UGC MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT - SDM …sdmcujire.in/userfiles/MRP/MRP_priya kumari.pdf · ugc minor research project report a comparative study of shg organised and promoted by

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UGC MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SHG ORGANISED AND PROMOTED BY

SKDRDP AND KUDUMBASHREE IN DAKSHINA KANNADA DISTRICT

AND KOLLAM DISTRICT, TOWARDS EMPOWERMENT OF RURAL

WOMEN

MRP (H)-0196/12-13/KAMA009/UGC-SWRO

UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION

NEW DELHI, INDIA

SUBMITTED TO:

UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION

South Western Regional Office,

P.K. Block, Palace Road, Gandhinagar,

Bangalore-560 009.

SUBMITTED BY:

Ms. PRIYAKUMARI S.V.

Assistant Professor,

Department of P.G. Studies in Commerce,

Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College (Autonomous), Ujire-574240

Belthangady Taluk, D. K. District, Karnataka.

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DECLARATION

I PRIYAKUMARI S.V, hereby declare that this UGC Minor Research

Project entitled “A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SHG ORGANISED AND

PROMOTED BY SKDRDP AND KUDUMBASHREE IN DAKSHINA

KANNADA DISTRICT AND KOLLAM DISTRICT ,TOWARDS

EMPOWERMENT OF RURAL WOMEN” is a original and bonafide work

undertaken by me.

I also declare that this Minor Research report has not been submitted to

any other university or organization at any time for any degree, diploma,

associate ship or similar title.

Place: Ujire

Date: 20.06.2015

Signature of the Investigator

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I attribute all the learning and my personal development during this period to the divine

grace of the Lord Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara and his blessings.

It is my duty to show my gratitude and indebtedness to management of SDME society especially

the President, Vice President, Secretaries and the Principal. Dr. B Yashovarma for their whole

hearted support in completion of this work.

I am grateful to UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION, particularly Joint Secretary and

Regional Head, for granting me the research project and encouraging me to pursue research.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. P. N. Udayachandra, co-ordinator, Dept. of PG studies

in commerce, S.D.M College Ujire for his valuable guidance and support without which it

would not have been possible to complete this work.

I would like to record my sincere thanks to Dr. Murganandan, Assistant Professor, Dept. of PG

studies in commerce S.D.M College Ujire, for helping me to prepare questionnaire and statistical

analysis during the project.

I also record my sincere gratitude to Mr.Chidananda H.L Assistant Professor, Dept. of PG

studies in commerce S.D.M College Ujire, for providing valuable input and help in this project.

I would like to express my appreciation and gratefulness to the officials of both the institution and

I am also indebted to every member of the SHGs who had participated, spared their valuable time

and shared their experiences in this study.

My inspiration and the source for what I am today are my parents, family and friends‟ .It is their,

blessings and love which made me to complete this project .I would like to acknowledge the

support and care I received from my husband Krishnajith.K and my son Prajith ,during the

preparation of this project.

Finally, I am thankful to those who have helped me directly and indirectly for the successful

completion of this research.

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CONTENTS

SL. NO. PARTICULAR PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

14

3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF

MICROFINANCE AND SHG

19

4. REGIONAL PROFILE OF DISTRICTS AND

TALUKS

29

5. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

34

6. FINDING ,SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

113

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

8. ANNEXURE

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LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS

Table\chart

No.

Title of tables and charts Page No.

5.1.1. Age of the respondents 34

5.1.2 Qualification 35

5.1.3. Religion 36

5.1.4. Caste 37

5.1.5. Marital Status 38

5.1.6. Type of Family 39

5.1.7. No. of dependent in the family 40

5.1.8. Monthly Income of the family 41

5.1.9. Head of the family 42

5.1.10. Place of living 43

5.1.11. Purpose of joining SHG\NHG 44

5.1.12. Duration of SHG\NHG 45

5.1.13. Duration of Membership 46

5.2.1. Changes in income pattern 47

5.2.2. Monthly saving of the respondent before membership 48

5.2.3. Change in saving pattern after membership 49

5.2.4. Loan availed through SHG \NHG 50

5.2.5. Purpose for which loan taken 51

5.2.6. Repayment of loan 52

5.2.7. Interest charged on loan outstanding 53

5.2.8. Satisfaction towards performance of SHG\NHG 54

5.2.9. Frequency of SHG\NHG meeting 55

5.2.10.(a) Group records maintained attendance register maintained by

SHG\NHG

56

5.2.10.(b) Group Loan ledger maintained by SHG\NHG 57

5.2.10.(c) Cash book maintained by SHG\NHG 58

5.2.10.(d) Bank pass book maintained by SHG\NHG 59

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5.2.10.(e) Individual pass book maintained by SHG\NHG 60

5.2.10.(f) Repayment particulars maintained by SHG\NHG 61

5.3.1. Monthly income before and after joining SHG\NHG 62

5.3.2. Monthly Expenditure Before And After Joining SHG\NHG 63

5.3.3.(a) Increase in monthly income and time taken for such effect 64

5.3.3.(b) Increase in monthly savings and time taken for such effect 65

5.3.3.(c) Increase in monthly expenditure and time taken for such effect 66

5.3.3.(d) Increase in standard of living and time taken for such effect 67

5.3.4.(a) Social security 68

5.3.4.(b) Participation in local activity and time taken for such effect 69

5.3.4.(c) Access to financial service 70

5.3.4.(d) Social awareness 71

5.3.4.(e) Increase in social relation 72

5.4.1.(a) Level of personal empowerment: Confidence level 73

5.4.1.(b) Level of personal empowerment: Independence 74

5.4.1.(c) Level of personal empowerment: self respect 75

5.4.1.(d) Level of personal empowerment: mutual respect 76

5.4.1.(e) Level of Personal Empowerment: Family Acceptance 77

5.4.1.(f) Level of Personal Empowerment: Relative Acceptance 78

5.4.2.(a) Level of Social Empowerment: Organization Skill 79

5.4.2.(b) Level of Social Empowerment: Group Cohesiveness 80

5.4.2.(c) Level of social empowerment: Interactive skill 81

5.4.2.(d) Level of social empowerment: public speaking 82

5.4.2.(e) Level of social empowerment: awareness on rights 83

5.4.2.(f) Level of social empowerment: acceptance in society 84

5.4.2.(g) Level of social empowerment: Awareness on social problems 85

5.4.2.(h) Level of social empowerment: participation in social programmers 86

5.4.2.(i) Level of social empowerment: Membership in other organization 87

5.4.3.(a) Level of economic empowerment: Employment opportunity 88

5.4.3.(b) Level of economic empowerment: Technical Skill 89

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5.4.3.(c) Level of economic empowerment: Entrepreneurial skill 90

5.4.3.(d) Level of economic empowerment: Individual and family health 91

5.4.3.(e) Level of economic empowerment: Living condition 92

5.4.3.(f) Level of economic empowerment: Economic status 93

5.4.3.(g) Level of economic empowerment: Social security 94

5.4.4.(a) Level of overall empowerment: Income 95

5.4.4.(b) Level of overall empowerment: Savings 96

5.4.4.(c) Level of overall empowerment: Expenditure 97

5.4.4.(d) Level of overall empowerment: Financial management skill 98

5.4.4.(e) Level of overall empowerment: Personal belongings 99

5.4.4.(f) Level of overall empowerment: Financial security 100

5.5.1. Satisfaction towards co-ordination and co-operation of group

members

101

5.5.2. Satisfaction towards institution approach for development 102

5.5.3. Satisfaction towards training and awareness programme conducts

by SHG\NHG

103

5.5.4. Satisfaction towards level of economic empowerment 104

5.5.5. Satisfaction towards level of social empowerment 105

5.5.6. Satisfaction towards overall empowerment 106

5.5.7.(a) Reduction in poverty after joining SHG 107

5.5.7.(b) Self dependence after joining the group 108

5.5.7.(c) Increase in living standard 109

5.5.7.(d) Easy to repay the debts 110

5.5.7.(e) Satisfied towards interest rate 111

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CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

The concept of microfinance is considered as significant and emerging trend in the present

scenario for the empowerment of women .Microfinance through „SHG‟ has been recognized

internationally as the modern tool to combat poverty and for rural development. SHG‟s are acting

as an effective tool for reducing poverty, uplifting and empowering women and creating

awareness and motivating them which will lead to sustainable development of the village, country

and nation. Community developments take place along with individual development. Seventy five

percent of the world‟s poor live in rural area, and the majority of them are women. Women play a

significant role in the development of the economy and hence they need to be empowered .SHG

are becoming one of the important means for the empowerment of poor women in almost all the

developing countries including India. Empowerment is seen as a process by which that one

without power gains greater control over their lives. The NGOs who are in the field of socio-

economic development of the marginalized sections in the society since last four to five decades,

had initially organised Credit Unions and Mahila Samajams for better participation of people in

development initiatives and also for thrift and credit facilities. Since the emergence of SHG

system, as per the initiatives of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

(NABARD), and directives from Reserve Bank of India (RBI), from the beginning of 1990s, most

of these Mahila Samajams and Credit Unions have been converted into SHGs, linked them to

financial institutions for better credit facilities. Women empowerment is critical to the socio

economic progress of the rural and urban community .The intervention of microfinance has

brought women into the main stream of national development which has brought tremendous

changes in the life of women at the grass root level. The self help groups are the instrument in

empowering rural women so that they can easily access to banking, insurance, and entrepreneurial

approaches. The scheme of microfinance through SHG has transferred the real economic power in

the hands of women and has considerably reduced their dependence on men. The development of

any nation is possible only when women are considered as equal partner with men. Rapid

progress in self help group formation through microfinance has now turned into an empowerment

movement among women across the country.

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Statement of problem

Women are considered as weaker part of the society, so were restricted to take part in any social

activities and not given roles in decision making in her family. Through the intervention of

microfinance this scene has been change. Now women are engaged in income generation activity

which make them economically and socially empower. SHG through microfinance has

enlightened the life of rural poor. Now the rural women have freedom of choice which motivates

them to be a part of decision making process with in the family and the society. This made the

researcher to study the role of such SHG which played an important role in the development and

empowerment of rural women.

The Objectives of the Study:

1. To study the demographic profile of SHG\NHG members promoted by SKDRDP and

Kudumbashree in Karnataka and Kerala.

2. To compare the activities and performance of SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP and

Kudumbashree.

3. To assess and compare the impact of Kudumbashree and SKDRDP in enhancement of

SHG\NHG members income.

4. To compare the level of empowerment of SHG\NHG members promoted by SKDRDP

and Kudumbashree.

5. To test the level of satisfaction of SHG\NHG members of both the institution taken for the

study.

Scope of the study

The present study was aimed at making a comparative study of the enabling processes and efforts

by the SKDRDP and Kudumbasree towards social and economic empowerment of poor women

since last few years.

Universe of the study

The universe for the study includes all the SHG members, initiated and promoted by

Kudumbasree and SKDRDP, in Kollam District of Kerala and Dakshina Kannada District of

Karnataka.

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Research Design

This was a comparative social diagnosis study exploratory in nature. Focus Group Discussions

were held at all the SHG level to supplement the quantitative data collected through interview

schedules.

Sampling

Multi-stage, simple random sampling method was used for the study at various levels.

Stage I

One District from each region was selected using simple random sampling method. Thus the

Districts selected for the study were Dakshina Kannada District of Karnataka and Kollam District

of Kerala.

Stage II

Simple random sampling method was used for the selection of organization from Dakshina

Kannada District of Karnataka and Kollam District of Kerala. SKDRDP was the NGO selected

from Dakshina Kannada District of Karnataka and Kudumbashree a Government Organised Non-

Governmental Organization was selected from Kollam District of Kerala.

Stage III

At the third stage, selection of 20 SHGs from SKDRDP and 20 NHGs from Kudumbasree was

done using simple random sampling. Thus, a total of 40 SHGs\NHGs were selected for the study.

Stage IV

At the last and final stage two Taluk from each district were selected for the study. Belthangady

Taluk from Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka and Kunnathur Taluk from Kollam District

of Kerala, selection of 5 respondents from the selected SHG\NHG was done using simple random

sampling method from three villages from each Taluks. Thus a total of 200 members of

SHGs\NHGs were selected for the study from both the Taluks.

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Sample Size

From 20 SHGs and 20 NGH, as explained above, five respondents each SHG\NHG makes 200

respondents as sample for the study.

Sources of Data

The source of primary data was from the 200 respondents from 40 SHGs of SKDRDP and

Kudumbasree programme in two district of Kerala and Karnataka. Secondary data were gathered

from reports, minutes of the meetings, attendance register, and accounts registers, other relevant

documents and registers maintained by the SHGs, the NGO, various books and journals.

Limitation of the study

1. As it is a comparative study between two state lots many of factors like economic, culture

political may affect the result.

2. The result are got time bound, so opinion may differ over the period of time.

3. The data cannot be generalized to the entire population of respondents because the sample

size is small i.e. only 200 members from each state are taken as sample respondent.

Chapter scheme:

Chapter I: Includes introduction, Statement of problem, objective of the study, research

methodology and limitation of the study.

Chapter II: It deals with reviews of various Literatures related to role of microfinance through

SHG towards empowerment of rural poor.

Chapter III: It deals with Historical background of microfinance and SHGs.

Chapter IV: It deals with Regional profile of Dakshina Kannada and Kollam District.

Chapter V: It presents the analysis and interpretation of the data.

Chapter VI: It deals with Finding, suggestion and conclusion.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Dasgupta (2000) in his paper on „ Informal journey through Self Help Groups‟ observed that

micro-financing through informal group approach has helped to bring quite a few benefits for the

rural poor viz.: (i) inculcated saving habit ; (ii) access to e credit by the poor; (iii) matching the

demand and supply of credit structure and opening new market for FI's; (iv) reduction in

transaction cost for both lenders and borrowers; (v) tremendous improvement in recovery; (vi)

heralding a new realization of subsidy less and corruption less credit, and (vii) remarkable

empowerment of poor women. He stressed out, SHG's should be considered as one of the best

means to counter social and financial citizenship not as an end in itself.

Puhazhendhi, and Satyasai (2001).in their paper titled as „The performance of SHG's with special

reference to social and economic empowerment‟. The performance of SHG's among different

regions, the southern region could edge out other regions. The SHG's programmed has been found

more popular in the southern region and its progress in other regions is quite low, thus signifying

an uneven achievement among the regions. They have focused on older group should relatively

more positive features like better performance than younger groups.

Manimekalai and Rajeshwari (2001).in their paper titled as „The provision of microfinance by the

NGO's to women SHG's‟ both have focused SHGs are helpful to achieve a measure of economic

and social empowerment. SHGs have developed a sense of leadership, organizational skill,

management of various activities of a business.

Mahadeswaran (2001).In his article conducted „A study on empowering rural women through

SHGs‟ .This study an attempts has been made to analyze the impact of SHGs in providing credit

rural women .The access of the rural poor is limited to the antipoverty programmed like IRDP the

average SHGs consists 15 to 20 members The SHGs have performed well on the saving and the

loan were given to the SHGs at an interest rate of 2 to 3 percent months the status of women both

with household and outside have improve. Mahadeswaran find out and focused on the rural poor

women and bank linkage programme.

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Rasure K.A ( 2004).In the article “women empowerment through self-help-groups” has proved

that can be very instrumental in empowering women in our country as they provide easy access to

fund for self employment in this context the author has discussed in depth the relationship

between empowerment and the SHGs process of the SHGs in India. Spread SHGs linkage

different mode of linkage and role of NABARD .the author has conclude that SHGs stimulate

savings and help borrowers to come out of vicious circle of poverty

Holvet (2005).In his titled states that „ Micro finance to poor women through women SHGs‟

resulted in to active participation of women in decision making .Mr. .Holvet in his article states

that the relationship between micro finance and women SHGs‟.

Kadam P.B (2006) Ph.D thesis entitled „Assessment of the contribution of self-helpgroups to

women Empowerment‟ a study with reference to Satara District, in her article focused on the

empowerment of women through SHGs and different aspects stressed out for empowerment

activity Ice; the aspect of SHGs members are Economical ,Social aspects of members ,political

aspects ,Legal aspects, Legal and Life aspects.

Raman Bali Swami (2007) In his article titled as „Micro finance and women empowerment‟

taking the case of the SHGs bank linkage programmed .In India this article examined the

evidence on impact of microfinance on women empowerment using multi level survey,which

includes a quantitative database along with interviews ,group discussion, and case studies Mr.

Rajang B.S. teased that the relationship among the microfinance and women empowerment.

Various studies conducted have shown that most women who join SHG without any business due

to lack of capital were able to start their own business after joining the group (Jothi, 2010;

Sharma, Roy, & Chakravorty., 2012

“Nothing, arguably, is as important today in the political economy of development as an adequate

recognition of political, economic, and social participation and leadership of women” (Amartya

Sen, 1999).

NGOs developed a sense of leadership, organisational skill, management of various activities of a

business, right from acquiring finance, identifying raw material, market and suitable

diversification (Manimekalai and Rajeshwari 2001).

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The members of SHGs promoted by NGOs had gained almost twice the number of „employment

days,‟ when compared to the members of SHGs promoted by banks (Harper 2002).

Nongovernmental Organisations organise and promote the SHGs with the objectives of

inculcating Self-Help attitude among women and developing leadership (Joel 2003).

NGOs have inculcated the culture of savings and repayment strengthened the SHGs (Priya and

Srivastava (2005).

Kudumbashree itself is an organizational innovation cutting across various government

departments. It has inspired other state governments in India to initiate similar programs. For

example, Andhra Pradesh is experimenting with a similar program called Velugu (light).

(Suneetha Kadiyala May 2004)

NGOs play an important role in SHG formation, linking the groups with the banks, arranging for

loans and imparting training to start income generating activities (Dr. K.Rajendran and Dr. R.P.

Raya 4, Oct. 2011)

(Tanmoyee Banerjee (Chatterjee), 2012) stated that Self-employment held the key to continuity

of employment. Self-employed members of self-help groups (SHGs) fare better than their wage-

earning counterparts when it came to continuity of employment. The study dwelt on the factors

influencing the different indicators of women empowerment among the members of 26 matured

all-woman SHGs. It also isolated the socioeconomic demographic factors influenced the joint

probability of a group member being both empowered and employed. The study concluded that

training significantly influenced various dimensions of empowerment, and the trained group

members were more likely to be both empowered as well as employed.

SHGs have made a lasting impact on the lives of the women particularly in the rural areas of Goa.

Their quality of life has improved a lot. There is an increase in their income, savings and

consumption expenditure. This shows an improvement in their standard of living. The women

have gained self-confidence. They got an opportunity to improve their hidden talents after joining

the SHGs. They can speak freely in front of large groups of people. They got recognition in the

family and society. SHGs have also given women a greater role in household decision making.

(Rekha R. Gaonkar 2013).

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Dr. Dhiraj Jain*; Ms. Pushpa Nai July (2013) In their article titled „SHG HELPING

EMPOWER RURAL WOMEN – A STUDY‟ revealed that that woman are taking interest in the

SHGs programs and coming forward and are becoming self dependent and self employed which

has ensures their well being and growth they have also learned to take decision Most of them did

agree that the time association with SHGs increased the sense of social security and created social

awareness among the women members.

Sanjay V. Yadav May-June 2013” Women Empowerment through Self-Help-Group: A case

study of Nagthane Village, Tal: Palus, Dist-Sangli” the income and expenditure pattern of SHG

member has been raised after they become the member of the group. The result of the study

shows a positive effect on the standard of living of SHG members. The good practice of the

women.SHGs in the study area is repayment of the loan in time.

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CHAPTER -III

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

OF MICROFINANCE AND SHG

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

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The history of micro financing can be traced back as long to the middle of the 1800s when the

theorist Lysander Spooner was writing over the benefits from small credits to entrepreneurs and

farmers as a way getting the people out of poverty. But it was at the end of World War II with the

Marshall plan the concept had a big impact. The today use of the expression micro financing has

its roots in the 1970s when organizations, such as Grameen Bank of Bangladesh with the

microfinance pioneer Mohammad Yunus, where starting and shaping the modern industry of

microfinancing. Another pioneer in this sector is Akhtar Hameed Khan. At that time a new wave

of microfinance initiatives introduced many new innovations into the sector. Many pioneering

enterprises began experimenting with loaning to the underserved people. The main reason why

microfinance is dated to the 1970s is that the programs could show that people can be relied on to

repay their loans and that it‟s possible to provide financial services to poor people through market

based enterprises without subsidy. Shore bank was the first microfinance and community

development bank founded 1974 in Chicago . The role of micro credit institutions is vital to the

financial sector of the economies of many countries. By improving the living standards of the

poor families, the financial sector is benefited by the increase in the purchasing power of the

individuals. In addition to individual households, others who benefit from the assistance provided

by the micro finance institution include corporations from which individuals may now purchase

the media, guarantors, and donors. Terms micro – loans and micro – crediting did not exist until

the „70s of the last century, when Muhammad Yunus, and his Grameen Bank, commenced with

his activities in the village Jobra in Bangladesh. He was providing loans to poor women, living in

rural areas, for starting a small business aimed at the improvement of their living conditions in

their households. Amounts of these loans were minimal, being used for the purchase of small

livestock and tools. Women – loan beneficiaries, would form solidarity groups for the purpose of

guaranteeing for each other. None of the known collateral forms were used other than their oral

promises. The microfinance movement began with the work of Dr Muhammad Yunus in

Bangladesh in the late 1970s, spreading rapidly to other developing countries. Most early

microfinance institutions (MFIs), including Yunus‟s own iconic Grameen Bank, relied on funding

from government and international donors, justified by MFI claims that they were reducing

poverty, unemployment and deprivation. In developing countries, financing to the rural poor

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through formal financial services failed to meet the credit requirements of the rural poor people.

The main reason of failure was absence of any recognized employment and hence absence of

collateral with the poor. The high risk and the high transaction costs of banks associated with

small loans and savings deposits are other factors which make them non-bankable. The lack of

loans from formal institutions leaves the poor with no other option but to borrow money from

local money-lenders on huge interest rates. In different countries including India, efforts have

been made by their governments to deliver formal credit to rural areas by setting up special

agricultural banks/rural banks or directing commercial banks to provide loans to rural borrowers.

However, these programmes have also not worked well due to various reasons. The common

reasons found by many researchers are the political difficulty for governments to enforce loan

repayment and the selection of relatively wealthy and influential people, rather than the poor, for

bank loans (Adams et al., 1984; Adams and Vogel, 1986; World Bank, 1989). Women‟s World

Banking (1995) estimated that in most developing countries, the formal financial system reaches

to only top 25 per cent of the economically active population. This leaves the bottom 75 per cent

without access to financial services apart from those provided by money-lenders and family.

Thus, the failure of formal financial institutions to deal with the credit requirements of poor

effectively has forced to develop an alternative source of finance to poor in the form of

microfinance. Microfinance scheme with its wide range of financial product and services helped

the people who have little or nothing in the way of traditional collateral. It helps them to create

savings, build up assets, survive crises and to establish small enterprises which helped them to

lead a poverty free life. Apart from extending small loans in the form of micro-credit,

microfinance programme covers a wide variety of financial and non-financial services such as

savings, insurance, guidance, skill development training, capacity building and motivation to start

income generating activities to enhance the productivity of credit. This innovative programme is

successfully reaching the rural poor especially women and has an impact on their socio-economic

development as well as their empowerment. This microfinance programme is becoming popular

and emerging as a powerful instrument for poverty alleviation in many countries of Asia, Africa,

Europe and America.

Credit Unions

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Credit Unions are Microfinance Institutions which are established by members of a particular

organization or association. These Microfinance Institutions are run by members and follow the

concept of self-help in order to carry out the financial activities. These institutions are owned and

governed by the members in a democratic way. The members elect directors and representatives

through voting process. These nonprofit organizations work through members who agree to save

together and decide to provide credit to each other at fair interest rates.

Community Banks

Community Banks are the Microfinance Institutions which are established on a formal or semi-

formal basis. These Microfinance Institutions considers the whole community as a single unit and

engages in savings activities and financing activities for the members. In many cases, these

community banks get extensive help from NGOs in carrying out financial activities.

Cooperative Movement

Cooperatives are one type of Microfinance Institutions, which are jointly owned by a group of

People and are run in a democratic way. These cooperatives are autonomous bodies which are

voluntarily created by a group of persons to serve the economic and social need of people. These

Cooperatives carry out different savings activities and microfinance activities for their members

Regional Rural Banks

Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in India are an integral part of the rural credit structure of the

country. Since the very beginning, when the RRBs were established in October 2, 1975, these

banks played a pivotal role in the economic development of the rural India. The main goal of

establishing regional rural banks in India was to provide credit to the rural people who are not

economically strong enough, especially the small and marginal farmers, artisans, agricultural

laborers and even small entrepreneurs

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Apex Financial Institutions

The formal microfinance service providers include a number of apex financial institutions. Some

of them are like National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Small

Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI),Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK), Friends of

Women World Banking (FWWB),Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC), Housing

and Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO), and Rashtriya Gramin Vikas Nidhi

(RGVN). They provide bulk amount of funds to retail level banks and MFIs for on-lending to the

poor .There are different terms and conditions associated with each apex financial institute. In

addition to these apex financial institutions, many MFIs get funds from investors, lenders and

donors also.

NGO Initiatives

NGOs have proved to have the potential to facilitate the process of empowerment among women.

NGOs in India have played the role of catalysts in the empowerment processes of poor women.

NGOs play a vital role in the sustainable community development through various programs like

capacity building which may lead to sustainable community development. Microfinance is a

means through which capacity of individuals can be developed; Taking into consideration the

failure of various attempts by formal credit unions, cooperatives and the RRBs, and the plight of

the rural poor, as far as credit needs are concerned, NGOs started organizing them into

community based organizations known under different names, like credit unions, Mahila

Mandals, Mahila Samajams etc. Experience shows that the key to success of these groups and

organizations lies in ensuring full cooperation and participation of people at the grassroots level.

Under various poverty alleviation/eradication efforts, these days both by the Governments as

well as NGOs, several types of community based organizational structures have come up

throughout the country enabling the poor women to get out of the clutches of moneylenders .

Such Initiatives in Our Neighbouring Countries

The Bangladesh Grameen Bank (BGB) is considered by some as the initiators of SHGs. And the

spread effect of Grameen Bank has crossed the oceans and reached India. NGOs have been

making attempts to replicate the Grameen Bank model with certain adaptations to make it suitable

to the local requirements in India. ADITHI (NARI NIDHI), Patna; Loyolam Bank, Manipur;

23

SHARE, Andhra Pradesh; SRI, Kollengode, in Palakkad, Kerala etc. are some of the NGOs which

follow Bangladesh Grameen Bank model. Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC),

Bangladesh and Production Credit For Rural Women (PCRW)- Nepal, are other models of SHGs

in our neighbouring Countries.

Concept of women Empowerment

Empowerment is an oft-used concept in development literature particularly with reference to

women. The term „Women‟s empowerment‟ has come to be associated with women‟s struggle

for social justice and equality. Generally, it is used to describe a process wherein the powerless or

disempowered gain a greater control over resources, decision-making and acquire greater social

mobility, social space and dignity Empowerment is an active multidimensional process to enable

women to realize their identity, position and power in all spheres of life. Empowerment provides

a greater access to knowledge and resources, more autonomy in decision making, greater ability

to plan lives, more control over the circumstances which influence lives, and freedom from

customs, belief and practices. Empowerment demands a drastic and basic change in the system of

marriage and family, husband and wife relationship and attitude towards socialization and

remarriage. Empowerment is a process that gives a person freedom in decision making. Women

all over the world, including countries in the South, have been challenging and changing gender

inequalities since the beginnings of history. These struggles have also been supported by many

men who have been outraged at injustice against women and there upon the consequences for the

society. It would be yet another instance of imperialism to say all these women and men did not

have minds of their own.

The Concept of SHG

The main objective of SHG concept is to improve the economic development of women and

create facilitating environment for their social transformation in the lift of gender discrimination

in work and the household. The Self Help Groups (SHGs) Guiding Principle stresses on

organizing the rural poor into small groups through a process of social mobilization, training and

providing bank credit and government subsidy. The SHGs are to be drawn from the BPL list

approved by the Gram Sabha wherein about ten persons are selected, one each from a family and

focus on the skill development training based on the local requirement. The SHG movement has

24

gathered pace in countryside and is directly or indirectly contributing towards the economic

development of rural areas. SHGs are novel and innovative organizational setup in India for the

women upliftment and welfare. A self help group is defined as a "self governed, peer controlled

information group of people with similar socio-economic background and having a desire to

collectively perform Common purpose. A self-help group (SHG) is a village-based financial

intermediary usually composed of 10–20 local women. Most self-help groups are located in India,

though SHGs can also be found in other countries, especially in South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Members make small regular savings contributions over a few months until there is enough

capital in the group to begin lending. Funds may then be lent back to the members or to others in

the village for any purpose. In India, many SHGs are 'linked' to banks for the delivery of

microcredit. The distinguishing feature of the SHGs is creating social and economic awareness

among the members. The social awareness enables the members to lead their lives in a sound

hygienic environment and pursue a better living.

The Emergence of SHGs in India

In India, Self Help Groups or SHGs represent a unique approach to financial intermediation. The

approach combines access to low-cost financial services with a process of self management and

development for the women who are SHG members. SHGs are formed and supported usually by

NGOs or (increasingly) by Government agencies. Linked not only to banks but also to wider

development programmes, SHGs are seen to confer many benefits, both economic and social.

SHGs enable women to grow their savings and to access the credit which banks are increasingly

willing to lend. SHGs can also be community platforms from which women become active in

village affairs, stand for local election or take action to address social or community issues (the

abuse of women, alcohol, the dowry system, schools, water supply)

SHG-Bank Linkage Model

The predominant model in the Indian Micro finance context continues to be the SHG-Bank

Linkage Model that accounts for nearly 20 million clients. It started as an Action Research Project

in 1989. Under this model, Self Help Promoting Institution usually a NGO helps groups of 15-20

individuals through an incubation period after which time they are linked to banks. The SHG had

proved their efficacy over time but they suffer from a meager resource base which handicapped

25

their capacity to expand the economic activities of their members. The factors received by the

SHG members were the lack of information, time consuming and expensive procedures for

obtaining bank loans, rigid lending policies of banks in respect of unit costs, unit sizes and group

guarantee for loans. There are three linking model in the country: Model I - SHG formed and

financed by banks: - In this model, the banks play the dual role of promotion of SHGs and also

provider of credit to SHGs. Model II - SHGs formed by formal agencies other than banks (NGOs

and other), but directly financed by banks: - In this model, the NGOs and other agencies have

played the role of facilitator. Model III- SHGs financed by banks using NGOs and other

agencies as financial intermediaries: - In this model, the NGOs and other agencies play the role of

financial intermediation.

A Profile of the SKDRDP and Kudumbashree

Shri Kshethra Dharmasthala Rural Development Project, popularly known as SKDRDP, is a

charitable trust promoted by Dr.D.Veerendra Heggade. SKDRDP concentrates on the

empowerment of rural women by organizing Self-help Groups (SHGs) on the line of Joint

Liability Groups (JLBs) of Bangladesh and provides infrastructure and finance through micro

credit for the rural people.The Shri Ksherta Dharmasthala Rural Development Project

encompasses all aspects of enriching the rural life. It is currently engaged in developmental

activities in Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Uttara Kannada, Coorg, Shimoga, Chickmagalur,

Dharwad, Haveri, Gadag, Tumkur and Belgaum districts operating in 8,000 villages covering

more than 17,50,000 families. SKDRDP is active with its Community Development Programs

throughout the state of Karnataka and holds its presence in six coastal towns under the Karnataka

Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project. in 1982, Shri Kshetra

Dharmasthala Rural Development Project (SKDRDP)was launched with an objective to sponsor

and re-orient the mode of giving charity in more productive forms and to ensure long-lasting

benefit to poor families. The trustees, instead of giving charity for family consumption purposes

of the poor, planned to provide assistance for acquiring new productive assets to promote

economic development. To begin with 81 villages in the Belthangadi Taluk of South Canara were

adopted. Constant interaction, regular follow-up and effective co-ordination have been the key

success factors of this programme. Since then the project has taken- up various programmes for

rural development in 26 of the 27 districts of Karnataka. SKDRDP being a pioneer in the field of

26

development with a membership of more than 17 lakh, of which majority are woman is working

for the empowerment of women through its various initiatives. Working closely with the rural

poor women SKDRDP found that unless women are economically empowered their living

standard will not improve. SIRI, a unique organization providing employment opportunity to

more than 6000 women is a milestone in this regard. Jnanavikasa programme of SKDRDP has

become an agent of change in the lifestyle of rural women. To fulfill the diverse training needs of

women SKDRDP in year 2009 started Mahila Jnanavikasa Training Institute in Navanagar of

Dharwad district. The institute is offering various types of skill based and entrepreneurship

development trainings for women.

Kudumbashree, which means prosperity of the family, is the name of the women oriented,

community based, State Poverty Eradication Mission of Government of Kerala. Launched by the

Government of Kerala in 1998 for wiping out absolute poverty from the State through concerted

community action under the leadership of Local Self Governments, Kudumbashree is today one

of the largest women-empowering projects in the country. The programme has 37 lakh members

and covers more than 50% of the households in Kerala. Built around three critical components,

micro credit, entrepreneurship and empowerment, the Kudumbashree initiative has today

succeeded in addressing the basic needs of the less privileged women, thus providing them a more

dignified life and a better future. Literal meaning of Kudumbashree is prosperity (shree) of family

(Kudumbam). Kerala is a tiny state lying in the south-west part of Indian federation, where many

development experiments are being tested, refined and implemented.

The mission aims at the empowerment of women, through forming self help groups and

encouraging their entrepreneurial or other wide range of activities. The purpose of the mission is

to ensure that the women should no longer remain as passive recipients of public assistance, but

active leaders in women involved development initiatives..Kudumbashree was conceived as a

joint programme of the Government of Kerala and NABARD implemented through Community

Development Societies (CDSs) of Poor Women, serving as the community wing of Local

Governments. Kudumbashree is formally registered as the "State Poverty Eradication Mission"

(SPEM), a society registered under the Travancore Kochi Literary, Scientific and Charitable

Societies Act 1955. It has a governing body chaired by the State Minister of LSG. There is a state

27

mission with a field officer in each district. This official structure supports and facilitates the

activities of the community network across the state.

The grassroots of Kudumbashree are Neighbourhood Groups (NHG in short) that send

representatives to the ward level Area Development Societies (ADS). The ADS sends its

representatives to the Community Development Society (CDS), which completes the unique

three-tier structure of Kudumbashree. Today, there are 2.58 lakhs NHGs, over 19,700 ADSs and

1072 CDSs in Kudumbashree

SHG vs. NHG

The main difference between SHG and NHG is that SHGs are non-CDS, non-governmental, and

informal organisational structures promoted by voluntary agencies. CDS is sponsored by the

government for the uplift of the poor especially women by bringing together the activities of

various development departments. NHG members are from families facing high risks i.e., usually

those belonging to below poverty line (BPL), identified on the basis of the nine point non-

economic criteria. SHG members need not be from the high-risk families but are basically poor

and marginalized who find it to difficult to have access to the formal credit system.(Throughout

the study SHG is the common term used for both the institution.)

28

CHAPTER –IV

REGIONAL PROFILE

29

REGIONAL PROFILE OF DISTRICTS AND TALUKS

Kerala the Gods Own Country is the tiny state situated at the Southern end of India. with an area

of 38,863 Sq.Km. and with a population of 3.33Crores. The state has many advantages such as

94% literacy rate, life expectancy of 74%, English is widely spoken and understood, high per

capita income, availability of skilled manpower, three international Airports, 18 Sea ports

including one International Container Transshipment Terminal at Kochi. The State with second

highest teledensity in India, communication gateway in Kochi with two high speed submarine

cables landing offering 15 Gbps band width. The State is one of the few States in India with

negligible power cuts.

30

Kollam is the headquarters of the Kollam district and is one of the most scenic cities in Kerala.

The town is well known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. It is the southern gateway

to the backwaters of Kerala, and thus, a prominent tourist destination. The Portuguese were the

first Europeans to establish a trading center at Kollam in 1502. Then came the Dutch followed by

the British in 1795. A British garrison was stationed at Kollam in pursuance of a treaty between

Travancore and the British.

CENSUS OF INDIA-2011 KERALA, Kollam District Population (provisional)

District Total Population Child Population of

age0-6 Literate

District/Taluk T Person Male Fem

ale Person Male Female Person Male Female

Kollam

District T 26,29,703

12,44

,815

13,8

4,88

8

2,38,0

62

1,21,4

81

1,16,5

81

22,42,7

57

10,76,5

09

11,66,2

48

Kunnathur is a Taluk in Kollam district. The capital / Head quarters of Kunnathur Taluk is

Sasthamcotta. Kunnathur Taluk was a big Taluk before the formation of Pathanamthitta district.

Adoor was a part of Kunnathur taluk and for Pathanamthitta district formation 9 villages from

Kunnathur taluk has been taken. There is a village with the same name in this Taluk and The

Kunnathur village is a small village also called Nediyavila. It includes the places like

Manampuzha, Puthanampalam, Panampthoppu, Nediyavila, Ezhammile are certain places in this

village. Kunnathur Taluk includes places like Bharanikavu, Chakkuvally, Mynagappally, Kallada,

Cinemaparamp, Sasthamnada, Ambalathumbhagom, Chathakulam, Edakkad, Kakkakunnu, Karali

Jn, Karimthottuva, Kunnathur East, Manakkara, Manampuzha, Muthupilakkad, Pallisserickal,

Parakadavu, Patharam, Poruvazhy, Puthenambalam, Sasthamcotta, Sooranad North, Sooranad

South, Thuruthikara, Vilanthara Jn, Ithotuva, Anjilimoodu, Ezhammile etc

31

The State of Karnataka is located within 11.5 degree North and 18.5 degree North latitudes and

74 degree East and 78.5 degree east longitude. It is situated on a tableland where the Western and

Eastern Ghat ranges converge into the Nilgiri hill complex, in the Western part of the Deccan

Peninsular region of India. The State is bounded by Maharashtra and Goa States in the North and

North-West; by the Arabian Sea in the West; by Kerala and Tamilnadu States in the South and by

the States of Andhra Pradesh in the East. Karnataka extends to about 750 km from North to South

and about 400 km from East to West

Dakshina Kannda (Erstwhile South Kanara) is the southern coastal district of Karnataka State

with an area of 4859 Sq. Km. The district lies between 12 57' and 13 50‟ North Latitude and 74

and 75 50‟ East Longitude. It has a population of 20,89,649.

The district spreading from the Western Ghats towards the Arabian Sea to the west, is bounded by

Udupi district in the North, Shimoga, Chickmagalur and Hassan districts in the East, Kasaragod

taluk of Kerala state and Coorg districts in the south and Arabian Sea in the west.

The district can be divided into 3 belts, the coastal strip, the middle belt and the Western ghat

section. The coastal tract is the most thickly populate part of the district, as it is fertile and trading

facilities. The middle belt consists of hills and dales and forms into an undulating terrain. The

valleys are fertile and boast of several gardens of arecanut and coconut, and paddy fields, which

32

are the main crops of the district. The Western Ghats form the eastern boundary of the district

consisting of evergreen forests with patches of paddy fields and arecanut gardens scattered here

and there surrounded by forests.

The Sex Ratio in Karnataka is 968 for each 1000 male and has increased since the last census of

2001 in which it was 964 per 1000 males. The child sex ratio is 943 per 1000 males and has

decreased as compared to 973 in the 2001 census. The Literacy rate in Karnataka is 75.60 percent,

with male literacy at 82.85 percent and female literacy at 68.13 percent. In figures, the total

literates in Karnataka are 41,029,323 out of which 22,808,468 are males and 18,220,855 are

females.

General Information

Total Geographical Area in Sq.Km. 4859

Total Male Population 10,34,714

Total Female Population 10,54,935

Total Population 20,89,649

Sex Ratio 1020

Literacy Rate 88.57%

Belthangady Taluk (Beltangadi Taluka) is a rural taluka of the Dakshina Kannada district

of Karnataka, India. The headquarters is the town of Belthangady. Of the five taluks in Dakshina

Kannada, it is the largest in area and the second smallest in population. There are two towns,

Belthangady and Kuvettu, and forty-three panchayat villages in Belthangady Taluk. There are

thirty-six other inhabited, non-panchayat, villages. The Karnataka Assembly constituency

is Belthangady.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taluka

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belthangady

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvettu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayat_village

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belthangady_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)

33

34

5.1. Demographic Profile:

Table No: 5.1.1 Age of the respondents

Source: Compiled from field data

Chart No.:5.1.1: Age of the respondents

The above table and chart depicts the age of the respondents of SKDRDP and Kudumbasree.

In case of SKDRDP, 32 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of 18-30,19 percent

falls between 30-40 age group,22 percent are under 40-50 age group,24 percent belongs to 50-60

age group and 3 percent comes under the age group of above 60, whereas in case of

Kudumbasree, 20 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of 18-30,18 percent falls

between 30-40 age group,30 percent are under 40-50 age group,26 percent belongs to 50-60 age

group and 6 percent comes under the age group of above 60.

Particulars No. of respondent Percentage

SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

18-30 32 20 32 20

30-40 19 18 19 18

40-50 22 30 22 30

50-60 24 26 24 26

Above 60 3 6 3 6

Total 100 100 100 100

35

Table No: 5.1.2: Qualification


Chart No.: 5.1.2.: Qualification

The above table and chart depicts education qualification of the respondents of SKDRDP and

Kudumbasree.

In case of SKDRDP, 19 percent of the respondents are illiterate, 59 percent of them possess

schooling education, 19 percent completed UG/Diploma and 3 percent completed PG courses

respectively. In the case of Kudumbasree, 2 percent are illiterate, 73 percent possess schooling

education ,20 percent completed UG/Diploma and 5 percent completed PG courses.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Illiterate 19 10 19 10

Schooling 59 67 59 67

UG/Diploma 19 18 19 18

PG 3 5 3 5

Total 100 100 100 100

36

Table No: 5.1.3.: Religion


Chart No: 5.1.3.: Religion

The above table and chart depicts religion of the SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP and

Kudumbasree.

In case of SKDRDP, 99 percent of the respondents are Hindu, 1 percent is Muslim and there are

no respondents from Christian community, whereas in the case of Kudumbasree, 80 percent

respondents are Hindu, 5 percent of them are Muslim and 15 percent of the respondents belongs

to Christian community.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Hindu 99 80 99 80

Muslim 1 5 1 5

Christian 0 15 0 15

Total 100 100 100 100

37

Table No: 5.1.4. : Caste


Chart No: 5.1.4: Caste

The above table and chart reveals caste of the SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP and

Kudumbasree.

In the case of SKDRDP, 8 percent of the respondents are SC, 7percent are ST,34 percent of the

respondents are OBC and 51 percent of the respondent belongs to other caste, whereas in case

ofKudumbasree,9 percent respondents are SC, 6 percent are ST, 42 percent respondents are OBC

and 43 respondents belongs to other caste .


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

SC 8 9 8 9

ST 7 6 7 6

OBC 34 42 34 42

OC 51 43 51 43

Total 100 100 100 100

38

Table No: 5.1.5: Marital Status


Chart No: 5.1.5: Marital Status

The above table and chart depicts the marital status of SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP and

Kudumbasree.

In case of SKDRDP, 67 percent of the respondents are married, 26 percent are unmarried, 7

percent respondents are widows and no respondents are divorcees, whereas in the case of

Kudumbasree, 69 percent of the respondents are married, 25 percent are unmarried, 6 percent of

the respondents are widow and no respondents are divorcees.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Married 67 69 67 69

Unmarried 26 25 26 25

Widow 7 6 7 6

Divorced 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

39

Table No: 5.1.6.: Type of Family


Chart No: 5.1.6.: Type of Family

The above table and chart depicts the type of family of the SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP and

Kudumbasree. In case of SKDRDP, 67 percent of the respondents belong to nuclear family and

33 percent belongs to joint family, whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 74 percent respondents

belongs to nuclear family and 26 percent belongs to joint family.

Thus the study shows that, in both the groups majority of respondents are from nuclear family.

Particulars

No. of respondent Percentage

SKDRDP Kudumbasree SKDRDP Kudumbasree

Nuclear 67 74 67 74

Joint 33 26 33 26

Total 100 100 100 100

40

Table No: 5.1.7.: No. of dependent in the family


Chart No: 5.17.: No. of dependent

The above table and chart depicts the number of dependents in the family of SHG\NHG members

of SKDRDP and Kudumbasree. In case of SKDRDP, 13 percent of the respondents does not have

any dependent in their family,3 percent of the respondents have one dependent, 13 percent have

two dependents, 48 percent has three dependents and 23 percent said to have 4 dependents.

Whereas in the case of Kudumbasree, 12 percent of the respondents does not have dependents in

their family, 1 percent respondents is said to have one dependent, 7 percent is said to have two

dependents, 58 percent is said to have three dependents and 22 percent said to have four

dependents in their family. Thus the study shows that, in both the group majority of respondents

are having three dependents in their family.

Particulars No. of respondents Percentage

SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Nil 13

12 13 12

One 3

1 3 1

Two 13

7 13 7

Three 48

58 48 58

Total 100

100 100 100

41

Table No: 5.1.8.: Monthly Income of the family


Chart No: 5.1.8.: Monthly Income

The above table and chart depicts monthly family income of SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP

and Kudumbasree. In case of SKDRDP, 13 percent respondents marked income less than 3000,

24 percent said between 3000-5000, 27 percent marked between 5000-7000 and 36 percent

respondent family income is above 7000. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,16 percent

respondents marked income less than 3000, 26 percent said between 3000-5000, 20 percent

marked between 5000-7000 and 38 percent respondent family income is above 7000.

Thus the study shows that, in both the group majority of respondent‟s family income is above

7000.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

< 3000 13

16 13 16

3000-5000 24

26 24 26

5000-7000 27

20 27 20

>7000 36

38 36 38

Total 100

100 100 100

42

Table No: 5.1.9.: Head of the family


Chart No: 5.1.9.: Head of the family

The above table and chart reveals monthly family income of SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP

and Kudumbasree. In case of SKDRDP, 46 percent respondents said husband is head of the

family, 42 percent marked self and 12 percent marked that family is headed by father- in-law,

Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 45 percent respondents said that their husband is head of the

family, 40 percent marked self and 15 percent marked that family is headed by father in law.

Thus the study shows that, in both the group majority husband is the head of the family.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Husband 46

45 46 45

Self 42

40 42 40

Father-in-Law 12

15 12 15

Total 100

100 100 100

43

Table No: 5.1.10.: Place of living


Chart No: 5.1.10.: Place of living

The above table and chart depicts the place of living of SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP and

Kudumbasree. In case of SKDRDP, 92 percent of the respondents resides in rural area, 8 percent

in semi-urban area and there are no respondents from urban area Whereas in case

ofKudumbasree, 94 percent respondents resides in rural area, 6 percent in semi-urban area and

there are no respondents from urban area.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Rural 92 94 92 94

Semi-Urban 8 6 8 6

Urban 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

44

Table No: 5.1.11.: Purpose of joining SHG\NHG


Chart No: 5.1.11.: Purpose of joining SHG\NHG

The above table and chart depicts the purpose of joining SHG\NHG of SKDRDP and

Kudumbasree.

In case of SKDRDP,26 percent respondents joined SHG for getting loan facility,25 percent joined

the group to accumulate savings,16 percent for family commitments,8 percent for expansion of

business,12 percent for settlement of old debts,13 percent for social status. Whereas in case of 28

percent respondents joined NHG for getting loan facility,24 percent joined the group to

accumulate savings,16 percent for family commitments, 9 percent for expansion of business,13

percent for settlement of old debts,11 percent for social status.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

For getting Loan 76

77 76 77

For accumulate saving 73

66 73 66

For family commitment 48

46 48 46

For expansion of business 23

24 23 24

Settlement of old debts 35

35 35 35

For social Status 39

32 39 32

Total 294

280 100 100

45

Table No: 5.1.12.: Duration of SHG\NHG


Chart No: 5.1.12.: Duration of SHG\NHG

The above table and chart depicts duration of SHG of SKDRDP and Kudumbasree. In case of

SKDRDP, 89 percent of the respondents belong to SHG which comes under 1-4 year duration and

11 percent marked 4-5 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree 95 percent respondents belong to

SHG which comes under 1-4 year duration and 5 percent marked 4-5 years. In both the case no

respondents belongs to the SHG with duration of more than 5-6 years and above 6 years.

Particulars No. of respondents

Percentage

SKDRDP Kudumbasree SKDRDP Kudumbasree

1-4 years 89 95 89 95

4-5 years 11 5 11 5

5-6 years 0 0 0 0

6 year & above 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

46

Table No.: 5.1.13.: Duration of Membership


Chart No.: 5.1.13.: Duration of Membership

The above table and chart depicts duration of membership in SHG\NHG of SKDRDP and

Kudumbasree. In case of SKDRDP, 79 percent of the respondents are members with duration of

1- 4 years and 21 percent marked 4-5 year. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 64 percent of the

respondents are members, with duration of 1- 4 years and 36 percent marked 4-5 year. No

response for 5-6 years and 6 years and above in both the cases.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

1-4 years 79

64 79 64

4-5 years 21

36 21 36

5-6 years 0

0 0 0

6 year & above 0

0 0 0

Total 100

100 100 100

47

5.2. Performance Indicator:

Table No: 5.2.1.: Changes in income pattern


Chart No.: 5.2.1.: Changes in income pattern

The above table and chart depicts change in income after becoming SHG member. In case of

SKDRDP, 87 percent of the respondents said that their income has increased after becoming SHG

member and13 percent marked neutral. Whereas in case ofKudumbasree, 57 percent respondents

said that their income has increased after becoming SHG member and 43 percent marked neutral.

No responses for decreased in both the cases.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Increased 87

57 87 57

Neutral 13

43 13 43

Decreased 0

0 0 0

Total 100

100 100 100

48

Table No: 5.2.2.: Monthly saving of the respondent before membership


Chart No: 5.2.2.: Monthly saving

The above table and chart depicts the monthly savings of SHG members before joining the group.

In case of SKDRDP, 90 percent respondents said that they had no saving before joining SHG, 5

percent marked savings between 500-1000 and 5 percent opted for 1000-1500. Whereas in case of

Kudumbasree, 80 percent respondents said that no saving before joining SHG, 12 percent marked

savings between 500-1000 and 8 percent opted for 1000-1500. No responses for less than 500 and

more than 1500 in both the cases.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

No saving 90

80 90 80

<500 0

0 0 0

500-1000 5

12 5 12

1000-1500 5

8 5 8

Total 100

100 100 100

49

Table No: 5.2.3.: Change in saving pattern after membership


Chart No: 5.2.3.: Change in saving pattern

The above table and chart depicts the monthly savings of SHG members after joining the group.

In case of SKDRDP, 85 percent of the respondents said that their savings has increased after

becoming SHG member, 15 percent marked neutral. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 75 percent

respondents said that their savings has increased after becoming SHG member, 25 percent marked

neutral. No responses for decreased in both the cases.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Increased 85 75 85 75

Neutral 15 25 15 25

Decreased 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

50

Table No: 5.2.4.: Loan availed through SHG \NHG


Chart No: 5.2.4.: Loan availed

The above table and chart depicts the monthly savings of SHG members after joining the group

membership. In case of SKDRDP, 14 percent respondents availed loan below Rs.5000, 21 percent

said between 5000-10000, 19 percent opted for 10000-15000 and 46 percent for more than 20000.

Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,19 percent respondents availed loan below Rs.5000, 12 percent

said 5000-10000, 25 percent opted for 10000-15000 and 44 percent for more than 20000.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasre

e

<Rs5000 14

19 14 19

Rs5000-Rs10000 21

12 21 12

Rs10000-Rs20000 19

25 19 25

>Rs20000 46

44 46 44

Total 100

100 100 100

51

Table No: 5.2.5.: Purpose for which loan taken


Chart No: 5.2.5.: Purpose

The above table and chart depicts the purpose of loan taken from the group. In case of SKDRDP,

14 percent respondent‟s availed loan for business purpose, 31 percent marked for medical

emergency, 14 percent said for family function, 36 percent for agriculture purpose and 5 percent

said to settle earlier loan. Whereas in case ofKudumbasree,19 percent respondents availed loan

for business purpose, 32 percent marked for medical emergency,11 percent said for family

function,8 percent for agriculture purpose,10 percent for building new house/renovation and 20

percent said to settle earlier loan.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Business 14 19 14 19

Medical Emergency 31 32 31 32

Family Function 14 11 14 11

Agriculture 36 8 36 8

Building new house/Renovation 0 10 0 10

Settle earlier loan 5 20 5 20

Total 100 100 100 100

52

Table No: 5.2.6.: Repayment of loan


Chart No: 5.2.6.: Repayment of loan

The above table and chart depicts the repayment of loan taken from the group. In case of

SKDRDP, 65 percent respondents marked repayment on time, 30 percent said repayment in

advance,5 percent opted for repayment not in time. Whereas in case ofKudumbasree, 33 percent

respondents marked repayment on time, 25 percent said repayment in advance, 42 percent opted

for repayment not in time. No response for not repaid at all.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Repayment on time 65 33 65 33

Repayment in advance 30 25 30 25

Repayment not in time 5 42 5 42

Not repaid at all time 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

53

Table No: 5.2.7.: Interest charged on loan outstanding


Chart No: 5.2.7.: Interest charged on loan outstanding

The above table and chart depicts the interest charged on loan outstanding. In case of SKDRDP, 1

percent respondents marked less than 10%, 60 percent for 10%-12%, 25 percent said 12%-

15%and 14 percent opted for more than 15%. Whereas in case ofKudumbasree, 1 percent

respondents marked less than 10%, 49 percent for 10%-12%, 30 percent said 12%-15% and 20

percent opted for more than 15%.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

<10% 1

1 1 1

10%-12% 60

49 60 49

12%-15% 25

30 25 30

>15% 14

20 14 20

Total 100

100 100 100

54

Table No: 5.2.8.: Satisfaction towards performance of SHG\NHG


Chart No: 5.2.8.: Satisfaction towards performance of SHG\NHG

The above table and chart depicts the satisfaction level towards performance of SHG. In case of

SKDRDP, 70 percent respondents said highly satisfied, 28 percent said satisfied, 1 percent said

neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, 1 percent marked dissatisfied. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,

40 percent respondents said highly satisfied, 49 percent said satisfied 10 percent said neither

satisfied nor dissatisfied, 1 percent marked dissatisfied. No response for highly dissatisfied in case

of both organization.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Highly Satisfied 70

40 70 40

Satisfied 28

49 28 49

Neither satisfied nor

dissatisfied 1

10 1 10

Dissatisfied 1

1 1 1

Highly dissatisfied 0

0 0 0

Total 100

100 100 100

55

Table No: 5.2.9.: Frequency of SHG\NHG meeting


Chart No: 5.2.9.: Frequency of SHG\NHG meeting

The above table and chart depicts the frequency of meeting conducted in SHG\NHG. In case of

SKDRDP, 5 percent respondent said weekly once, 22 percent respondent said fortnightly, 3

percent marked monthly once and70 percent respondent said at regular interval. Whereas in case

ofKudumbasree,45 percent respondent said weekly once, 13 percent respondent said fortnightly, 4

percent marked monthly once and 38 percent said at regular interval. No response for not at

regular intervals in case of both organizations.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Weekly Once 5

45 5 15

Fortnightly 22

13 22 13

Monthly 3

4 3 4

At regular intervals 70

38 70 68

Not at regular intervals 0

0 0 0

Total 100

100 100 100

56

Table No: 5.2.10.(a): Group attendance register maintained by SHG\NHG


Chart No: 5.2.10.(a): Attendance register

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding attendance register maintained by

SHG. In case of SKDRDP, 98 percent of the respondent said that they maintain proper attendance

register and 2 percent said no for that. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 100 percent respondent

said that they maintain proper attendance register


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasre

e

Yes 98

100 98 100

No 2

0 2 0

Total 100

100 100 100

57

Table No: 5.2.10.(b): Group Loan ledger maintained by SHG\NHG


Chart No: 5.2.10.(b): Group Loan ledger

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding loan ledger maintained by SHG. In

case of SKDRDP,92 percent respondent said that they maintain proper loan ledger and 8 percent

said no for that. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 93 percent respondent said that they maintain

proper loan ledger and 7 percent said no for that.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasr

ee

Yes 92

93 92 93

No 8

7 8 7

Total 100

100 100 100

58

Table No: 5.2.10.(c): Cash book maintained by SHG\NHG


Chart No: 5.2.10.(c): Cash book

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding cash book maintained by SHG. In

case of SKDRDP, 91 percent respondent said that they maintain proper cash book and 2 percent

said no for that. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 90 percent respondent said that they maintain

proper cash book and 10 percent said no for that.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Yes 91

90 91 90

No 9

10 9 10

Total 100

100 100 100

59

Table No: 5.2.10.(d): Bank pass book maintained by SHG\NHG


Chart No: 5.2.10.(d): Bank pass book

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding attendance register maintained by

SHG. In case of SKDRDP, 97 percent respondent said that they maintain bank pass book 3

percent said no for that. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 98 percent respondent said that they

maintain bank pass book 2 percent said no for that.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Yes 97 98

97 98

No 3 2

3 2

Total 100 100

100 100

60

Table No: 5.2.10.(e): Individual pass book maintained by SHG\NHG


Chart No: 5.2.10.(e): Individual pass book

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding individual pass book maintained by

SHG. In case of SKDRDP,95 percent respondent said that they maintain individual pass book and

5 percent said no for that. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 93 percent respondent said that they

maintain individual pass book and 7 percent said no for that.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Yes 95

93

95 93

No 5

7

5 7

Total 100

100

100 100

61

Table No: 5.2.10(f): Repayment particulars maintained by SHG\NHG


Chart No: 5.2.10(f): Repayment particulars maintained by SHG\NHG

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding repayment particulars maintained by

SHG. In case of SKDRDP, 87 percent of the respondents said that they maintain repayment

particulars in their group and 13 percent said no for that. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 85

percent respondent said that they maintain repayment particulars in their group and 15 percent

said no for that.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Yes 87

85 87 85

No 13

15 13 15

Total 100

100 100 100

62

5.3. Impact factors:

Table No: 5.3.1.: Monthly income before and after joining SHG\NHG


Chart No: 5.3.1.: Monthly income before and after joining SHG\NHG

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding monthly income before and after

joining. In case of SKDRDP, regarding income before joining the group, 13 percent respondent

said no income, 45 percent respondent said income is less than Rs. 3000, 31 percent respondent

said income is between 3000-5000, 6 percent marked 5000-7000 and 5 percent opted for more

than 7000. For income after joining the group, 10 percent said less than 3000, 33 percent said

3000-5000, 28 percent said 5000-7000 and 29 percent said more than 7000.Whereas in case of

Kudumbasree, the income before joining the group, 13 percent respondent said no income, 48

percent respondent said income less than Rs. 3000, 25 percent respondent said income between

3000-5000, 9 percent marked 5000-7000 and 5 percent opted for more than 7000. For income

after joining the group, 13 percent said less than 3000, 30 percent said 3000-5000, 25 percent said

5000-7000 and 32 percent said more than 7000.

Particulars SKDRDP Kudumbasree

Before

joining

%

After

joining

% Before

joining

% After

joining

%

No Income 13 13 0 0 13 13 0 0

<3000 45 45 10 10 48 48 13 13

3000-5000 31 31 33 33 25 25 30 30

5000-7000 6 6 28 28 9 9 25 25

>7000 5 5 29 29 5 5 32 32

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

63

Table No: 5.3.2.: Monthly Expenditure Before and After Joining SHG\NHG


Chart No: 5.3.2.: Monthly Expenditure Before and After Joining SHG\NHG

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding monthly expenditure before and after

joining. In case of SKDRDP, the expenditure before joining the group, 28 percent of the

respondent said less than 1000, 38 percent of the respondent said 1000-2000, 29 percent of the

respondent said 2000-3000, 5 percent marked more than 3000. For expenditure after joining the

group,5 percent respondent said less than 1000, 24 percent respondent said 1000-2000, 27 percent

respondent said 2000-3000, 44 percent marked more than 3000. Whereas in case of

Kudumbasree, for expenditure before joining the group, 30 percent respondent said less than

1000, 44 percent respondent said 1000-2000, 21 percent respondent said 2000-3000, 5 percent

marked more than 3000. For expenditure after joining the group,6 percent respondent said less

than 1000, 31 percent respondent said 1000-2000,28 percent respondent said 2000-3000,35

percent marked more than 3000.

Particulars SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Before

joining

%

After

joining

%

Before

joining

% After

joining

%

<1000 28 28 5 5 30 30 6 6

1000-2000 38 38 24 24 44 44 31 31

2000-3000 29 29 27 27 21 21 28 28

>3000 5 5 44 44 5 5 35 35

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

64

Table No: 5.3.3.(a): Increase in monthly income and time taken for such effect


Chart No: 5.3.3. (a): Effect of SHG

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding increase in monthly income and the

time taken for such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 49 said that increase in monthly income is

achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 35 percent respondent said within 1-2 year, 16

percent said after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 45 said that increase in monthly

income is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 23 percent respondent said within 1-2

year, 32 percent said after 3 years.

Particular

s

No. of respondents Percentage

SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

<1 Year 49

45 49 45

1-2 Years 35

23 35 23

>3 Years 16

32 16 32

Total 100

100 100 100

65

Table No: 5.3.3.(b): Increase in monthly savings and time taken for such effect


Chart No: 5.3.3.(b): Increase in monthly savings and time taken for such effect

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding increase in monthly savings and the

time taken for such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 32 percent said that increase in monthly savings

is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 47 percent respondent said within 1-2 year, 21

percent said after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 39 percent said that increase in

monthly savings is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 45 percent respondent said

within 1-2 year, 16 percent said after 3 years.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

<1 Year 32

39 32 39

1-2 Years 47

45 47 45

>3 Years 21

16 21 16

Total 100

100 100 100

66

Table No: 5.3.3.(c): Increase in monthly expenditure and time taken for such effect


Chart No: 5.3.3.(c): Increase in monthly expenditure and time taken for such effect

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding increase in monthly expenditure and

the time taken for such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 29 percent said that increase in monthly

expenditure has taken place within 1 year of membership in group, 35 percent respondent said

within 1-2 year, 36 percent said after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 14 said that

increase in monthly expenditure has taken place within 1 year of membership in group, 42 percent

respondent said within 1-2 year, 44 percent said after 3 year.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

<1 Year 29

14 29 14

1-2 Years 35

42 35 42

>3 Years 36

44 36 44

Total 100

100 100 100

67

Table No: 5.3.3.(d): Increase in standard of living and time taken for such effect


Chart No: 5.3.3.(d): Increase in standard of living and time taken for such effect

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding increase in standard of living and the

time taken for such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 26 percent of the respondent said that increase in

standard of living has taken place within 1 year of membership in group, 27 percent respondent

said within 1-2 year, 47 percent said after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 23 said that

increase in standard of living has taken place within 1 year of membership in group, 45 percent

respondent said within 1-2 year, 32 percent said after 3 years.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

<1 Year 26 23 26 23

1-2 Years 27 45 27 45

>3 Years 47 32 47 32

Total 100 100 100 100

68

Table No: 5.3.4.(a): Social security


Chart No: 5.3.4.(a): Social security

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding social security and the time taken for

such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 51 percent respondent said that social security is achieved

within 1 year of membership in group, 23 percent respondent said within 1-2 year, 26 percent said

after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 59 percent said that percent respondent said that

social security is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 26 percent respondent said



SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

<1 Year 51 59

51 59

1-2 Years 23 26

23 26

>3 Years 26 15

26 15

Total 100 100

100 100

69

Table No: 5.3.4.(b): Participation in local activity and time taken for such effect


5.3.4.(b): Participation in local activity and time taken for such effect

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding participation in local activity and

time taken for such effect .In case of SKDRDP, 16 percent of respondent said that participation in

local activity is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 49 percent respondent said within

1-2 year, 35 percent said after 3 years. Whereas in case ofKudumbasree, 18 percent of respondent

said that participation in local activity is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 56

percent respondent said within 1-2 year, 26 percent said after 3 years.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

<1 Year 16 18

16 18

1-2 Years 49 56

49 56

>3 Years 35 26

35 26

Total 100 100

100 100

70

Table No: 5.3.4.(c): Access to financial service


Chart No: 5.3.4.(c): Access to financial service

The above table and chart reveals the information regarding access to financial services and the

time taken for such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 15 percent respondent said that access to financial

services is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 42 percent respondent said within 1-2

year, 43 percent said after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 17 percent respondent said

that access to financial services is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 36 percent



SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

<1 Year 15

17 15 17

1-2 Years 42

36 42 36

>3 Years 43

47 43 47

Total 100

100 100 100

71

Table No: 5.3.4.(d): Social awareness


Chart No: 5.3.4.(d): Social awareness

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding social awareness and the time taken

for such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 26 percent respondent said that social awareness is achieved

within 1 year of membership in group, 33 percent respondent said within 1-2 year, 41 percent said

after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 18 percent respondents said that access to

financial services is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 48 percent respondent said



SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

<1 Year 26

18 26 18

1-2 Years 33

48 33 48

>3 Years 41

34 41 34

Total 100

100 100 100

72

Table No: 5.3.4.(e): Increase in social relation


Chart No: 5.3.4.(e): Increase in social relation

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding social relation and the time taken for

such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 25 percent respondent said that increase in social relation is

achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 31 percent respondent said within 1-2 year, 44

percent said after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 15 percent respondent said that

access to financial services is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 35 percent



SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

<1 Year 25 15

25 15

1-2 Years 31 35

31 35

>3 Years 44 50

44 50

Total 100 100

100 100

73

5.4. Empowerment factor

Table No: 5.4.1(a): Level of personal empowerment: Confidence level


Chart No: 5.4.1(a): Confidence level

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of personal empowerment:

confidence level .In case of SKDRDP, 32 percent respondent said very high, 54 percent said high,

12 percent marked moderate and 2 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 26

percent respondent said very high, 59 percent said high, 13 percent marked moderate and 2

percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 32 26

32 26

High 54 59

54 59

Moderate 12 13

12 13

Low 2 2

2 2

Very Low 0 0

0 0

Total 100 100

100 100

74

Table No: 5.4.1.(b): Level of personal empowerment: Independence


Chart No: 5.4.1.(b): Independence


independence. In case of SKDRDP, 27 percent respondent said very high, 53 percent said high,





SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 27 26 27 26

High 53 57 53 57

Moderate 17 15 17 15

Low 3 2 3 2

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

75

Table No: 5.4.1.(c): Level of personal empowerment: self respect


Chart No: 5.4.1.(c): Self respect

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of personal empowerment: self

respect. In case of SKDRDP, 43 percent respondent said very high, 37 percent said high, 18

percent marked moderate and 2 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 37




SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 43 37

43 37

High 37 41

37 41

Moderate 18 18

18 18

Low 2 4

2 4

Very Low 0 0

0 0

Total 100 100

100 100

76

Table No: 5.4.1.(d): Level of personal empowerment: mutual respect


Chart No: 5.4.1.(d): Mutual respect


mutual respect. In case of SKDRDP, 31 percent respondent said very high, 53 percent said high,





SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 31 31

31 31

High 53 54

53 54

Moderate 13 12

13 12

Low 3 3

3 3

Very Low 0 0

0 0

Total 100 100

100 100

77

Table No: 5.4.1.(e): Level of Personal Empowerment: Family Acceptance


Chart No: 5.4.1.(e): Level of Personal Empowerment: Family Acceptance


family acceptance. In case of SKDRDP, 34 percent respondent said very high, 42 percent said

high, 21 percent marked moderate and 3 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,

32 percent respondent said very high, 41 percent said high, 24 percent marked moderate and 3



SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 34

32 34 32

High 42

41 42 41

Moderate 21

24 21 24

Low 3

3 3 3

Very Low 0

0 0 0

Total 100

100 100 100

78

Table No: 5.4.1.(f): Level of Personal Empowerment: Relative Acceptance


Chart No: 5.4.1.(f): Level of Personal Empowerment: Relative Acceptance


relative acceptance. In case of SKDRDP, 27 percent respondent said very high, 39 percent said





SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 27

29 27 29

High 39

41 39 41

Moderate 26

24 26 24

Low 8

6 8 6

Total 100

100 100 100

79

Table No: 5.4.2(a): Level of Social Empowerment: Organization Skill


Chart No: 5.4.2(a): Level of Social Empowerment: Organization Skill

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of social empowerment:

organization skill. In case of SKDRDP, 33 percent respondent said very high, 41 percent said





SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 33

25 33 25

High 41

48 41 48

Moderate 21

20 21 20

Low 5

7 5 7

Very Low 0

0 0 0

Total 100

100 100 100

80

Table No: 5.4.2(b): Level of Social Empowerment: Group Cohesiveness


Chart No: 5.4.2(b): Level of Social Empowerment: Group Cohesiveness

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of social empowerment: group

cohesiveness . In case of SKDRDP, 26 percent respondent said very high, 50 percent said high,





SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 26 25 26 25

High 50 51 50 51


Low 3 3 3 3

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

81

Table No: 5.4.2(c): Level of social empowerment: Interactive skill


Chart No: 5.4.2(c): Level of social empowerment: Interactive skill


interactive skill . In case of SKDRDP, 32 percent respondent said very high, 52 percent said





SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 32 26 32 26

High 52 58 52 58


Low 5 4 5 4

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

82

Table No: 5.4.2(d): Level of social empowerment: public speaking


Chart No: 5.4.2(d): Level of social empowerment: public speaking

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of social empowerment: public

speaking . In case of SKDRDP, 24 percent respondent said very high, 36 percent said high, 35

percent marked moderate and 5 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 20




SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 24 20 24 20

High 36 40 36 40


Low 5 10 5 10

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

83

Table No: 5.4.2(e): Level of social empowerment: awareness on rights


Chart No: 5.4.2(e): Level of social empowerment: awareness on rights


awareness on right . In case of SKDRDP, 24 percent respondent said very high, 44 percent said



percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 24

22 24 22

High 44

42 44 42

Moderate 25

28 25 28

Low 7

8 7 8

Very Low 0

0 0 0

Total 100

100 100 100

84

Table No: 5.4.2.(f): Level of social empowerment: acceptance in society


Chart No: 5.4.2.(f): Level of social empowerment: acceptance in society


acceptance in society . In case of SKDRDP, 23 percent respondent said very high, 45 percent said

high, 20 percent marked moderate and 12 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of

Kudumbasree, 30 percent respondent said very high, 35 percent said high, 13 percent marked

moderate and 22 percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 23 30 23 30

High 45 35 45 35


Low 12 22 12 22

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

85

Table No: 5.4.2.(g): Level of social empowerment: Awareness on social problems


Chart No: 5.4.2.(g): Level of social empowerment: Awareness on social problems


awareness on social problems. In case of SKDRDP, 18 percent respondent said very high, 53

percent said high, 24 percent marked moderate and 5 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of


moderate and 4 percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 18 15 18 15

High 53 56 53 56


Low 5 4 5 4

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

86

Table No: 5.4.2.(h): Level of social empowerment: participation in social programmers


Chart No: 5.4.2.(h): Level of social empowerment: participation in social programmers


participation in social programmers. In case of SKDRDP, 26 percent respondent said very high,

54 percent said high, 15 percent marked moderate and 5 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of




SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 26 22 26 22

High 54 57 54 57


Low 5 4 5 4

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

87

Table No: 5.4.2.(i): Level of social empowerment: Membership in other organization


Chart No: 5.4.2.(i): Level of social empowerment: Membership in other organization


membership in other organization. In case of SKDRDP, 16 percent respondent said very high, 51



moderate and 7 percent opted for low. 1 percent respondent marked very low in both the case.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 16 18

16 18

High 51 51

51 51

Moderate 23 23

23 23

Low 9 7

9 7

Very Low 1 1

1 1

Total 100 100

100 100

88

Table No: 5.4.3.(a): Level of economic empowerment: Employment opportunity


Chart No: 5.4.3.(a): Level of economic empowerment: Employment opportunity

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of economic empowerment:

employment opportunity. In case of SKDRDP, 24 percent respondent said very high, 41 percent

said high, 31 percent marked moderate, 3 percent opted for low and 1 percent opted for very low.

Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 24 percent respondent said very high, 45 percent said high, 28

percent marked moderate, 2 percent opted for low and 1 percent opted for very low. No response

for very low in both the case.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 24 24 24 24

High 41 45 41 45


Low 3 2 3 2

Very Low 1 1 1 1

Total 100 100 100 100

89

Table No: 5.4.3.(b): Level of economic empowerment: Technical skill


Chart No: 5.4.3.(b): Level of economic empowerment: Technical skill


technical skill. In case of SKDRDP, 26 percent respondent said very high, 35 percent said high,





SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 26 29 26 29

High 35 34 35 34


Low 9 10 9 10

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

90

Table No: 5.4.3.(c): Level of economic empowerment: Entrepreneurial skill


Chart No: 5.4.3.(c): Level of economic empowerment: Entrepreneurial skill


entrepreneurial skill. In case of SKDRDP, 31 percent respondent said very high, 38 percent said

high, 19 percent marked moderate and 12 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of


moderate and 14 percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 31 30 31 30

High 38 34 38 34


Low 12 14 12 14

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

91

Table No: 5.4.3.(d): Level of economic empowerment: Individual and family health


Chart No: 5.4.3.(d): Level of economic empowerment: Individual and family health


individual and family health. In case of SKDRDP, 31 percent respondent said very high, 43





SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 31 29 31 29

High 43 44 43 44


Low 3 4 3 4

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

92

Table No: 5.4.3.(e): Level of economic empowerment: Living condition


Chart No: 5.4.3.(e): Level of economic empowerment: Living condition


living condition. In case of SKDRDP, 23 percent respondent said very high, 53 percent said high,

20 percent marked moderate, 3 percent opted for low and 1 percent marked for very low. Whereas

in case of Kudumbasree, 20 percent respondent said very high, 59 percent said high, 17 percent

marked moderate, 2 percent opted for low and 2 percent marked for very low. No response for

very low in both the case.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 22 20 22 20

High 53 59 53 59


Low 3 2 3 2

Very Low 1 2 1 2

Total 100 100 100 100

93

Table No: 5.4.3.(f): Level of economic empowerment: Economic status


Chart No: 5.4.3.(f): Level of economic empowerment: Economic status


economic status. In case of SKDRDP, 22 percent respondent said very high, 46 percent said high,





SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 20 17 20 17

High 46 51 46 51


Low 5 6 5 6

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

94

Table No: 5.4.3.(g): Level of economic empowerment: Social security


Chart No: 5.4.3.(g): Level of economic empowerment: Social security


social security. In case of SKDRDP, 21 percent respondent said very high, 58 percent said high,


percent respondent said very high, 60 percent said high, 17 percent marked moderate and 4percent

opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 19 19 19 19

High 58 60 58 60


Low 4 4 4 4

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

95

Table No: 5.4.4.(a): Level of overall empowerment: Income


Chart No: 5.4.4.(a): Level of overall empowerment: Income

The above table and chart depicts the information level of overall empowerment: income. In case

of SKDRDP, 30 percent respondent said very high, 39 percent said high and 31 percent marked

moderate. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 25 percent respondent said very high, 46 percent

said high and 29 percent marked moderate. No response for low and very low in both the case.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 29 25 29 25

High 39 46 39 46


Low 0 0 0 0

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

96

Table No: 5.4.4.(b): Level of overall empowerment: Savings


Chart No: 5.4.4.(b): Level of overall empowerment: Savings

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of overall empowerment:

savings. In case of SKDRDP, 25 percent respondent said very high, 31 percent said high and 44

percent marked moderate. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 28 percent respondent said very

high, 33 percent said high and 39 percent marked moderate. No response for low and very low in

both the case.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 25 28 25 28

High 31 33 31 33


Low 0 0 0 0

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

97

Table No: 5.4.4.(c): Level of overall empowerment: Expenditure


Chart No: 5.4.4.(c): Level of overall empowerment: Expenditure


expenditure. In case of SKDRDP, 25 percent respondent said very high, 25percent said high and

50 percent marked moderate. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 22 percent respondent said very

high, 31 percent said high and 47 percent marked moderate. No response for low and very low in

both the case.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 25 22 25 22

High 25 31 25 31


Low 0 0 0 0

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

98

Table No: 5.4.4.(d): Level of overall empowerment: Financial management skill


Chart No: 5.4.4.(d): Level of overall empowerment: Financial management skill


financial management skill. In case of SKDRDP, 24 percent respondent said very high, 50 percent

said high, 25 percent marked moderate and 1 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of




SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 24 25 24 25

High 50 50 50 50


Low 1 2 1 2

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

99

Table No: 5.4.4.(e): Level of overall empowerment: Personal belongings


Chart No: 5.4.4.(e): Level of overall empowerment: Personal belongings


personal belongings. In case of SKDRDP, 31 percent respondent said very high, 44 percent said





SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 31 27 31 27

High 44 50 44 50


Low 1 2 1 2

Very Low 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

100

Table No: 5.4.4.(f): Level of overall empowerment: Financial security


Chart No: 5.4.4.(f): Level of overall empowerment: Financial security

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding: level of overall empowerment:

financial security. In case of SKDRDP, 25 percent respondent said very high, 57 percent said





SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Very High 25

21 25 21

High 57

60 57 60

Moderate 16

15 16 15

Low 2

4 2 4

Very Low 0

0 0 0

Total 100

100 100 100

101

5.5. Satisfaction indicators:

Table No: 5.5.1.: Satisfaction towards co-ordination and co-operation of group members


Chart No: 5.5.1.: Satisfaction towards co-ordination and co-operation of group members

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding satisfaction towards co-ordination

and co-operation of group member. In case of SKDRDP, 35 percent respondent said highly

satisfied, 62 percent said satisfied and 3 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied whereas

in case of Kudumbasree, 21 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 75 percent said satisfied and

4 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. No response for dissatisfied and highly

dissatisfied in both the case.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Highly Satisfied 35 21 35 21

Satisfied 62 75 62 75

Neither Satisfied nor

Dissatisfied

3 4 3 4

Dissatisfied 0 0 0 0

Highly Dissatisfied 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100

102

Table No: 5.5.2.: Satisfaction towards institution approach for development


Chart No: 5.5.2.: Satisfaction towards institution approach for development

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding satisfaction towards institution

approach for development. In case of SKDRDP, 37 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 58

percent said satisfied and 5 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied whereas in case of

Kudumbasree, 12 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 79 percent said satisfied and 9 percent

marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. No response for dissatisfied and highly dissatisfied in

both the case.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree




Dissatisfied

5 9 5 9



Total 100 100 100 100

103

Table No: 5.5.3.: Satisfaction towards training and awareness programme conducts by

SHG\NHG


Chart No: 5.5.3.: Satisfaction towards training and awareness programme conducts by

SHG\NHG

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding: satisfaction towards training and

awareness programme conducts by SHG. In case of SKDRDP, 34 percent respondent said highly

satisfied, 60 percent said satisfied, 5 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied and 1

percent marked dissatisfied .Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 37 percent respondent said highly

satisfied, 59 percent said satisfied , 3 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied and 1

percent marked dissatisfied. No response for highly dissatisfied in both the case.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree




Dissatisfied

5 3 5 3



Total 100 100 100 100

104

Table No: 5.5.4.: Satisfaction towards level of economic empowerment


Chart No: 5.5.4.: Satisfaction towards level of economic empowerment

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding: satisfaction towards level of

economic empowerment. In case of SKDRDP, 33 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 58

percent said satisfied and 9 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied .Whereas in case of

Kudumbasree, 30 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 56 percent said satisfied and 14

percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. No response for dissatisfied and highly

dissatisfied in both the case.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree




Dissatisfied

9 14 9 14



Total 100 100 100 100

105

Table No: 5.5.5.: Satisfaction towards level of social empowerment


Chart No: 5.5.5.: Satisfaction towards level of social empowerment

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding satisfaction towards level of social

empowerment. In case of SKDRDP, 36 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 59 percent said

satisfied and 5 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied .Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,

33 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 63 percent said satisfied and 4 percent marked neither

satisfied nor dissatisfied. No response for dissatisfied and highly dissatisfied in both the case.


SKDRP

Kudumbasree SKDRP

Kudumbasree




Dissatisfied

5 4 5 4



Total 100 100 100 100

106

Table No: 5.5.6.: Satisfaction towards overall empowerment


Chart No: 5.5.6.: Satisfaction towards overall empowerment

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding satisfaction towards overall

empowerment. In case of SKDRDP, 35 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 49 percent said

satisfied 12 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied and 4 percent marked dissatisfied

.Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 32 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 53 percent said

satisfied ,13 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied and 2 percent said dissatisfied . No

response for highly dissatisfied in both the case.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree




Dissatisfied

12 13 12 13



Total 100 100 100 100

107

Table No: 5.5.7.(a): Reduction in poverty after joining SHG


Chart No: 5.5.7.(a): Reduction in poverty after joining SHG

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding reduction in poverty after joining

SHG .In case of SKDRDP, 4 percent respondent strongly disagree, 10 percent said disagree 21

percent marked netural,38 percent marked agree and 27 percent strongly agree .Whereas in case

of Kudumbasree, 3 percent respondent strongly disagree, 6 percent said disagree 26 percent

marked netural,43 percent marked agree and 22 percent strongly agree.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree

Strongly Disagree 4 3 4 3

Disagree 10 6 10 6

Neutral 21 26 21 26

Agree 38 43 38 43

Strongly Agree 27 22 27 22

Total 100 100 100 100

108

Table No: 5.5.7.(b): Self dependence after joining the group


Chart No: 5.5.7.(b): Self dependence after joining the group

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding self dependence after joining the

group .In case of SKDRDP, 3 percent respondent strongly disagree, 6 percent said disagree 20

percent marked neutral, 39 percent marked agree and 32 percent strongly agree .Whereas in case

of Kudumbasree, 2 percent respondent strongly disagree, 5 percent said disagree 26 percent

marked neutral, 38 percent marked agree and 29 percent strongly agree.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree


Disagree 6 5 6 5

Neutral 20 26 20 26

Agree 39 38 39 38


Total 100 100 100 100

109

Table No: 5.5.7.(c): Increase in living standard


Chart No: 5.5.7.(c): Increase in living standard

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding increase in living standard .In case of

SKDRDP, 3 percent respondent strongly disagree, 6 percent said disagree 30 percent marked

netural,35 percent marked agree and 26 percent strongly agree .Whereas in case of

Kudumbasree,1 percent respondent strongly disagree, 7 percent said disagree 36 percent marked

netural,32 percent marked agree and 24 percent strongly agree.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree


Disagree 6 7 6 7

Neutral 30 36 30 36

Agree 35 32 35 32


Total 100 100 100 100

110

Table No: 5.5.7.(d): Easy to repay the debts


Chart No: 5.5.7.(d): Easy to repay the debts

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding easy to repay the debts. In case of

SKDRDP, 9 percent respondent strongly disagree, 14 percent said disagree 31 percent marked

netural,38 percent marked agree and 8 percent strongly agree .Whereas in case of

Kudumbasree,14 percent respondent strongly disagree, 17 percent said disagree 28 percent

marked netural,33 percent marked agree and 8 percent strongly agree.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree


Disagree 14 17 14 17

Netural 31 28 31 28

Agree 38 33 38 33


Total 100 100 100 100

111

Table No: 5.5.7.(e): Satisfied towards interest rate


Chart No: 5.5.7.(e): Satisfied towards interest rate

The above table and chart depicts the information regarding satisfied with the interest rate. In case

of SKDRDP, 11 percent respondent strongly disagree, 10 percent said disagree 25 percent marked

netural,48 percent marked agree and 6percent strongly agree .Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,14

percent respondent strongly disagree, 13 percent said disagree 28 percent marked netural,39

percent marked agree and 6 percent strongly agree.


SKDRDP

Kudumbasree SKDRDP

Kudumbasree


Disagree 10 13 10 13

Neutral 25 28 25 28

Agree 48 39 48 39


Total 100 100 100 100

112

CHAPTER –VI

FINDING, SUGGESTION

AND CONCLUSIO.N

113

FINDING, SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

Findings:

1. The study clearly indicates that more number of youngsters are working in SHG groups

which is promoted by SKDRDP when compared with NHG members of Kudumbasree.

2. The study clearly indicates that majority (81%) of members of Kudumbasree NHG groups

are highly educated when compared to SHG members of SKDRDP.

3. Study shows that, in both the group majority (91%) husband is the head of the family.

4. Regarding type of the family majority of respondent are living as nuclear family.

5. About 74% respondents had a monthly income more than RS.7000.

6. The study clearly shows that in both the institution majority of respondent are married.

7. Majority of the respondent belongs to rural area.

8. A great majority of the respondents (80%) had been members of the SHGs\NHG s for

more than three years.

9. Majority of respondent said that interest charged on loan outstanding is 10%-12%.

10. Majority of (70%) of the SKDRDP respondent are highly satisfied with SHG performance

whereas in Kudumbashree majority (49%) respondent are satisfied.

11. Majority (45%) of Kudumbashree member conduct weekly meeting where as in SKDRDP

they conduct meeting at a regular interval.

12. Majority (35%) respondent of SHG and (21%) respondent of NHG are highly satisfied

towards co-ordination and co-operation of the group member.


towards training and awareness programme conducted by their institution.


towards level of economic empowerment after becoming the members of the group.

114


towards level of social empowerment after becoming the members of the group.


towards level of overall empowerment after becoming the members of the group.

17. Majority (27%) respondent of SHG and (22%) respondent of NHG strongly agree that

reduction in poverty resulted after becoming the member of the group.

18. Majority (32%) respondent of SHG and (29%) respondent of NHG strongly agree that self

dependence has been achieved after becoming the member of the group.


living standard has increased after becoming the member of the group.

20. Majority (38%) respondent of SHG and (33%) respondent of NHG strongly agree that it is

easy to pay debts after becoming the member of the group


they are satisfied with the interest rate charged on the loan borrowed from the group.


towards institutional approach for development of the group activity

23. A great majority of respondent of SHG\NHG said that membership in the group has

helped in the significant reduction of poverty, have made them to feel more independent

and has increased their standard of living.

24. Respondents said that support from the institution helped them to repay the principle

amount along with the interest and they are satisfied with the interest charged on loan

taken from the group.

25. Majority of the respondent agreed that time of association got significant impact on the

benefit derived from SHG\NGH. The longer the duration of membership in the group the

better the benefit they receive from the group.

26. The respondent agreed that SHG\NHG programmes helped them to come forward to

become self dependent and self employed which in turn ensures their well being and

growth. They have also learned to take decision regarding socio-economic matters.

115

27. Majority (93%) respondent of SHG\NGH marked income less 3000 before joining the

SHG\NHG, but after becoming the member in the group they stared earning reasonably.

The awareness of opportunities created by the organization helped them to start their own

ventures which help them to be economically independent and contribute to the household

income.

28. Majority of respondent said that as the income increased, standard of living also increased

which in turn resulted in increase in expenditure.

29. The member‟s respondent that after joining the group their well-being has been raised.

30. From the results indicate that 65% respondent of SHG and 33% respondent of NGH have

rapid the loan on time, 30% and 25% in Advance, while 5% and 42 % have rapid loan

late.

31. Monthly income of majority of sample respondents has increased after joining SHGs.

32. Majority of sample respondents opined that their power has increased in the Self

expression-decision making in community, village and households after joining SHGs.

33. Microfinance has brought economic empowerment among rural women through increase

in income, Improvement in their savings, income generating activities, reduction in

dependency on money lenders and through reduction in poverty.

34. Microfinance brought social empowerment among rural women through various indicators

like free movement, free views expression and free discussion with government, bankers

and NGO‟s.

35. Social empowerment of rural women is experienced through free movement of women

and free expression of their views.

116

Suggestions:

Women empowerment is as important as other factors for achieving the goals of sustainable

development, the challenges that hampers the growth must be eradicated to entitle full

participation of women in social-economic activities which help to bring changes in their income,

saving ,expenditure and standard of living. The institutions should try to motivate more and more

women‟s with entrepreneurship potential to use the loans for entrepreneurial activities which help

them to generate source of income. Apart from the training programs, the institution should

support the group member to exhibit the talent by arranging proper trade fairs and exhibitions

which will turn as a source for entrepreneurial development motivation to rural people

.Government should take necessary steps to provide liberal loans to SHGs members for business

purposes with low rate of interest. Government and Non Government Organisations should

conduct training/seminars to create awareness about the merits of SHGs and provide counseling

to the members to become successful entrepreneur. Misuse of membership in the group and loan

taken should be checked regularly so to avoid violating the norms of the group. Sufficient amount

of subsidiary has to be provided to the units, so that the beneficiaries may not feel any difficulty

in the repayment of loans.

117

Conclusion:

The SHG have made a lasting impact on the lives of the women particularly in the rural areas of

both the state taken for the study, their quality of life has improved a lot. There is an increase in

their income, savings and expenditure this shows an improvement in their standard of living. The

women have gain self-confidence, they got an opportunity to improve their hidden talents after

joining the SHG, they can speak freely in front of large group of peoples, and they got recognition

in the society. SHG have also given women a greater role in household decision making. The

SHG can play its role in various empowerments like, economic, social, and political. There is an

appreciable empowerment in the social space than economic empowerment. The study shows that

the main reason for joining SHG is not merely to get credit, it is an empowerment process. After

joining the SHG the women are, economically and socially empowered. The analysis clearly

reflects that the SHG movement creates a new economic revolution in the lives of poor women by

way of increasing the income and savings of the rural poor. The microfinance-SHGs have a great

bearing on women empowerment. It has become a ladder for the poor, particularly the women to

bring them up not only economically but also socially, mentally, politically, educationally and

attitudinally.

118

BIBLIOGRAPHY

119

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122

ANNEXURE

123

Respected SHG Members,

I PRIYAKUMARI S.V, Assistant Professor, Department of PG Studies in Commerce,

SDM College Ujire and currently undergoing a project work on “A Comparative Study Of Shg

Organised And Promoted by SKDRDP And Kudumbashree In Dakshina Kannada District

And Kollam District ,Towards Empowerment Of Rural Women”. Please be kind enough to

fill the following questions and cooperate by expressing your frank opinion. Since this study is

purely for the academic purpose, I hereby ensure that the data collected will be used for the

research purpose and shall be kept confidential.

“Your cooperation is our success...”

Thanking you…

Name of the Respondent

Name of your village ____________

Name of your SHG group ____________

General Information

1. Age

a) 18-30 years b) 30-40 years c) 40-50 years

d) 50-60 years e) Above 60

2. Educational qualification:

a) Illiterate b) Schooling

c) Under graduation/diploma d) Post graduate

3. Religion

a) Hindu b) Muslim c) Christian

124

4. Community

a) SC\ST b) OBC c) OC

5. Marital status

a) Married b) Unmarried c) Widow d) Divorced

6. Type of family

a) Nuclear b) Joint

7. Number of dependents in your family

a) Nil b) One

c) Two d) Three

e) > 4 members

8. Number of dependents in your family

a) Nil b)One c)Two d)Three e) > 4 members

9. Who is treated as head of your family?

a) Husband b) Self c) father-in-law

10. Place of Residence

a) Rural b) Semi urban c) Urban

11. Purpose for joining SHG

Purpose Response

For getting loan

For accumulate saving

For family commitment

For expansion of business

Settlement of old debts

For social status

125

12. Duration of your SHG

a) 1-4 years b) 4 – 5 year

c) 5- 6 year e) 6 year and above

13. How long you are the member of the self help group.

a) 1-4 years b) 4 – 5 year

c) 5- 6 year e) 6 year and above

B. Performance Indicator

14. Monthly income of your family

a) less than 3000 b) 3000-5000

c) 5000-7000 d)Above 7000

15. Change in income after becoming SHG member.

a) Increased b) Neutral c) Decreased

16. What is your monthly saving?

17. Change in saving after becoming SHG member

a) Increased b) Neutral c) Decreased

Savings

Rs.

Response

No saving

Less than 500

500-1000

1000-1500

More 1500

126

18. The amount of loan availed through SHG

a)Not availed b)Below 5000 c) RS 5000-10000

d) Rs 10000- 20000 e) above 20000

19. Purpose for which loan taken

a)Business b)Medical emergency c)Family function

e)Agriculture f) Building new house/renovation g) Settle earlier loan

20. Repayment of loan taken from SHG

a) Repayment on time b) Repayment in advance

c) Repayment not in time d) Not repaid at all

21. Interest charged for loan outstanding

a) Less than 10% b) 10% - 12%

c) 12% - 15% d) more than 15%

22. Are you satisfied with working of SHG?

a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied

c) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied d) Dissatisfied

e) Highly dissatisfied

23. What is the frequency of meeting of members in yours SHG?

a) Weekly once b) Fortnightly c) Monthly

d) At regular intervals e) Not at regular interval

127

24. Are the following basic records regularly maintained by SHG?

Records Yes NO

Attendance registrar

Loan ledger

Cash book

Bank pass book

Individual pass book

Repayment particulars

C. Impact factors

25. Monthly income of the members before and after joining SHGs

Monthly income

Rs.

Before joining

SHG

After joining

SHG

No income

Less than 3000

3000-5000

5000-7000

More than 7000

128

26. Monthly family expenditure of the members before and after joining SHGs

Monthly income

Rs.

Before joining

SHG

After

joining

SHG

Less than 1000

1000-2000

2000-3000

Above 3000

27. Mark the effect of SHG and the time taken for such effect

Time of

association

with SHGs/

Effect of SHG

Increase in

monthly

income

Increase in

monthly

savings

Increase in

monthly

expenditure

Increase in

the living

standards

< 1 year

1-2 years

> 3 years

129

28. Mark how SHG has economically benefited you and the time taken for such benefit.

29. Mark how SHG has socially benefited you and the time taken for such benefit

Time of

association

with SHGs/

Effect of SHG

Social

security

Participation

in social

activities

Access

to

financial

services

Social

awareness

Increase

in

social

relation

< 1 year

1-2 years

> 3 years

Time of

association

with SHGs/

Effect of SHG

Possibility

Total

of savings

Self

employment

Increase

in the

living

standards

Economic

empowerment

Increase

in

income

< 1 year

1-2 years

> 3 years

130

D. Empowerment factors

30. Mark the level of personal empowerment you received after becoming the SHG

member

Personal empowerment

attribute

Level of personal empowerment

Very high High Moderate Low Very

low

Confidence

Independence

Self respect

Mutual respect

Family acceptance

Relatives acceptance

31. Mark the level of social empowerment you received after becoming the SHG member.

Social empowerment

attribute

Level of social empowerment

Very high High Moderate Low Very low

Organizational skill

Group cohesiveness

Interactive skills

Public speaking

Awareness on rights

Acceptance in society

Awareness on social

problems

Participation in social

programmes

Membership in other

organizations

131

32. Mark the level of economic empowerment you received after becoming the SHG

member

32. Mark the level of economic empowerment you received after becoming the SHG

member

Economic empowerment

attribute

Level of economic empowerment

Very

high

High Moderate Low Very low

Employment opportunity

Technical skill

Entrepreneurial skill

Individual/family health

Living conditions

Economic status

Social security

Economic empowerment

attribute

Level of economic empowerment

Very

high

High Moderate Low Very low

Employment opportunity

Technical skill

Entrepreneurial skill

Individual/family health

Living conditions

Economic status

Social security

132

E. Satisfaction indicators

34. Are you satisfied with the coordination and cooperation of your group member to

address socio-economic problems.




35. Are you satisfied with the approach of your institution for the development of your

SHG?




36. Mark the level of satisfaction about the training and awareness programme

conducted by SHG.




37. Mark the level of satisfaction about the economic empowerment taken place after

becoming the member of SHG.




133

38. Mark the level of satisfaction about the social empowerment taken place after





39. Mark the level of satisfaction about overall empowerment taken place after





40. Mark your opinion regarding benefit you received after joining SHG

Benefits Strongly

disagree

Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

agree

You feel there is

reduction in poverty

after joining the

SHG

Do you feel self

dependent after

joining SHG

Increase in the living

standard of woman

after joining SHG

Is it easy to repay

the principal amount

plus interest

You are satisfied

with the interest rate

UGC MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT - SDM …sdmcujire.in/userfiles/MRP/MRP_priya kumari.pdf · ugc minor research project report a comparative study of shg organised and promoted by

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