Top Banner
Types of Hypoxia 1
28

Types of Hypoxia

Jan 01, 2016

Download

Documents

lars-kerr

Types of Hypoxia. Hypoxic Hypoxia (Altitude Hypoxia). Reduced O 2 in the lungs (high altitude). A deficiency in Alveolar oxygen exchange. Red blood cells. Body tissue. Hypoxic Hypoxia. Most common type of Hypoxia occur in aviation. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Types of Hypoxia

Types of Hypoxia1

Page 2: Types of Hypoxia

Reduced O2

in the lungs(high

altitude)

Body tissue

Red blood cells

2

Hypoxic Hypoxia (Altitude Hypoxia)

A deficiency

in Alveolar oxygen

exchange

Page 3: Types of Hypoxia

3

Most common type of Hypoxia occur in aviation.

Hypoxic hypoxia occurs when not enough oxygen is in the air or when decreasing atmospheric pressures prevent the diffusion of O2 from the lungs to the bloodstream.

This is the type that is most likely to be encountered at altitude.

The partial pressure of oxygen as it is presented to the blood within the lungs is too low to effectively carry and transfer enough oxygen to the cells of the tissues.

Hypoxic Hypoxia

Page 4: Types of Hypoxia

4

Can be resulted from: Altitude exposure Strangulation (compression of air passage

cause the respiration arrest) Other:

Failure of oxygen system in aircraft Improper use of equipment Failure of depressurization system

Hypoxic Hypoxia

Page 5: Types of Hypoxia

5

Page 6: Types of Hypoxia

6

Occurs at circulatory level.

A condition that interferes within the normal circulation of blood arriving at the cells.

An arm or leg going to sleep because the blood flow has accidentally been shut off is one form of stagnant hypoxia.

Stagnant Hypoxia

Page 7: Types of Hypoxia

7

Can occur as the result of: G forces from maneuvers (mostly aerobatic

aircraft) Disease of the blood vessels Cardiac (Heart) Arrest Shock Exposure to Cold Sudden change in posture

Stagnant Hypoxia

Page 8: Types of Hypoxia

8

The g-force, on something is its acceleration relative to free-fall.

This acceleration experienced by an object is due to the vector sum of non-gravitational forces.

Accelerations not produced by gravity are termed proper accelerations, and cause stresses and strains on objects. Because of these strains, large g-forces may be destructive.

Stagnant Hypoxia

Page 9: Types of Hypoxia

9

Page 10: Types of Hypoxia

10

Occurs at blood level.

An oxygen deficiency due to reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood (Low Hemoglobin)

Hypemic Hypoxia

Page 11: Types of Hypoxia

11

Caused by: Anemia (A deficiency of red blood cells) Bleeding Taking some prescription drug. *Blood donation Other:

Smoking ; cabin contamination with

engine exhaust fume

Carbon Monoxide interferes with oxygen binding to the blood

Hypemic Hypoxia

Page 12: Types of Hypoxia

12

*Blood Donation: Symptoms of hypoxia at lower altitudes Most airlines:

No flight for 72 hours after donation of whole blood

No flight for 12 hours after donation of plasma

Hypemic Hypoxia

Page 13: Types of Hypoxia
Page 14: Types of Hypoxia

14

Occurs at cell level Interferes with the normal utilization of

oxygen into the cells. plenty of oxygen is being transported to the

cells that need it, but they are unable to make use of it.

Tissue cells are poisoned and unable to use oxygen

Caused by Alcohol and Drug

Histotoxic Hypoxia

Page 15: Types of Hypoxia

Why Important to recognize?15

If hypoxia is prolonged, serious problems develop with ultimate death.

In extreme cases (prior to death), some brain cells are actually killed, and they cannot be regenerated.

The single most dangerous characteristic of hypoxia is that if the crewmember is hypoxic and engrossed (complete attention) in flight duties, the pilot might not even notice the impairment.

Page 16: Types of Hypoxia

Stage of Hypoxia16

Indifferent Stage

Compensatory stage

Disturbance stage

Critical Stage

Page 17: Types of Hypoxia

17

INDIFFERENT STAGE This is the mildest stage of hypoxia. People are not generally aware of the

effects of hypoxia at this stage. The primary is effect on the eye such as

loss of night vision or color vision.

Stage of Hypoxia

Page 18: Types of Hypoxia

Stage of Hypoxia

18

COMPENSATORY STAGE The circulatory system, and to a lesser

degree, the respiratory system, provide some defense against hypoxia in this stage.

Symptoms: poor judgement, drowsiness(sleepy state) impaired efficiency. Pulse rate increases circulation rate increases

Page 19: Types of Hypoxia

Stage of Hypoxia19

DISTURBANCE STAGE In this stage the physiological compensations do

not provide adequate oxygen for the tissues. Chance of recovery greatly diminished. Symptoms: impaired in flight control,

handwriting, speech, coordination, cyanosis, poor judgments and difficulty with simple tasks

         CRITICAL STAGE –

Unconsciousness (e.g: blackout, faint) In the critical stage consciousness is lost. Death

follows shortly.

Page 20: Types of Hypoxia

Sign of Hypoxia20

Increase in depth and rate of breathing

Cyanosis (A blurry effect of the skin, most noticeable on the lips and the fingernail)

Delayed in reaction time Poor Judgment

Page 21: Types of Hypoxia

Symptoms of hypoxia21

Air Hunger ( a feeling not enough breathable air) Feeling of fearful or anxiety (nervousness) Mental confusion Fatigue Nausea (just before vomit) Headache Dizziness Hot and cold flashes Visual Impairment (colour vision, night vision,

blurred)

Page 22: Types of Hypoxia

How to prevent??22

Reduce tolerance to altitude (descends) Don’t fly to high altitude

By enriching the inspired air with oxygen from an appropriate oxygen system (Oxygen Tank & Mask)

By maintaining a comfortable, safe cabin pressure altitude (Cabin Pressurization)

Page 23: Types of Hypoxia

23

Avoid alcohol and smoking Healthy Diet Good physical condition Lower altitudes Avoid temperature extremes Slower Climb rates

How to prevent??

Page 24: Types of Hypoxia

Corrective action24

Once the symptoms/sign are identified, the corrective action must be taken (based on FAR): Wear oxygen mask Turn on Oxygen Make sure all connection secure Slow down your breath rate Descend to altitude where supplementary

oxygen no longer required.

Page 25: Types of Hypoxia

Effective Performance Time (EPT)

EPT is the period of time that a pilot has from the time oxygen become less available until the time when he or she loses the ability to recognize and take action

EPT is the time a crewmember has from the interruption of the O2 supply to the time when the ability to take corrective action is lost.

What does it mean?

Page 26: Types of Hypoxia

Effective Performance Time (EPT)

26

If someone goes beyond EPT, then he or she isn’t even aware of the problem and will not take corrective action

The keyword is EFFECTIVE or USEFUL (He or she might be conscious but not making expected useful or effective decision).

Page 27: Types of Hypoxia

Conclusion27

The danger of hypoxia is that the pilot is probably unsuspecting that he/she is hypoxic.

The key to flying safe at high altitude is to recognize: The conditions under which you could be

hypoxic. The physical and mental symptoms that

indicate you are hypoxic. When a crewmate is susceptible to hypoxia

in those conditions.

Page 28: Types of Hypoxia

End of Presentation #2

28

5 Minutes for Q/A session