Top Banner
tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling
31

Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

Jan 20, 2016

Download

Documents

Roland Gordon
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground space

MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space

Sustainability in tunnelling

Page 2: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Contents

1. Sustainability – what do we mean?2. Sustainability culture3. Climate change and carbon accounting4. Cost benefit analysis5. What the future holds – reasons to be cheerful

Page 3: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

www.xkcd.com

Page 4: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Sustainability – what do we mean?

• Brundtland Commission, UN, 1987:

“sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

• Sustainability is good engineering (Jones, 2011)

Page 5: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Sustainability – what do we mean?

• Business perspective:

“There is no business to be done on a dead planet.”- Yvon Chouinard, Founder, Patagonia

Page 6: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground space

The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) believes that civil engineers are "at the heart of society, delivering sustainable development through knowledge, skills and professional expertise."

Sustainability – what do we mean?

• Sustainability for civil engineers

• Sustainability is just good engineering, applying an ethical, long-term, systems-based approach to the planet.

Page 7: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

“The Society maintains a leading role in the development of the tunnelling industry both regionally and internationally to promote the safe,

efficient, sustainable, and technically advanced design, construction and use of underground space.”

Sustainability – what do we mean?

Page 8: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Sustainability• at the core of every engineering decision• sustainability is not just about CO2

people profit planet

social economic environmental

Page 9: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground space

Sustainability Culture

• Sustainability is a cultural shift• “The way we do things round here” needs to change

• How have cultural shifts been introduced in the past?

– CBI (1990) “Developing a safety culture”

Page 10: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Sustainability culture• “crucial importance of the leadership and

commitment of the Chief Executive”

• “depends on the role of line management, the involvement of all employees and on openness of communication”

• “the importance of demonstrating care and concern for all those affected by the business”

Source: CBI (1990)

Page 11: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Sustainability culture is:• the ideas and beliefs that all members of the

organisation share about sustainability

• a long-term strategy that has to be continually reinforced

• It must counter the belief that sustainability is an add-on, optional extra, or a fad. It should be in our minds when we make any decision, in the same way that safety is.

Page 12: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

CO2

www.sccs.org.uk/capture

Page 13: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Dramatic increase in emissions in the last century…

source: King, 2012

Page 14: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

…and the earth is warming in response

http://richannel.org/co2-and-the-other-carbon-problem

Page 15: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

2050 target – reduce CO2 by 80%

Page 16: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

‘Embodied’ and ‘operational’ carbon

• ‘embodied’ or ‘capital’ carbon is all the CO2 used to build the structure– extraction of raw materials, refining,

processing, manufacturing, transportation– installation of elements to create structure– mining, extraction, treatment and

transportation of spoil– maintenance, refurbishment, demolition

Page 17: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

‘Embodied’ and ‘operational’ carbon• ‘operational’ carbon is all the CO2 used during the

service life of the structure– heating/cooling– ventilation– pumping out water– lighting, cameras, comms, signalling– cleaning– changes to transport infrastructure

• usually there is trade-off between embodied and operational carbon

Page 18: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Examples• cable tunnel• road tunnel – bypass to relieve congestion at a

bottleneck through a town• rail/metro tunnel• potable water supply tunnel• sewerage tunnel• hydropower tunnel

Page 19: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

How do you actually calculate CO2?

• complicated! economic cost is much simpler! consider cement

• some companies have their own custom programs, e.g. CapIT, CO2ST

• ICE CESMM3 Carbon & Price Book and UK Building Blackbook

Page 20: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Cost-benefit analysis• construction is not part of the EU carbon

emissions trading scheme, so there is no price on carbon– so will cost always win?

• many clients are committed to reducing CO2, e.g. TfL has committed to helping the Mayor of London achieve 60% CO2 reduction by 2025

• environmental performance is becoming a standard part of tender evaluations

• clauses based on energy performance and CEEQual are finding their way into contracts

Page 21: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Business case for sustainability• competitiveness in non-price factors can give a distinct

and sustainable competitive edge

• high ethical standards means the company is regarded as ‘a respected corporate citizen’

• reputation as a ‘good employer’

• one aspect of a culture of excellence

• alignment of corporate objectives and employees’ personal objectives?

• attention to detail of working practices

• reputation as a forward-thinking business

Page 22: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Ian Renhard, Head of UK Construction, Interserve, speaking at BASE Birmingham:

“even in a recession, having a strong sustainability strategy makes the company more resilient”

“companies want to work with other companies with similar commitments”

“commitment to the local community and to training has strengthened the supply chain and improved planning for

future skills”

“more attractive employer”

“improved corporate reputation”

Page 23: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Stern ReviewStern (2006) demonstrated that almost all of climate change carbon reduction is wealth-generating and improves the quality of people’s lives

e.g. an investment of £3.6bn in reducing Birmingham’s carbon footprint would (Gouldson et al., 2013):• pay for itself in 3.8 years and create 1,650 jobs• reduce vulnerability to energy price rises• protect competitiveness• improve public health• slash the carbon footprint by 53% by 2027

Page 24: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Stern Review

climate change is “the greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen”• this is because government decisions are often

based on cost-benefit analysis, i.e. impact on GDP• this framework ignores ‘externalities’ such as

social and environmental impacts/benefits

• perhaps we need to measure wellbeing instead

Page 25: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Five capitals modelrelies on the concept of wealth creation or capital growth, but defines 5 types of capital:• Natural Capital – the natural resources and processes needed to produce products

and deliver services. These include ‘sinks’ that absorb, neutralise or recycle wastes, ‘resources’, some of which are renewable and some which are not (e.g. fossil fuels), and ‘processes’, such as climate regulation and the carbon cycle.

• Human Capital – health, knowledge, skills, intellectual outputs, motivation and capacity for relationships. Training and developing people, for instance, can increase human capital.

• Social Capital – value added by human relationships, partnerships and co-operation. From shared values, trust and social cohesion to the stable society created by government, the legal system and public services.

• Manufactured Capital – material goods and infrastructure, such as transport and communications networks, waste disposal systems, clean water and sewerage.

• Financial Capital – has no real value in itself, but allows the other forms of capital to be traded in the form of cash, shares or bonds. It reflects the productive power of other forms of capital.

Forum for the Future (2012)

Page 26: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

HM Treasury ‘Green Book’2011 version includes a large section on ‘valuing non-market impacts, trying to include• human• social• environmentalimpacts in government infrastructure investment decisions

but it appears to only focus on the benefits of project completion, rather than the net flows of capitals including all externalities (with the exception of CO2 emissions, which are considered over the whole project)

Page 27: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground space

work

home

local community

society

The porous organisation

environment

Page 28: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Project phases• see aide-memoire “Project phases and sustainability”

https://www.britishtunnelling.org.uk/?sitecontentid=A0B199FF-CC26-4AE2-8149-963F4940EAF8

figure from Duarte et al. (2012)

Page 29: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

Things to get excited about

• What motivates us?

- making money?

- mega-projects?

- doing a good job?

- being ethical?

- having a beneficial impact on society and the planet?

the craic?

Page 30: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

References• Chouinard, Y. (2006). Let my people go surfing: the education of a reluctant

businessman, ISBN 9781101413364, . New York: Penguin Books.• Duarte, P., Thomas, A. & Cooke, M. (2012). Sustainability and the tunnelling industry.

Proc. UNDER CITY Colloquium on Using Underground Space in Urban Areas in South-East Europe, April 12th-14th 2012, Dubrovnik, Croatia.

• Forum for the Future (2012). The Five Capitals. Available at: http://www.forumforthefuture.org/project/five-capitals/overview [accessed 9th August 2013]

• Gouldson, A., Kerr, N., Topi, C., Dawkins, E., Kuylenstierna, J. & Pearce, R. (2013). A mini-Stern review of Birmingham and the wider urban area. Available at: http://www.lowcarbonfutures.org/sites/default/files/ELCC%20-%20Birmingham.pdf [accessed 6/2/14]

• HM Treasury (2011). The Green Book – Appraisal and evaluation in central government. London, UK: TSO.

• Jones, B. D. (2011). Sustainability in tunnelling. BTSYM lecture, January 2011, ICE, London.

• King, J. (2012). An exciting time for engineers and engineering! Keynote lecture to the Engineering Professors’ Council. Professor Julia King, Aston University, Birmingham.

Page 31: Tunnelling underground space MSc Tunnelling & Underground Space Sustainability in tunnelling.

tunnelling underground spacetunnelling underground space

References• Porritt, J. (2009). Living within our means: avoiding the ultimate recession. London, UK:

Forum for the Future. Available at: http://www.forumforthefuture.org/project/living-within-our-means/overview [accessed 9th August 2013].

• Stern, N. (2006). Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change. HMSO, London.• Ura, K., Alkire, S., Zangmo, T. & Wangdi, K. (2012). A Short Guide to Gross National

Happiness Index. Thimpu, Bhutan: The Centre for Bhutan Studies. Available at: http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Short-GNH-Index-edited.pdf [accessed 9th August 2013].

• World Resources Institute (2009). World greenhouse gas emissions. http://www.wri.org/chart/world-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2005