Ultrafast electronic spectroscopy Majed Chergui
Ultrafast electronic spectroscopy
Majed Chergui
Arrhenius formulaTkE BaAeTk /)( in sec-1
A = frequency factorkB = Boltzmann constantT = temperature (in Kelvin)Ea= activation energy
A ~ 1013 !*Kinetics: overall population of reactantsbefore the reaction and of products afterthe reaction
* Note that this corresponds to times of the order of 100 fs
The fundamental time scale in Condensed Matter, Chemistry and Biology
• Speed of sound: 300 m/s-1000m/s => 0.3-1.0 Å in 100 fs
• Time scale of half-oscillations:H2; e= 4155 cm-1 —> 7.6 fsI2; e= 120 cm-1 —> 270 fs
• 1fs / 1s <=> 1s / 32 million years!
Vibrational period of H2 in the X state (e = 4401 cm-1) 7.6 fs
Rotational period of H2 in the X state (EJ = 2BJ, B = 60cm-1):
560 /J fs
Vibrational period of I2 in the B state (e = 125 cm-1) 270 fs
Rotational period of I2 in the B state (EJ = 2BJ, B = 0.029 cm-1): 1.15 /J ns
Vibrational period of a van der Waals molecule Hg-Ar in the Xstate (e = 6 cm-1)
6 ps
Rotational period of Hg-Ar in the B state (EJ = 2BJ, B = 0.02cm-1)
800 /J ps
Number of periods in a 6fs-pulse at 600 nm 3
Length of a 6fs-laser pulse 1.8 m
Spectral width of a 1 ps pulse 15 cm-1
Conventional spectroscopy (energy resolved)also called CW (continuous wave) or steady-state spectroscopy
Time-wavelength relationship
Correspondence between energy and time
• Doppler width 10-3 to 10-1 cm-1
• Rotational energies 10-2 to 10 cm-1
• Phonon energies ≤ 100 cm-1
• Vibrational energies 100 to 4000 cm-1
• Electronic energies ≥ 5000 cm-1
Time-to-width relationships for homogeneous lines
Energy (cm-1 ) Time (seconds)500 10-14
5 10-12
5 10-4 10-8
For a molecular state (e.g. diatomic molecule)
Left: Decay of the autocorrelation function. Right: absorption spectrumT: time to depart from the Franck-Condon regionT: oscillation period of a vibrational quantum in the excited stateT3: electronic lifetime of the state
Decay of H2O, qualitative picture: saddle-shaped potential surface
Bending motion
YX…Y elongation
Photodissociation of H2O
Absorption spectrum
Time evolution of the autocorrelation function
Resonance Raman: time dependent view
Resonance Raman spectrum of CH3I
Exc. 266 nm
mre et al, JPC 84
Some basic quantum mechanics…The time-dependent Schrödinger equation:
has solutions of the form
where (r) is the eigenfunction, which is the solution of the time-independent Schrödinger equation and the exponential term represents the time dependence.
ttritrH
),(),(
/)(),( iEtertr
Superposition of states
n
nn rar )()0,(
)/sin()/cos(/ EtiEte iEt
oscillates from 1 to –i to 1 to i …, at a frequency of /E
e.g., the 2s state has an energy of E= 1.6 10-18 J, i.e. the phase oscillatesat 2.5 1015 Hz (i.e. T= 0.4 fs)
• This is a linear combination of stationary wave functions but is not a solution of the stationary problem. It represents a coherent superposition of states or a wave packet. The an coefficients are given by:
)0( ta nn
/)(),( tiE
nnn
neratr
ˆ t t t
ˆ ˆ,t Hdidt
ˆ ˆ ˆˆ ˆ( )j
A A ATr j j
2
jj jc * jk jki t i tjk j k jkt c c e d e
Density matrix description in Liouville space
Wave packets
Vibrational wave packets
Forms of ultrafast temporal evolution of excited states
• Kinetics: exponential behaviour, evolution of populations
• Dynamics: oscillatory behaviour (wp), evolution of bodies
How to create a wavepacket?
How to create a wavepacket?
(r , t ) an n (r)e iE n t /
n
k
k dktrkgtr ),()(),(
Pump-probe and wavepacket dynamics
0 1 2 3
1
2
3
retard pompe - sonde / picosecondes
t = 300 fs
Pump-probe time delay
3 �m �� 10fs
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
3 �m �� 10fs
Possible experimental strategies• Transient absorption
Pump-Probe spectroscopy• TR fluorescence
• Non-linear Four WaveMixing spectroscopies– Transient Grating– Photon Echo
• X-rays techniques
• Multidimensionalspectroscopies
• Terahertz spectroscopy...
Revivals: S.I. Vetchinkin et al, Chem. Phys. Letters, 222 (1994) 394
Zewail et al, J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 7832-7848
Transfer of vibrational coherence to products (Zewail et al, J. Chem. Phys. 91 (1989) 7437)
Transfer of coherence to products in a bath(Banin and Ruhman, J. Chem. Phys. 98 (1993) 4391; Pugliano et al, J.
Chem. Phys. 104 (1995) 5062)
IInmhI 23 )308(Solute/pump-fragment/probe experiment:
I2-
Vibrational wave packets (moving structures) in biological systems using transient absorption spectroscopy
From L. Stryer, Biochemistry
Retinal Proteins
11-cis all-trans
13-trans 13-cis
Rhodopsin
Bacteriorhodopsin
Isom. ≈ 70 % in proteinIsom. ≈ 17 % in solution
poche
Heme
Heme pocket
Fe C O
The inset show the absorption band and the pump and probe wavelengths.The figure shows the transient absorption signal of deoxy Mb
The lower figure is a comparison of the power spectrum of the transient in the upper figure with the resonance Raman spectrum of deoxy Mb
Transient absorption spectrum of MbNO. The inset show the absorption bands of Mb and MbNO.
Power spectrum of the trace in The upper figure and resonanceRaman spectrum of MbNO.
Rosca et al, J. Phys. Chem. A104 (2000) 4280)
Summary• Vibrational coherences are observed in a large
class of many-body systems: large molecules, liquids, solids, proteins, etc., even upon product formation.
• Energy can be localised on specific intra- and intermolecular bonds, for eventual control experiments.
• While for chemical and physical systems, the connection between the process and the vibrational coherences is possible, vibrational coherences in proteins do not necessarily imply that the motion that is observed is biologically significant.
Ultrafast emission spectroscopy
• electronic (ps-ns)– TC-SPC – Streak Camera
• purely optical (sub-ps)– Kerr Gating– Up-conversion
Fluorescence Gating
Time delay between pump and gate pulses
I
Fluorescence Up-conversion