:Enhancing labour marketCapital investmentsentrepreneurship

Non-active colective livingPeaceful coexistence, but no active social networksUnderdeveloped social capitalAtmosphere of survivingOrientation toward individual personal and presence

Sthrengthening sense of collectiveness and people’s capacities for actionPromotion of collectiveness among social groups, mutuality and supportRaising knowledge and skills, sharing ideas and empowerment for involvmenet in collective action

Page 20: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

Working definiton and developmental prospects of underdeveloped communities (2)

How does underdeveloped community in Croatia look like? (2)

What are possible developmentat approaches? (2)

Subordinated position in relation to wider surroundingStigmatisationInsuficient involvement in decision makingNew colonialisation- expoloatation of resources from outdoor actorsNon efficient normative standards

Promotion of external influence in providing basic resources (to enhance, but not to manage development)-Finance-Normative frame-Knowledge Sthrengthening impact of local government-Higher decentralisation

Unfinished infrastructure-Basic infrastructure is established-Lack of healt, social services-Services for children and elderly-Unsolved public transport

Introducing new features in community infrastructure-Services for elderly, youth, children-Providing information

Page 21: Underdeveloped communities in Croatia: synergy of unfavourable economic and social development

Thank you for your attention

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