Turkey: Water Management for Water and Food Security

Groundwater Management for Water and Food Security and

Importance of Cooperative Irrigation Managements in Turkey

International Conference on Policies for Water and Food Security in Dry Areas

24th to 26th of June, Cairo, Egypt

Presenter: Metin TÜRKER, Ph.D

Deputy General Director

Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock

TURKEY

Contents

• Introduction

• Agricultural Sector

• Water and Land Resources in Turkey

• Groundwater Policy, Organization, Investment

• Groundwater Management

• Challenges on Groundwater Use – Learned Lessons

• Good Experiences

• Recommendations

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Geographic Location of Turkey

Total Population 75 Million

Rural Population 17 Million (23%)

Urban Population 58 Million(75%)

26 °- 45 ° eastern longitudes36 ° - 42 ° northern altitudes

Land Use Area Mha %

Agricultural land 38,2 49,1

Farm (Cultivated) land 24,5 31,5

Natural grass land 14,6 18,8

Forest land 21,5 27,6

Settlement and others 3,5 5.0

Total 77,8 100.0

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Agricultural Sector In Turkey

74 million domestic, 30 million tourist

Living region

Employment

Food Production

Row material

Export

23 % of population lives in rural

6,1 million employees (25 %),

11% of all export share (16 Billion $)

3622 $

For Industry such as textile, sugar industry,

Agriculture is an economic sector

Income4

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TURKEY

• is self-sufficient country in terms of food

• exports many agricultural products such as cereals, pulses, industrial crops, sugar, nuts, fresh and dried fruits, vegetables, olive oil, and livestock products.

• is the top producer of hazelnut, cherries, fig, apricot, quinces and pomegranates

• has an estimated total of 12,054 plant species, whereas the total number of species in Europe is 12,500.

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Agricultural Structure and Production

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Land

Total area : 78 million ha

Agricultural area : 24,5 million ha

Arable land : 18,4 million ha

Economically Irrigable area : 8,5 million ha

Irrigated area (2012) : 5,5 million ha

Rate : 65 %

Water

Surface water : 98 Billion m3

Groundwater : 14 Billion m3

Total available Water (net) : 112 Billion m3

Land And Water Resources

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AGENCIES(investor)

Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs

(large scaled irrigation)

Ministry of Interior Affairs

(small scaled irrigation)

Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock(production & productivity)

DSIGroundwater Dep.

Local Agencies &

Authorities

TRGMIrrigation Systems

Irrigation Works in Turkey

• Agencies Responsible for Irrigation, Development and Management

Private Sectors – NGO’sWater User Associations & Irrigation Cooperatives

TAGEMAgricultural

Research and Policies

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Groundwater Policy and Implementations

Groundwater Explanation

Status belongs to Public (state)

Legislation 167 numbered «Groundwater Law»

Conditions of use Permission of well is compulsory (to search, use and development)

Investments Public investment for beneficiariesTransfer to WUORepayment for investment 15 years

Operation andmaintenance

Water User Organizations (Irrigation Cooperatives and Water User Associations)

Supports Investment and production supports by government

Irrigated% 65

To be irrigated

% 35

Irrigation Development

• Irrigable Area(Econ.) 8,5 Mha• Total Irrigated Area 5,6 Mha

Dams53%

Lake7%

Low Dams

3%

River18%

Groundwater

19% Irrigation Water Resources

• Groundwater 19 %• Surface water 81 %

SOURCE: DSİ 2012

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Groundwater Availability

hm3

hm3

hm3

hm3

hm3

hm3hm3

hm3

hm3

hm3

hm3

hm3

hm3

hm3

hm3

hm3

hm3

hm3

hm3hm3

hm3

hm3 hm3

hm3

hm3

Safe yield groundwater 13,7 Billion m3

(% 13)

Allocations final stage

No problem allocations

Allocations completed

• 25 hydrological basin

• 30 agricultural basin

• 200 > plate

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Reserves and Allocation

Operating Reserve (yearly) : 13,7 Billion m3

Groundwater Allocations : 13,0 Billion m3

Allocation Ratio : 95 %

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7,2 Billion m3 52 %5,9 Billion m3

43%

0,7 Billion m3 5 %

Irrigation

Domestic and ındustry

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organizations units wells irrigated area (ha)

rate%

Irrigation Cooperatives 1.400 11.368 456.709 82

Combined Irrigations (WUO’s) 28 1.692 84.982 15

State agriculture enterprises (TİGEM) 25 342 16.140 3

Total 13.402 557.831 100

In addition;

195.000 certified

deep groundwater

Wells (250.000 ha)

> 700.000 Agricultural holdings Source: DSİ 2012

Groundwater Irrigations (GWI)

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Irrigation Cooperatives

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• To establish a cooperative - 7 farmers• To benefit from state investment - at

least 15 farmers• General Assembly (all members)• Board of Directors (elected member)• Supervisory Board

Investment period

Operation Period (12 years)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Esta

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Drilling wells

Pumps

Electrification

Irrigation network

Transfer3 years No pay

cost of the investment is paid back in 12 equal installments without interest

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Konya Closed Basin2005,4 hm3

Kızılırmak1332,1 hm3

Yeşilırmak579 hm3

Susurluk1519,4 hm3

West Blacksea412,2 hm3

East Blacksea435,6 hm3

Çoruh20 hm3

Aras204 hm3

Van148,2 hm3

Tigris-Euphrates2789,2 hm3

Asi304,5 hm3

East Mediterranian

70,5 hm3

Antalya526,3 hm3

Burdur89,5 hm3

Akarçay182,1 hm3Gediz

248 hm3

Susurluk575,1 hm3

K. Ege221,9 hm3

Marmara205 hm3

Meriç-Ergene

498,2 hm3

Less critical watersheds

Non-Critical watersheds

Critical watersheds

95 % of the groundwater reserves have been allocated, no more groundwater

Effects of Global Climate Change on agriculture, Drought treats water use and increases the food crisis. Irrigation is necessary for increasing yields of products, Food production 2/3 is realized from irrigated areas.

Challenges on Groundwater

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Problems - Groundwater Use

Overpumping (decrease of groundwater level)

Network water losses

Salt water inclusion into coastal aquifers

Operation and production issues

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Solutions and Experiences-1

Overpumping

- Uncontrolled and over irrigation- Decrease of groundwater level

1• water metering

systems• Controlled

irrigation

In all public and private wells,water metering system will have to beinstalled until 2015(legislation 2012)

To protect groundwater quality and quantity,

To balance the recharge – discharge in aquifer

To control use of water according to allocation,

To manage production during drought season

To ensure sustainable management of groundwater,

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88 % Gravity Irrigation 12 % Piped Irrigation Half of them is over the age of 30

Fragmented and scattered parcels (Appr. 10). Parcel size (not enough) to reach to canal directly (less than 50%)

Parcel is not suitable for mechanization

2• Modern

Irrigation Systems

• Land Consolidation

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Solutions and Experiences-2

Network water losses

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299 000 ha65%

160 000 ha35% Open canal

irrigation area

Pressured irrigation area

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Irrigation Networks-Transformation pressurized irrigation networks

2-a

2004 - Decision of piped irrigation network (DSİ)

2006 - Modern irrigation systems are supported by the

RDS programme (50 % grant) - TRGM

Solutions and Experiences-2

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% 30-80 water saving

% 20-50 yield increase

% 40 energy saving

% 50 fertilizer % 30 saving chemicals.

Subject Total Area (da) Farmers

• Collective Pressure Irrigation Systems (75 % Grant)

539 279.236 55.603

• Support for Irrigation Machine&Equipment ( 50 % grant)

6.424 398.022 6.316

• Individual support from Banks 3.350.000 144.000

General Total 6.963 4.027.258 205.919

2006-2012 – 206.000 farmers have been supported by RDS Programme

400 000 ha has been irrigated by modern irrigation systems.

Thus, primarily of water and other inputs has been saved largely

Irrigation Supports by the MoFAL (2006-2012)

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2-b

Solutions and Experiences-2

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Why Land Consolidation? LC. is key;2-cTo solve social and physical infrastructure problemsTo decrease public investment costs

Without land consolidation With land consolidation

Channel network Road and channel network

Investment cost decrease - 40 %

Irrigation efficiency increases (from 60% to 90%)20

Solutions and Experiences-2

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Indication Map of the Old Cadastral Status

Old Parcels:

11.342 Unit

New Parcels:

2.745 Unit

Parceling Map after the Consolidation

Before After

27 ------ 1 peace23------- 1 21 ------- 1 20 ------- 1

Denizli Tavas Büyükkonak Land Consolidation Project (1050 ha)

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Year Kisecik Irrigation 2.475 ha

WellUnit

Flow l/s

Workinghours

Out flowm3

Rate %

1999 Gravity Irrigation System 45 2.365 74.273 14.583.022

2009 Piped Irrigation System 46 1.725 68.416 9.681.290 34

2010 Consolidation + PipedIrrigation System

40 35.064 5.253.177 45

groundwater saving ratio 64

Source: Irrigation and Consolidation Project of Karaman Kisecik (2011)

LC + Pressurized Irrigation System and Water Saving

64 % savings in water use

Yields of products increased by 2-3 times

Operating expenses came down by 50 %

Energy costs decreased

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Solutions and Experiences-2

2-d

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Karaman Merkez Kisecik LC + Modern Irrigation Project (2750 ha)

Average parcel size1,61 ha 3,61 ha

Direct access to the irrigation line

61 % 100 %

Consolidation and modern irrigation system ensured 64 % of water saving

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Distribution of the suitable areas for land consolidation in Turkey

The areas can be consolidated 14,0 Million ha- Irrigated areas 8,5 Million ha- Dry areas 5,5 Million ha

GAP (2008-2013) A.P.2 Million ha will be

consolidated (80 % completed)

KOP Action Plan700.000 ha will be

consolidated

The LC of 5,5 million ha will provide a significant amount of water savings

New strategy;is basin based and multipurpose land consolidation projects

1961-2002 450.000 ha2003-2012 2.503.000 haTotal 2.952.000 ha

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Solutions and Experiences-2

Land Parcel Information System

According to data;• Agricultural parcels : 30 million• Agricultural holdings : 3.1 million• Average land size : 6 ha• Parcels per capita : 10 parcel

Agricultural parcels were digitized and Land Parcel Information System (LPIS) was established

Farmer Register System

Location dataParcel data (class, str, slope, dry, irrigated )Ownership dataUsage data ….

identification number of each parcel

to monitor the parcel based production and supports

Solutions and Experiences-22-e

Irrigation Networks will be digitalized It will be integrated with Land Parcel Information System

and Farmer Registry system Irrigation will be controlled parcel based

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Solutions and Experiences-2

Main CanalIrrigationDrainageHydrant

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Salt water inclusion into coastal aquifer3

During drought and lack of precipitation

It can be seen increase the rate of salt in some coastal plains

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Solutions and Experiences-3

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Electricity charges are very high (15-30% of cost)

Monitoring and evaluation for irrigation networks

Deficit-limited irrigation during drought

Production Systems Changes

Water harvesting

Drought-resistant varieties

Zero Tillage

Good agricultural practices

Organic farming

Solutions and Experiences-4

4-a Operation and production issues

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Risk Management in Agriculture (Good Experiences)

Turkish Agricultural Insurance System (TARSİM)• Crop Insurance • Greenhouse Insurance• Livestock Insurance• Poultry Insurance• Aquaculture Insurance

Drought Action Plan (2013-2017)

Agricultural Research Master Plan (2010-2015)

• hail

• storm

• flood

• fire, EQ

• landslide

• quality loss

• frost (fruits)

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Solutions and Experiences-4

Operation and production issues4-b

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Recommendations

• Groundwater reserves should be currently monitored and evaluated

• Modern irrigation systems which provides water saving

• Land consolidation should be constructed with modern irrigation systems

• Institutional capacity of water users should be increased,

• Production planning should be prepared with respect to water capacity

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Government supports well-managed collaborative programs for sustainable agricultural water management and food security

Thanks for listening Questions, comments and suggestions are welcome

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Historic Peninsula, Istanbul