Triple Output, Buck/Buck/Boost Synchronous Controller with ...L3859 1 For more information TYPICAL APPLICATION DESCRIPTION Triple Output, Buck/Buck/Boost Synchronous Controller with

LTC3859AL

1Rev. B

For more information www.analog.com

TYPICAL APPLICATION

DESCRIPTION

Triple Output, Buck/Buck/Boost Synchronous

Controller with 28µA Burst Mode IQ

The LTC®3859AL is a high performance triple output (buck/buck/boost) synchronous DC/DC switching regulator controller that drives all N-channel power MOSFET stages. Constant frequency current mode architecture allows a phase-lockable switching frequency of up to 850kHz. The LTC3859AL operates from a wide 4.5V to 38V input supply range. When biased from the output of the boost converter or another auxiliary supply, the LTC3859AL can operate from an input supply as low as 2.5V after start-up.

The 28μA no-load quiescent current extends operating runtime in battery powered systems. OPTI-LOOP com-pensation allows the transient response to be optimized over a wide range of output capacitance and ESR values. The LTC3859AL features a precision 0.8V reference for the bucks, 1.2V reference for the boost and a power good output indicator. The PLLIN/MODE pin selects among Burst Mode operation, pulse-skipping mode, or continu-ous inductor current mode at light loads.

Compared to the LTC3859 and the LTC3859A, the LTC3859AL is fully pin-compatible, but with lower Burst Mode operation IQ (28µA with one channel on).All registered trademarks and trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Protected by U.S. Patents including 5481178, 5705919, 5929620, 6144194, 6177787, 6580258.

FEATURES

APPLICATIONS

n Low Operating IQ: 28μA (One Channel On)n Dual Buck Plus Single Boost Synchronous Controllersn Outputs Remain in Regulation Through Cold Crank

Down to 2.5Vn Wide Bias Input Voltage Range: 4.5V to 38Vn Buck Output Voltage Range: 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ 24Vn Boost Output Voltage Up to 60Vn RSENSE or DCR Current Sensingn 100% Duty Cycle for Boost Synchronous MOSFET

Even in Burst Mode® Operationn Phase-Lockable Frequency (75kHz to 850kHz)n Programmable Fixed Frequency (50kHz to 900kHz)n Selectable Continuous, Pulse-Skipping or Low Ripple

Burst Mode Operation at Light Loadsn Very Low Buck Dropout Operation: 99% Duty Cyclen Adjustable Output Voltage Soft-Start or Trackingn Low Shutdown IQ: 10μAn Small 38-Lead 5mm × 7mm QFN and TSSOP Packages

n Automotive Always-On and Start-Stop Systemsn Battery Operated Digital Devicesn Distributed DC Power Systemsn Multioutput Buck-Boost Applications

Efficiency and Power Loss vs Output Current

3859al TA01a

LTC3859AL

VFB3

TG3

BG3

SENSE3–

SENSE3+

INTVCC

BOOST1, 2, 3

ITH1, 2, 3

TRACK/SS1, 2SS3

SW1

SENSE1+

SENSE1–

VFB1

RUN1, 2, 3EXTVCC

TG2SW2BG2

SENSE2+SENSE2–

VFB2PGND SGND

VBIAS

4.9µH 6mΩ

357k 220µF

1µF

68.1k

68.1k

649k 68µF68.1k

1.2µH2mΩ

499k

4.7µF

SW1, 2, 30.1µF

0.1µF

VIN2.5V TO 38V

(START-UP ABOVE 5V)

VOUT15V5A

VOUT1

VOUT28.5V3A

220µF

220µF

VOUT3REGULATED AT 10V WHEN VIN < 10V

FOLLOWS VIN WHEN VIN > 10V

6.5µH 8mΩ

TG1

SW3 BG1

OUTPUT CURRENT (A)0.0001 0.001 0.1

3859al TA01b

1010.01

VIN = 12V

VOUT1 = BURST EFFICIENCY

VOUT1 = BURST LOSS

EFFI

CIEN

CY (%

)

POWER LOSS (m

W)

100

90

70

50

30

10

80

60

40

20

0

10000

100

1

1000

10

0.1

Document Feedback

https://www.analog.com?doc=LTC3859AL.pdf



https://www.analog.com/LTC3859AL?doc=LTC3859AL.pdf

https://form.analog.com/Form_Pages/feedback/documentfeedback.aspx?doc=LTC3859AL.pdf&product=LTC3859AL&Rev=B

LTC3859AL

2Rev. B


ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGSBias Input Supply Voltage (VBIAS) .............. –0.3V to 40VBuck Top Side Driver Voltages (BOOST1, BOOST2) ............................. –0.3V to 46VBoost Top Side Driver Voltages (BOOST3) ............................................ –0.3V to 76VBuck Switch Voltage (SW1, SW2) ................ –5V to 40VBoost Switch Voltage (SW3) ........................ –5V to 70VINTVCC, (BOOST1–SW1), (BOOST2–SW2), (BOOST3–SW3) ........... –0.3V to 6VRUN1, RUN2, RUN3 .................................... –0.3V to 8V

Maximum Current Sourced Into Pin from Source >8V ..............................................100µA

(Note 1)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

TOP VIEW

FE PACKAGE38-LEAD PLASTIC TSSOP

38

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

30

29

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

ITH1

VFB1

SENSE1+

SENSE1–

FREQ

PLLIN/MODE

SS3

SENSE3+

SENSE3–

VFB3

ITH3

SGND

RUN1

RUN2

RUN3

SENSE2–

SENSE2+

VFB2

ITH2

TRACK/SS1

PGOOD1

TG1

SW1

BOOST1

BG1

SW3

TG3

BOOST3

BG3

VBIAS

EXTVCC

INTVCC

BG2

BOOST2

SW2

TG2

OV3

TRACK/SS2

39PGND

TJMAX = 150°C, qJA = 25°C/W

EXPOSED PAD (PIN 39) IS PGND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB

13 14 15 16

TOP VIEW

39PGND

UHF PACKAGE38-LEAD (5mm × 7mm) PLASTIC QFN

17 18 19

38 37 36 35 34 33 32

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1FREQ

PLLIN/MODE

SS3

SENSE3+

SENSE3–

VFB3

ITH3

SGND

RUN1

RUN2

RUN3

SENSE2–

SW1

BOOST1

BG1

SW3

TG3

BOOST3

BG3

VBIAS

EXTVCC

INTVCC

BG2

BOOST2

SENS

E1–

SENS

E1+

V FB1

I TH1

TRAC

K/SS

1

PGOO

D1

TG1

SENS

E2+

V FB2

I TH2

TRAC

K/SS

2

OV3

TG2

SW2

23

22

21

20

9

10

11

12

TJMAX = 150°C, qJA = 34.7°C/W

EXPOSED PAD (PIN 39) IS PGND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB

PIN CONFIGURATION

SENSE1+, SENSE2+, SENSE1–

SENSE2– Voltages ..................................... –0.3V to 28VSENSE3+, SENSE3– Voltages ..................... –0.3V to 40VFREQ Voltages ......................................–0.3V to INTVCCEXTVCC ...................................................... –0.3V to 14VITH1, ITH2, ITH3, VFB1, VFB2, VFB3 Voltages .... –0.3V to 6VPLLIN/MODE, PGOOD1, OV3 Voltages ........ –0.3V to 6VTRACK/SS1, TRACK/SS2, SS3 Voltages ..... –0.3V to 6VOperating Junction Temperature Range (Notes 2, 3)

LTC3859ALE, LTC3859ALI ................ –40°C to 125°C LTC3859ALH ..................................... –40°C to 150°C LTC3859ALMP ................................... –55°C to 150°C

Storage Temperature Range .............. –65°C to 150°C


LTC3859AL

3Rev. B


ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

ORDER INFORMATION

SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

VBIAS Bias Input Supply Operating Voltage Range

4.5 38 V

VFB1,2 Buck Regulated Feedback Voltage (Note 4); ITH1,2 Voltage = 1.2V 0°C to 85°C, All Grades LTC3859ALE, LTC3859ALI LTC3859ALH, LTC3859ALMP

l

l

0.792 0.788 0.786

0.800 0.800 0.800

0.808 0.812 0.812

V V V

VFB3 Boost Regulated Feedback Voltage (Note 4); ITH3 Voltage = 1.2V 0°C to 85°C, All Grades LTC3859ALE, LTC3859ALI LTC3859ALH, LTC3859ALMP

l

l

1.183 1.181 1.176

1.200 1.200 1.200

1.214 1.218 1.218

V V V

IFB1,2,3 Feedback Current (Note 4) –2 ±50 nA

VREFLNREG Reference Voltage Line Regulation (Note 4); VBIAS = 4.5V to 38V 0.002 0.02 %/V

VLOADREG Output Voltage Load Regulation (Note 4)

Measured in Servo Loop; DITH Voltage = 1.2V to 0.7V

l 0.01 0.1 %

Measured in Servo Loop; DITH Voltage = 1.2V to 2V

l –0.01 –0.1 %

gm1,2,3 Transconductance Amplifier gm (Note 4); ITH1,2,3 = 1.2V; Sink/Source 5µA

2 mmho

The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VBIAS = 12V, VRUN1,2,3 = 5V, EXTVCC = 0V unless otherwise noted. (Note 2)

LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING* PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE

LTC3859ALEFE#PBF LTC3859ALEFE#TRPBF LTC3859ALFE 38-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 125°C

LTC3859ALIFE#PBF LTC3859ALIFE#TRPBF LTC3859ALFE 38-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 125°C

LTC3859ALHFE#PBF LTC3859ALHFE#TRPBF LTC3859ALFE 38-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 150°C

LTC3859ALMPFE#PBF LTC3859ALMPFE#TRPBF LTC3859ALFE 38-Lead Plastic TSSOP –55°C to 150°C

LTC3859ALEUHF#PBF LTC3859ALEUHF#TRPBF 3859AL 38-Lead (5mm × 7mm) Plastic QFN –40°C to 125°C

LTC3859ALIUHF#PBF LTC3859ALIUHF#TRPBF 3859AL 38-Lead (5mm × 7mm) Plastic QFN –40°C to 125°C

LTC3859ALHUHF#PBF LTC3859ALHUHF#TRPBF 3859AL 38-Lead (5mm × 7mm) Plastic QFN –40°C to 150°C

LTC3859ALMPUHF#PBF LTC3859ALMPUHF#TRPBF 3859AL 38-Lead (5mm × 7mm) Plastic QFN –55°C to 150°C

Contact the factory for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping container.

Tape and reel specifications. Some packages are available in 500 unit reels through designated sales channels with #TRMPBF suffix.


https://www.analog.com/media/en/package-pcb-resources/package/tape-reel-rev-n.pdf?doc=LTC3859AL.pdf

LTC3859AL

4Rev. B


ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VBIAS = 12V, VRUN1,2,3 = 5V, EXTVCC = 0V unless otherwise noted. (Note 2)


IQ Input DC Supply Current (Note 5)

Pulse-Skipping or Forced Continuous Mode (One Channel On)

RUN1 = 5V and RUN2,3 = 0V or RUN2 = 5V and RUN1,3 = 0V or RUN3 = 5V and RUN1,2 = 0V VFB1, 2 ON = 0.83V (No Load) VFB3 = 1.25V

1.5 mA

Pulse-Skipping or Forced Continuous Mode (All Channels On)

RUN1,2,3 = 5V, VFB1,2 = 0.83V (No Load) VFB3 = 1.25V

3 mA

Sleep Mode (One Channel On, Buck)

RUN1 = 5V and RUN2,3 = 0V or RUN2 = 5V and RUN1,3 = 0V VFB,ON = 0.83V (No Load)

l

l

28 35

48 59

µA

Sleep Mode (One Channel On, Boost)

RUN3 = 5V and RUN1,2 = 0V VFB3 = 1.25V

33 53 µA

Sleep Mode (Buck and Boost Channel On)

RUN1 = 5V and RUN2 = 0V or RUN2 = 5V and RUN1 = 0V RUN3 = 5V VFB1,2 = 0.83V (No Load) VFB3 = 1.25V

33 40

46 59

µA

Sleep Mode (All Three Channels On)

RUN1,2,3 = 5V, VFB1,2 = 0.83V (No Load) VFB3 = 1.25V

38 56 µA

Shutdown RUN1,2,3 = 0V 10 20 µA

UVLO Undervoltage Lockout INTVCC Ramping Up l 4.15 4.5 V

INTVCC Ramping Down l 3.5 3.8 4.0 V

VOVL1,2 Buck Feedback Overvoltage Protection Measured at VFB1,2 Relative to Regulated VFB1,2

7 10 13 %

ISENSE1,2+ SENSE+ Pin Current Bucks (Channels 1 and 2) ±1 µA

ISENSE3+ SENSE+ Pin Current Boost (Channel 3) 170 µA

ISENSE1,2– SENSE– Pin Current Bucks (Channels 1 and 2) VOUT1,2 < VINTVCC – 0.5V VOUT1,2 > VINTVCC + 0.5V

700

±2

µA µA

ISENSE3– SENSE– Pin Current Boost (Channel 3) VSENSE3+, VSENSE3– = 12V

±1 µA

DFMAX,TG Maximum Duty Factor for TG Bucks (Channels 1,2) in Dropout, FREQ = 0V Boost (Channel 3) in Overvoltage

98 99 100

% %

DFMAX,BG Maximum Duty Factor for BG Bucks (Channels 1,2) in Overvoltage Boost (Channel 3)

100 96

% %

ITRACK/SS1,2 Soft-Start Charge Current VTRACK/SS1,2 = 0V 3 5 8 µA

ISS3 Soft-Start Charge Current VSS3 = 0V 3 5 8 µA

VRUN1 ON VRUN2,3 ON

RUN1 Pin Threshold RUN2,3 Pin Threshold

VRUN1 Rising VRUN2,3 Rising

l

l

1.18 1.21

1.24 1.27

1.32 1.33

V V

VRUN1,2,3 Hyst RUN Pin Hysteresis 70 mV

VSENSE1,2,3(MAX) Maximum Current Sense Threshold VFB1,2 = 0.7V, VSENSE1,2– = 3.3V VFB1,2,3 = 1.1V, VSENSE3+ = 12V

l 43 50 57 mV

VSENSE3(CM) SENSE3 Pins Common Mode Range (BOOST Converter Input Supply Voltage)

2.5 38 V


LTC3859AL

5Rev. B


ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VBIAS = 12V, VRUN1,2,3 = 5V, EXTVCC = 0V unless otherwise noted. (Note 2)


Gate Driver

TG1,2 Pull-Up On-Resistance Pull-Down On-Resistance

2.5 1.5

Ω Ω

BG1,2 Pull-Up On-Resistance Pull-Down On-Resistance

2.4 1.1

Ω Ω

TG3 Pull-Up On-Resistance Pull-Down On-Resistance

1.2 1.0

Ω Ω

BG3 Pull-Up On-Resistance Pull-Down On-Resistance

1.2 1.0

Ω Ω

TG1,2,3 tr TG1,2,3 tf

TG Transition Time: Rise Time Fall Time

(Note 6) CLOAD = 3300pF CLOAD = 3300pF

25 16

ns ns

BG1,2,3 tr BG1,2,3 tf

BG Transition Time: Rise Time Fall Time

(Note 6) CLOAD = 3300pF CLOAD = 3300pF

28 13

ns ns

TG/BG t1D Top Gate Off to Bottom Gate On Delay Synchronous Switch-On Delay Time

CLOAD = 3300pF Each Driver Bucks (Channels 1, 2) Boost (Channel 3)

30 70

ns ns

BG/TG t1D Bottom Gate Off to Top Gate On Delay Top Switch-On Delay Time

CLOAD = 3300pF Each Driver Bucks (Channels 1, 2) Boost (Channel 3)

30 70

ns ns

tON(MIN)1,2 Buck Minimum On-Time (Note 7) 95 ns

tON(MIN)3 Boost Minimum On-Time (Note 7) 120 ns

INTVCC Linear Regulator

VINTVCCVBIAS Internal VCC Voltage 6V < VBIAS < 38V, VEXTVCC = 0V, IINTVCC = 0mA 5.0 5.4 5.6 V

VLDOVBIAS INTVCC Load Regulation ICC = 0mA to 50mA, VEXTVCC = 0V 0.7 2 %

VINTVCCEXT Internal VCC Voltage 6V < VEXTVCC < 13V, IINTVCC = 0mA 5.0 5.4 5.6 V

VLDOEXT INTVCC Load Regulation ICC = 0mA to 50mA, VEXTVCC = 8.5V 0.7 2 %

VEXTVCC EXTVCC Switchover Voltage EXTVCC Ramping Positive 4.5 4.7 V

VLDOHYS EXTVCC Hysteresis 200 mV

Oscillator and Phase-Locked Loop

f25k Programmable Frequency RFREQ = 25k; PLLIN/MODE = DC Voltage 115 kHz



fLOW Low Fixed Frequency VFREQ = 0V PLLIN/MODE = DC Voltage 320 350 380 kHz

fHIGH High Fixed Frequency VFREQ = INTVCC; PLLIN/MODE = DC Voltage 485 535 585 kHz

fSYNC Synchronizable Frequency PLLIN/MODE = External Clock l 75 850 kHz

PGOOD1 Output

VPGL1 PGOOD1 Voltage Low IPGOOD1 = 2mA 0.2 0.4 V

IPGOOD1 PGOOD1 Leakage Current VPGOOD1 = 5V ±1 µA

VPG1 PGOOD1 Trip Level VFB1 with Respect to Set Regulated Voltage VFB1 Ramping Negative

–13

–10

–7

%

Hysteresis 2.5 %

VFB1 Ramping Positive 7 10 13 %

Hysteresis 2.5 %


LTC3859AL

6Rev. B


Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime.Note 2: The LTC3859AL is tested under pulsed load conditions such that TJ ≈ TA. The LTC3859ALE is guaranteed to meet performance specifications from 0°C to 85°C. Specifications over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. The LTC3859ALI is guaranteed over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range, the LTC3859ALH is guaranteed over the –40°C to 150°C operating junction temperature range and the LTC3859ALMP is tested and guaranteed over the –55°C to 150°C operating junction temperature range. High junction temperatures degrade operating lifetimes; operating lifetime is derated for junction temperatures greater than 125°C. Note that the maximum ambient temperature consistent with these specifications is determined by specific operating conditions in conjunction with board layout, the rated package thermal impedance and other environmental factors. TJ is calculated from the ambient temperature TA and power dissipation PD according to the following formula: TJ = TA + (PD • qJA), where qJA = 34.7°C/W for the QFN package and qJA = 25°C/W for the TSSOP package.

Note 3: This IC includes overtermperature protection that is intended to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. The maximum rated junction temperature will be exceeded when this protection is active. Continuous operation above the specified absolute maximum operating junction temperature may impair device reliability or permanently damage the device.Note 4: The LTC3859AL is tested in a feedback loop that servos VITH1,2,3 to a specified voltage and measures the resultant VFB. The specification at 85°C is not tested in production and is assured by design, characterization and correlation to production testing at other temperatures (125°C for the LTC3859ALE/LTC3859ALI, 150°C for the LTC3859ALH/LTC3859ALMP). For the LTC3859ALI and LTC3859ALH, the specification at 0°C is not tested in production and is assured by design, characterization and correlation to production testing at –40°C. For the LTC3859ALMP, the specification at 0°C is not tested in production and is assured by design, characterization and correlation to production testing at –55°C.Note 5: Dynamic supply current is higher due to the gate charge being delivered at the switching frequency. See the Applications Information section.Note 6: Rise and fall times are measured using 10% and 90% levels. Delay times are measured using 50% levels.Note 7: The minimum on-time condition is specified for an inductor peak-to-peak ripple current ≥ 40% of IMAX (See the Minimum On-Time Considerations in the Applications Information section).

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS


TPG1 Delay For Reporting a Fault 40 µs

OV3 Boost Overvoltage Indicator Output

VOV3L OV3 Voltage Low IOV3 = 2mA 0.2 0.4 V

IOV3 OV3 Leakage Current VOV3 = 5V ±1 µA

VOV OV3 Trip Level VFB3 Ramping Positive with Respect to Set Regulated Voltage

6 10 13 %

Hysteresis 1.5 %

BOOST3 Charge Pump

IBST3 BOOST3 Charge Pump Available Output Current

VBOOST3 = 16V; VSW3 = 12V; Forced Continuous Mode

65 µA

The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VBIAS = 12V, VRUN1,2,3 = 5V, EXTVCC = 0V unless otherwise noted. (Note 2)


LTC3859AL

7Rev. B


TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

Load Step (Buck) Burst Mode Operation

Load Step (Buck) Forced Continuous Mode

Load Step (Buck) Pulse-Skipping Mode

Inductor Current at Light Load (Buck) Soft Start-Up (Buck)

Buck Regulated Feedback Voltage vs Temperature

Efficiency and Power Loss vs Output Current (Buck)

Efficiency vs Output Current (Buck) Efficiency vs Input Voltage (Buck)

OUTPUT CURRENT (A)0.0001

EFFI

CIEN

CY (%

)

POWER LOSS (m

W)

100

90

70

50

30

10

80

60

40

20

0

10000

100

1

1000

10

0.11 100.01

3859al G01

0.10.001

FIGURE 12 CIRCUITVIN = 10V, VOUT = 5V

FCM EFFICIENCYPULSE-SKIPPING EFFICIENCYBURST LOSSBURST EFFICIENCYFCM LOSSPULSE-SKIPPING LOSS


EFFI

CIEN

CY (%

)

100

90

70

50

30

10

80

60

40

20

01 100.01

3859al G02

0.10.001

VIN = 10V

VIN = 20V

FIGURE 12 CIRCUITVOUT = 5V

INPUT VOLTAGE (V)0

EFFI

CIEN

CY (%

)

100

99

97

95

93

98

96

94

9220 25 30 35 4010

3859al G03

155

FIGURE 12 CIRCUITVOUT = 5VILOAD = 4A

50µs/DIV

VOUT100mV/DIV

AC-COUPLED

IL2A//DIV

VIN = 12VVOUT = 5VFIGURE 12 CIRCUIT

3859al G04 50µs/DIV

VOUT100mV/DIV

AC-COUPLED

IL2A//DIV


3859al G05 50µs/DIV

VOUT100mV/DIV

AC-COUPLED

IL2A//DIV


3859al G06

2µs/DIV

FORCEDCONTINUOUS

MODE

Burst ModeOPERATION

1A/DIV

PULSE-SKIPPING

MODE

VIN = 10VVOUT = 5VILOAD = 1mAFIGURE 12 CIRCUIT

3859al G07 5ms/DIV

VOUT22V/DIV

VOUT12V/DIV

RUN1/RUN25V/DIV

3859al G08

VIN = 12VFIGURE 12 CIRCUIT

TEMPERATURE (°C)–75

REGU

LATE

D FE

EDBA

CK V

OLTA

GE (m

V)

808

806

802

798

794

804

800

796

7920 25 50 75 150125100–50

3859al G09

–25


LTC3859AL

8Rev. B



Load Step (Boost) Burst Mode Operation

Load Step (Boost) Pulse-Skipping Mode

Load Step (Boost) Forced Continuous Mode

Inductor Current at Light Load (Boost) Soft Start-Up (Boost)

Boost Regulated Feedback Voltage vs Temperature

Efficiency and Power Loss vs Output Current (Boost)

Efficiency vs Output Current (Boost)

Efficiency vs Input Voltage (Boost)


EFFI

CIEN

CY (%

)

POWER LOSS (m

W)

100

90

70

50

30

10

80

60

40

20

0

10000

100

1

1000

10

0.11 100.01

3859al G10

0.10.001

FIGURE 12 CIRCUITVIN = 5V, VOUT = 10V, VBIAS = VIN

FCM EFFICIENCYPULSE-SKIPPING EFFICIENCYBURST LOSSBURST EFFICIENCYFCM LOSSPULSE-SKIPPING LOSS


EFFI

CIEN

CY (%

)

100

90

70

50

30

10

80

60

40

20

01 100.01

3859al G11

0.10.001

VIN = 5V

FIGURE 12 CIRCUITVBIAS = VINVOUT = 10V

VIN = 8V

INPUT VOLTAGE (V)2

EFFI

CIEN

CY (%

)

100

99

97

95

91

92

93

98

96

94

906 7 8 9 1043

3859al G12

5

FIGURE 12 CIRCUITVBIAS = VINVOUT = 10VILOAD = 2A

200µs/DIV

VOUT100mV/

DIVAC-

COUPLED

IL5A/DIV

3859al G13

VOUT = 10VVIN = 5VFIGURE 12 CIRCUIT

200µs/DIV

VOUT100mV/DIV

AC-COUPLED

IL5A/DIV

3859al G14


200µs/DIV

VOUT100mV/DIV

AC-COUPLED

IL5A/DIV

3859al G15


2µs/DIV

FORCEDCONTINUOUS

MODE

Burst ModeOPERATION

5A/DIV

PULSE-SKIPPING

MODE3859al G16

VOUT = 10VVIN = 7VILOAD = 1mAFIGURE 12 CIRCUIT

5ms/DIV

RUN35V/DIV

VOUT32V/DIV

GND

3859al G17

VIN = 5VFIGURE 12 CIRCUIT


REGU

LATE

D FE

EDBA

CK V

OLTA

GE (V

)

1.212

1.209

1.203

1.191

1.194

1.197

1.206

1.200

1.1880 25 50 75 150120100–50

3859al G18

–25


LTC3859AL

9Rev. B



SENSE Pins Total Input Current vs VSENSE Voltage

Buck SENSE– Pin Input Bias Current vs Temperature

Boost SENSE Pin Total Input Current vs Temperature

Maximum Current Sense Threshold vs Duty Cycle

Maximum Current Sense Threshold vs ITH Voltage

TRACK/SS Pull-Up Current vs Temperature

INTVCC Line RegulationINTVCC and EXTVCC vs Load Current

EXTVCC Switchover and INTVCC Voltages vs Temperature

INPUT VOLTAGE (V)0

INTV

CC V

OLTA

GE (V

)

5.5

5.4

5.2

5.3

5.1

5.015 20 25 30 35 405

3859al G19

10LOAD CURRENT (mA)

0

INTV

CC V

OLTA

GE (V

)

5.6

5.2

5.4

4.6

4.8

5.0

4.4

4.2

4.060 80 10020

3859al G20

40

EXTVCC = 0V

EXTVCC = 5V

EXTVCC = 8.5V

VBIAS = 12V


EXTV

CC A

ND IN

TVCC

VOL

TAGE

(V)

6.0

5.8

5.4

5.2

4.4

4.2

4.6

4.8

5.6

5.0

4.00 25 50 75 150125100–50

3859al G21

–25

INTVCC

EXTVCC RISING

EXTVCC FALLING

VSENSE COMMON MODE VOLTAGE (V)0

SENS

E CU

RREN

T (µ

A)

800

700

400

500

300

100

200

600

015 20 25 30 35 405

3859al G22

10

SENSE1, 2 PINS

SENSE3 PIN


SENS

E CU

RREN

T (µ

A)

900

700

800

400

500

300

100

200

600

00 25 50 75 100 125 150–50

3859al G23

–25

VOUT < INTVCC – 0.5V

VOUT > INTVCC + 0.5V


SENS

E CU

RREN

T (µ

A)

200

160

180

100

120

80

40

20

60

140

00 25 50 75 100 125 150–50

3859al G24

–25

SENSE3+ PIN

SENSE3– PIN

VIN = 12V

DUTY CYCLE (%)0

MAX

IMUM

CUR

RENT

SEN

SE V

OLTA

GE (m

V)

80

60

70

30

40

20

10

50

050 60 70 80 90 10010

3859al G25

20 30 40

BOOST

BUCK

ITH (V)0

MAX

IMUM

CUR

RENT

SEN

SE V

OLTA

GE (m

V)

60

40

50

–10

0

–20

30

20

10

–301 1.2 1.40.2

3859al G26

0.4 0.6 0.8

Burst Mode OPERATION

PULSE-SKIPPINGFORCED CONTINUOUS


TRAC

K/SS

CUR

RENT

(µA)

6.00

5.75

5.25

5.00

4.25

4.50

5.50

4.75

4.000 25 50 75 125100 150–50

3859al G27

–25


LTC3859AL

10Rev. B



Buck Foldback Current LimitOscillator Frequency vs Temperature

Undervoltage Lockout Threshold vs Temperature

Shutdown (RUN) Threshold vs Temperature

Charge Pump Charging Current vs Operating Frequency

Charge Pump Charging Current vs Switch Voltage

Shutdown Current vs TemperatureShutdown Current vs Input Voltage Quiescent Current vs Temperature


SHUT

DOW

N CU

RREN

T (µ

A)

20

16

14

10

18

12

4

6

8

0 25 50 75 100 125 150–50

3859al G28

–25

VBIAS = 12V

VBIAS INPUT VOLTAGE (V)5

SHUT

DOW

N CU

RREN

T (µ

A)

25

20

15

5

10

020 25 30 35 4010

3859al G29

15TEMPERATURE (°C)

–75

QUIE

SCEN

T CU

RREN

T (µ

A)

80

50

60

70

0

10

20

30

40

0 25 50 75 100 125 150–50

3859al G30

–25

CHANNEL 1 ON

ALL CHANNELS ON

FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (mV)0

MAX

IMUM

CUR

RENT

SEN

SE V

OLTA

GE (m

V)

70

60

50

20

10

30

40

65

55

45

15

5

25

35

0300 400 500 600 700 800100

3859al G31

200TEMPERATURE (°C)

–75

FREQ

UENC

Y (k

Hz)

600

550

500

350

400

450

3000 25 50 75 100 125 150–50

3859al G32

–25

FREQ = INTVCC

FREQ = GND


INTV

CC V

OLTA

GE (V

)

4.4

4.3

4.2

3.6

3.8

4.0

3.4

3.5

3.7

3.9

4.1

0 25 50 75 100 125 150–50

3859al G33

–25

RISING

FALLING


RUN

PIN

VOLT

AGE

(V)

1.40

1.35

1.30

1.20

1.00

1.15

1.10

1.05

1.25

0 25 50 75 100 125 150–50

3859al G34

–25

RUN1 RISING

RUN1 FALLING

RUN2,3 FALLING

RUN2,3 RISING

OPERATING FREQUENCY (kHz)100

CHAR

GE P

UMP

CHAR

GING

CUR

RENT

(µA)

100

80

90

60

70

20

30

0

10

40

50

400 500 600 700 800200

3859al G35

300

–55°C

25°C

150°C

VBOOST3 = 16VVSW3 = 12V

SWITCH VOLTAGE (V)5

CHAR

GE P

UMP

CHAR

GING

CUR

RENT

(µA)

100

80

90

60

70

20

30

0

10

40

50

20 25 30 35 4010

3859al G36

FREQ = 0V

FREQ = INTVCC

15

VBOOST3 – VSW3 = 4V


LTC3859AL

11Rev. B


PIN FUNCTIONSFREQ (Pin 1/Pin 5): The Frequency Control Pin for the Internal VCO. Connecting the pin to GND forces the VCO to a fixed low frequency of 350kHz. Connecting the pin to INTVCC forces the VCO to a fixed high frequency of 535kHz. Other frequencies between 50kHz and 900kHz can be programmed using a resistor between FREQ and GND. The resistor and an internal 20µA source current create a voltage used by the internal oscillator to set the frequency.

PLLIN/MODE (Pin 2/Pin 6): External Synchronization Input to Phase Detector and Forced Continuous Mode Input. When an external clock is applied to this pin, the phase-locked loop will force the rising TG1 signal to be synchronized with the rising edge of the external clock, and the regulators operate in forced continuous mode. When not synchronizing to an external clock, this input, which acts on all three controllers, determines how the LTC3859AL operates at light loads. Pulling this pin to ground selects Burst Mode operation. An internal 100k resistor to ground also invokes Burst Mode operation when the pin is floated. Tying this pin to INTVCC forces continuous inductor current operation. Tying this pin to a voltage greater than 1.2V and less than INTVCC – 1.3V selects pulse-skipping operation. This can be done by connecting a 100k resistor from this pin to INTVCC.

SGND (Pin 8/Pin 12): Small Signal Ground common to all three controllers, must be routed separately from high current grounds to the common (–) terminals of the CIN capacitors.

RUN1, RUN2, RUN3 (Pins 9, 10, 11/Pins 13, 14, 15): Digital Run Control Inputs for Each Controller. Forcing RUN1 below 1.17V and RUN2/RUN3 below 1.20V shuts down that controller. Forcing all of these pins below 0.7V shuts down the entire LTC3859AL, reducing quiescent current to approximately 10µA.

OV3 (Pin 17/Pin 21): Overvoltage Open-Drain Logic Output for the Boost Regulator. OV3 is pulled to ground when the voltage on the VFB3 pin is under 110% of its set point, and becomes high impedance when VFB3 goes over 110% of its set point.

INTVCC (Pin 22/Pin 26): Output of the Internal Linear Low Dropout Regulator. The driver and control circuits are powered from this voltage source. Must be decoupled to PGND with a minimum of 4.7µF ceramic or tantalum capacitor.

EXTVCC (Pin 23/Pin 27): External Power Input to an Inter-nal LDO Connected to INTVCC. This LDO supplies INTVCC power, bypassing the internal LDO powered from VBIAS whenever EXTVCC is higher than 4.7V. See EXTVCC Con-nection in the Applications Information section. Do not float or exceed 14V on this pin.

VBIAS (Pin 24/Pin 28): Main Bias Input Supply Pin. A bypass capacitor should be tied between this pin and the SGND pin.

BG1, BG2, BG3 (Pins 29, 21, 25/Pins 33, 25, 29): High Current Gate Drives for Bottom (Synchronous) N-Channel MOSFETs. Voltage swing at these pins is from ground to INTVCC.

BOOST1, BOOST2, BOOST3 (Pins 30, 20, 26/Pins 34, 24, 30): Bootstrapped Supplies to the Top Side Floating Drivers. Capacitors are connected between the BOOST and SW pins and Schottky diodes are tied between the BOOST and INTVCC pins. Voltage swing at the BOOST pins is from INTVCC to (VIN + INTVCC).

SW1, SW2, SW3 (Pins 31, 19, 28/Pins 35, 23, 32): Switch Node Connections to Inductors.

TG1, TG2, TG3 (Pins 32, 18, 27/Pins 36, 22, 31): High Current Gate Drives for Top N-Channel MOSFETs. These are the outputs of floating drivers with a voltage swing equal to INTVCC superimposed on the switch node voltage SW.

PGOOD1 (Pin 33/Pin 37): Open-Drain Logic Output. PGOOD1 is pulled to ground when the voltage on the VFB1 pin is not within ±10% of its set point.

(QFN/TSSOP)


LTC3859AL

12Rev. B


PIN FUNCTIONSTRACK/SS1, TRACK/SS2, SS3 (Pins 34, 16, 3/Pins 38, 20, 7): External Tracking and Soft-Start Input. For the buck channels, the LTC3859AL regulates the VFB1,2 voltage to the smaller of 0.8V, or the voltage on the TRACK/SS1,2 pin. For the boost channel, the LTC3859AL regulates the VFB3 voltage to the smaller of 1.2V, or the voltage on the SS3 pin. An internal 5µA pull-up current source is con-nected to this pin. A capacitor to ground at this pin sets the ramp time to final regulated output voltage. Alternatively, a resistor divider on another voltage supply connected to the TRACK/SS pins of the buck channels allow the LTC3859AL buck outputs to track the other supply during start-up.

ITH1, ITH2, ITH3 (Pins 35, 15, 7/Pins 1, 19, 11): Error Amplifier Outputs and Switching Regulator Compensation Points. Each associated channel’s current comparator trip point increases with this control voltage.

VFB1, VFB2, VFB3 (Pins 36, 14, 6/Pins 2, 18, 10): Receives the remotely sensed feedback voltage for each controller from an external resistive divider across the output.

SENSE1+, SENSE2+, SENSE3+ (Pins 37, 13, 4/Pins 3, 17, 8): The (+) Input to the Differential Current Comparators. The ITH pin voltage and controlled offsets between the SENSE– and SENSE+ pins in conjunction with RSENSE set the current trip threshold. For the boost channel, the SENSE3+ pin supplies current to the current comparator.

SENSE1–, SENSE2–, SENSE3– (Pins 38, 12, 5/Pins 4, 16, 9): The (–) Input to the Differential Current Compara-tors. When SENSE1,2– for the buck channels is greater than INTVCC, then SENSE1,2– pin supplies current to the current comparator.

PGND (Exposed Pad Pin 39): Driver Power Ground. Con-nects to the sources of bottom N-channel MOSFETs and the (–) terminal(s) of CIN. The exposed pad must be soldered to the PCB for rated electrical and thermal performance.

(QFN/TSSOP)


LTC3859AL

13Rev. B


FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM

3859

al B

D

SWIT

CHIN

GLO

GIC

INTV

CCV I

N1,2

D B C B

BOOS

T

TG SW BG

PGND

SENS

E+

SENS

E–

C IN

D

C OUT

INTV

CC

LR S

ENSE

TOP

BOT

DROP

OUT

DET

SQ

RQ

BOT

TOPO

N

SHDN

+ –SL

EEP

+ –

+–

+ –

+–

ICM

PIR

2.8V

0.65

V

SLOP

E CO

MP

V FB

I TH

3mV

0.80

VTR

ACK/

SS

0.88

V

+ –– ++

TRAC

K/SS

OV

C C2

RC

C C

RUN

C SS

FOLD

BACK

SHDN R S

T2(

V FB)

SHDN

7µA

CH1

160n

A CH

2

11V

PFD

VCO

C LP

CLK2

CLK1

SYNC

DET

20µA 100k

R A

R B

LDO

EN

LDO

EN

+ –4.

7V

5.4V

5.4V

INTV

CCSG

ND

EXTV

CC

V BIA

S

FREQ

PLLI

N/M

ODE

PGOO

D1

+ – + –

0.88

V

0.72

VV FB1

EA

BUCK

CHA

NNEL

S 1

AND

2

5µA

V OUT

1,2

6.8V


LTC3859AL

14Rev. B


FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM

3859

al B

D

SWIT

CHIN

GLO

GIC

INTV

CCV O

UT3

D B C B

BOOS

T3

TG3

SW3

BG3

PGND

SENS

E3+

SENS

E3–

C OUT C I

NIN

TVCC

LR S

ENSE

TOP

BOT

SQ

RQ

BOTO

N

SHDN

+ –SL

EEP

+ –

+–

+ –

+ –

ICM

PIR

2.8V

0.7V SL

OPE

COM

PV F

B3

I TH3

2mV

1.2V

SS3

1.32

V

+ –– ++

SS3

OV

C C2

R C

C C

RUN3

C SS

SHDN

SNSL

O

160n

A

11V

R A

R B

EA

+ –2V

SNSL

O

CLK1

PLLI

N/M

ODE

+ –

V FB3

1.32

V

OV3

0.42

5V

BOOS

T CH

ANNE

L 3

5µA

V IN3

V OUT

3


LTC3859AL

15Rev. B


OPERATIONMain Control Loop

The LTC3859AL uses a constant frequency, current mode step-down architecture. The two buck controllers, chan-nels 1 and 2, operate 180 degrees out of phase with each other. The boost controller, channel 3, operates in phase with channel 1. During normal operation, the external top MOSFET for the buck channels (the external bottom MOSFET for the boost channel) is turned on when the clock for that channel sets the RS latch, and is turned off when the main current comparator, ICMP, resets the RS latch. The peak inductor current at which ICMP trips and resets the latch is controlled by the voltage on the ITH pin, which is the output of the error amplifier EA. The error amplifier compares the output voltage feedback signal at the VFB pin, (which is generated with an external resistor divider connected across the output voltage, VOUT, to ground) to the internal 0.800V reference voltage for the bucks (1.2V reference voltage for the boost). When the load current increases, it causes a slight decrease in VFB relative to the reference, which causes the EA to increase the ITH voltage until the average inductor current matches the new load current.

After the top MOSFET for the bucks (the bottom MOSFET for the boost) is turned off each cycle, the bottom MOSFET is turned on (the top MOSFET for the boost) until either the inductor current starts to reverse, as indicated by the current comparator IR, or the beginning of the next clock cycle.

INTVCC/EXTVCC Power

Power for the top and bottom MOSFET drivers and most other internal circuitry is derived from the INTVCC pin. When the EXTVCC pin is left open or tied to a voltage less than 4.7V, the VBIAS LDO (low dropout linear regulator) supplies 5.4V from VBIAS to INTVCC. If EXTVCC is taken above 4.7V, the VBIAS LDO is turned off and an EXTVCC LDO is turned on. Once enabled, the EXTVCC LDO supplies 5.4V from EXTVCC to INTVCC. Using the EXTVCC pin allows the INTVCC power to be derived from a high efficiency external source such as one of the LTC3859AL switching regulator outputs.

Each top MOSFET driver is biased from the floating boot-strap capacitor CB, which normally recharges during each cycle through an external diode when the switch voltage goes low.

For buck channels 1 and 2, if the buck’s input voltage decreases to a voltage close to its output, the loop may enter dropout and attempt to turn on the top MOSFET con-tinuously. The dropout detector detects this and forces the top MOSFET off for about one twelfth of the clock period every tenth cycle to allow CB to recharge.

Shutdown and Start-Up (RUN1, RUN2, RUN3 and TRACK/SS1, TRACK/SS2, SS3 Pins)

The three channels of the LTC3859AL can be independently shut down using the RUN1, RUN2 and RUN3 pins. Pulling RUN1 below 1.17V and RUN2/RUN3 below 1.20V shuts down the main control loop for that channel. Pulling all three pins below 0.7V disables all controllers and most internal circuits, including the INTVCC LDOs. In this state, the LTC3859AL draws only 10µA of quiescent current.

Releasing a RUN pin allows a small internal current to pull up the pin to enable that controller. The RUN1 pin has a 7µA pull-up current while the RUN2 and RUN3 pins have a smaller 160nA. The 7µA current on RUN1 is designed to be large enough so that the RUN1 pin can be safely floated (to always enable the controller) without worry of condensation or other small board leakage pulling the pin down. This is ideal for always-on applications where one or more controllers are enabled continuously and never shut down.

Each RUN pin may also be externally pulled up or driven directly by logic. When driving a RUN pin with a low imped-ance source, do not exceed the absolute maximum rating of 8V. Each RUN pin has an internal 11V voltage clamp that allows the RUN pin to be connected through a resistor to a higher voltage (for example, VBIAS), so long as the maximum current in the RUN pin does not exceed 100µA.

The start-up of each channel’s output voltage VOUT is con-trolled by the voltage on the TRACK/SS pin (TRACK/SS1 for channel 1, TRACK/SS2 for channel 2, SS3 for channel 3). When the voltage on the TRACK/SS pin is less than the

(Refer to Functional Diagram)


LTC3859AL

16Rev. B


OPERATION0.8V internal reference for the bucks and the 1.2V internal reference for the boost, the LTC3859AL regulates the VFB voltage to the TRACK/SS pin voltage instead of the cor-responding reference voltage. This allows the TRACK/SS pin to be used to program a soft-start by connecting an external capacitor from the TRACK/SS pin to SGND. An internal 5µA pull-up current charges this capacitor creating a voltage ramp on the TRACK/SS pin. As the TRACK/SS voltage rises linearly from 0V to 0.8V/1.2V (and beyond up to INTVCC), the output voltage VOUT rises smoothly from zero to its final value.

Alternatively the TRACK/SS pins for buck channels 1 and 2 can be used to cause the start-up of VOUT to track that of another supply. Typically, this requires connecting to the TRACK/SS pin an external resistor divider from the other supply to ground (see the Applications Information section).

Light Load Current Operation (Burst Mode Operation, Pulse-Skipping, or Continuous Conduction) (PLLIN/MODE Pin)

The LTC3859AL can be enabled to enter high efficiency Burst Mode operation, constant frequency pulse-skipping mode or forced continuous conduction mode at low load currents. To select Burst Mode operation, tie the PLLIN/ MODE pin to ground. To select forced continuous opera-tion, tie the PLLIN/MODE pin to INTVCC. To select pulse-skipping mode, tie the PLLIN/MODE pin to a DC voltage greater than 1.2V and less than INTVCC – 1.3V.

When a controller is enabled for Burst Mode operation, the minimum peak current in the inductor is set to approxi-mately 25% of the maximum sense voltage (30% for the boost) even though the voltage on the ITH pin indicates a lower value. If the average inductor current is higher than the load current, the error amplifier EA will decrease the voltage on the ITH pin. When the ITH voltage drops below 0.425V, the internal sleep signal goes high (enabling sleep mode) and both external MOSFETs are turned off. The ITH pin is then disconnected from the output of the EA and parked at 0.450V.

In sleep mode, much of the internal circuitry is turned off, reducing the quiescent current that the LTC3859AL draws. If channel 1 is in sleep mode and the other two are shut down, the LTC3859AL draws only 28µA of quiescent cur-

rent. If channels 1 and 3 are in sleep mode and channel 2 is shut down, it draws only 33µA of quiescent current. If all three controllers are enabled in sleep mode, the LTC3859AL draws only 38µA of quiescent. In sleep mode, the load current is supplied by the output capacitor. As the output voltage decreases, the EA’s output begins to rise. When the output voltage drops enough, the ITH pin is reconnected to the output of the EA, the sleep signal goes low, and the controller resumes normal operation by turning on the top external MOSFET on the next cycle of the internal oscillator.

When a controller is enabled for Burst Mode operation, the inductor current is not allowed to reverse. The reverse current comparator (IR) turns off the bottom external MOSFET (the top external MOSFET for the boost) just before the inductor current reaches zero, preventing it from reversing and going negative. Thus, the controller operates in discontinuous operation.

In forced continuous operation or clocked by an external clock source to use the phase-locked loop (see the Fre-quency Selection and Phase-Locked Loop section), the inductor current is allowed to reverse at light loads or under large transient conditions. The peak inductor cur-rent is determined by the voltage on the ITH pin, just as in normal operation. In this mode, the efficiency at light loads is lower than in Burst Mode operation. However, continuous operation has the advantage of lower output voltage ripple and less interference to audio circuitry. In forced continuous mode, the output ripple is independent of load current.

When the PLLIN/MODE pin is connected for pulse-skipping mode, the LTC3859AL operates in PWM pulse-skipping mode at light loads. In this mode, constant frequency operation is maintained down to approximately 1% of designed maximum output current. At very light loads, the current comparator ICMP may remain tripped for several cycles and force the external top MOSFET to stay off for the same number of cycles (i.e., skipping pulses). The inductor current is not allowed to reverse (discontinuous operation). This mode, like forced continuous operation, exhibits low output ripple as well as low audio noise and reduced RF interference as compared to Burst Mode operation. It provides higher low current efficiency than forced continuous mode, but not nearly as high as Burst Mode operation.


LTC3859AL

17Rev. B


OPERATIONFrequency Selection and Phase-Locked Loop (FREQ and PLLIN/MODE Pins)

The selection of switching frequency is a tradeoff between efficiency and component size. Low frequency opera-tion increases efficiency by reducing MOSFET switching losses, but requires larger inductance and/or capacitance to maintain low output ripple voltage.

The switching frequency of the LTC3859AL’s controllers can be selected using the FREQ pin.

If the PLLIN/MODE pin is not being driven by an external clock source, the FREQ pin can be tied to SGND, tied to INTVCC, or programmed through an external resistor. Tying FREQ to SGND selects 350kHz while tying FREQ to INTVCC selects 535kHz. Placing a resistor between FREQ and SGND allows the frequency to be programmed between 50kHz and 900kHz.

A phase-locked loop (PLL) is available on the LTC3859AL to synchronize the internal oscillator to an external clock source that is connected to the PLLIN/MODE pin. The LTC3859AL’s phase detector adjusts the voltage (through an internal lowpass filter) of the VCO input to align the turn-on of controller 1’s external top MOSFET to the ris-ing edge of the synchronizing signal. Thus, the turn-on of controller 2’s external top MOSFET is 180 degrees out of phase to the rising edge of the external clock source.

The VCO input voltage is pre-biased to the operating frequency set by the FREQ pin before the external clock is applied. If prebiased near the external clock frequency, the PLL loop only needs to make slight changes to the VCO input in order to synchronize the rising edge of the external clock’s to the rising edge of TG1. The ability to pre-bias the loop filter allows the PLL to lock in rapidly without deviating far from the desired frequency.

The typical capture range of the LTC3859AL’s phase-locked loop is from approximately 55kHz to 1MHz, with a guarantee over all manufacturing variations to be between 75kHz and 850kHz. In other words, the LTC3859AL’s PLL is guaranteed to lock to an external clock source whose frequency is between 75kHz and 850kHz.

The typical input clock thresholds on the PLLIN/MODE pin are 1.6V (rising) and 1.2V (falling).

Boost Controller Operation When VIN > VOUT

When the input voltage to the boost channel rises above its regulated VOUT voltage, the controller can behave dif-ferently depending on the mode, inductor current and VIN voltage. In forced continuous mode, the loop works to keep the top MOSFET on continuously once VIN rises above VOUT. An internal charge pump delivers current to the boost capacitor from the BOOST3 pin to maintain a sufficiently high TG voltage. (The amount of current the charge pump can deliver is characterized by two curves in the Typical Performance Characteristics section.)

In pulse-skipping mode, if VIN is between 100% and 110% of the regulated VOUT voltage, TG3 turns on if the inductor current rises above approximately 3% of the programmed ILIM current. If the part is programmed in Burst Mode operation under this same VIN window, then TG3 turns on at the same threshold current as long as the chip is awake (one of the buck channels is awake and switching). If both buck channels are asleep or shut down in this VIN window, then TG3 will remain off regardless of the inductor current.

If VIN rises above 110% of the regulated VOUT voltage in any mode, the controller turns on TG3 regardless of the inductor current. In Burst Mode operation, however, the internal charge pump turns off if the entire chip is asleep (the two buck channels are asleep or shut down). With the charge pump off, there would be nothing to prevent the boost capacitor from discharging, resulting in an insufficient TG voltage needed to keep the top MOSFET completely on. The charge pump turns back on when the chip wakes up, and it remains on as long as one of the buck channels is actively switching.

Boost Controller at Low SENSE Pin Common Voltage

The current comparator of the boost controller is powered directly from the SENSE3+ pin and can operate to voltages as low as 2.5V. Since this is lower than the VBIAS UVLO of the chip, VBIAS can be connected to the output of the boost controller, as illustrated in the typical application circuit in Figure 12. This allows the boost controller to handle input voltage transients down to 2.5V while maintaining output voltage regulation. If the SENSE3+ rises back above 2.5V, the SS3 pin will be released initiating a new soft-start sequence.


LTC3859AL

18Rev. B


Buck Controller Output Overvoltage Protection

The two buck channels have an overvoltage comparator that guards against transient overshoots as well as other more serious conditions that may overvoltage their outputs. When the VFB1,2 pin rises by more than 10% above its regulation point of 0.800V, the top MOSFET is turned off and the bottom MOSFET is turned on until the overvoltage condition is cleared.

Channel 1 Power Good (PGOOD1)

Channel 1 has a PGOOD1 pin that is connected to an open drain of an internal N-channel MOSFET. The MOSFET turns on and pulls the PGOOD1 pin low when the VFB1 pin voltage is not within ±10% of the 0.8V reference voltage for the buck channel. The PGOOD1 pin is also pulled low when the RUN1 pin is low (shut down). When the VFB1 pin voltage is within the ±10% requirement, the MOSFET is turned off and the pin is allowed to be pulled up by an external resistor to a source no greater than 6V.

Boost Overvoltage Indicator (OV3)

The OV3 pin is an overvoltage indicator that signals whether the output voltage of the channel 3 boost controller goes over its programmed regulated voltage. The pin is con-nected to an open drain of an internal N-channel MOSFET. The MOSFET turns on and pulls the OV3 pin low when the VFB3 pin voltage is less than 110% of the 1.2V reference voltage for the boost channel. The OV3 pin is also pulled low when the RUN3 pin is low (shut down). When the VFB3 pin voltage goes higher than 110% of the 1.2V reference, the MOSFET is turned off and the pin is allowed to be pulled up by an external resistor to a source no greater than 6V.

Buck Foldback Current

When the buck output voltage falls to less than 70% of its nominal level, foldback current limiting is activated, progressively lowering the peak current limit in proportion to the severity of the overcurrent or short-circuit condition. Foldback current limiting is disabled during the soft-start interval (as long as the VFB voltage is keeping up with the TRACK/SS1,2 voltage). There is no foldback current limiting for the boost channel.

THEORY AND BENEFITS OF 2-PHASE OPERATION

Why the need for 2-phase operation? Up until the 2-phase family, constant-frequency dual switching regulators operated both channels in phase (i.e., single-phase operation). This means that both switches turned on at the same time, causing current pulses of up to twice the amplitude of those for one regulator to be drawn from the input capacitor and battery. These large amplitude current pulses increased the total RMS current flowing from the input capacitor, requiring the use of more expensive input capacitors and increasing both EMI and losses in the input capacitor and battery.

With 2-phase operation, the two buck controllers of the LTC3859AL are operated 180 degrees out of phase. This effectively interleaves the current pulses drawn by the switches, greatly reducing the overlap time where they add together. The result is a significant reduction in total RMS input current, which in turn allows less expensive input capacitors to be used, reduces shielding requirements for EMI and improves real world operating efficiency.

OPERATION


LTC3859AL

19Rev. B


OPERATION

Figure 1 compares the input waveforms for a representative single-phase dual switching regulator to the 2-phase dual buck controllers of the LTC3859AL. An actual measure-ment of the RMS input current under these conditions shows that 2-phase operation dropped the input current from 2.53ARMS to 1.55ARMS. While this is an impressive reduction in itself, remember that the power losses are proportional to IRMS2, meaning that the actual power wasted is reduced by a factor of 2.66. The reduced input ripple voltage also means less power is lost in the input power path, which could include batteries, switches, trace/con-nector resistances and protection circuitry. Improvements in both conducted and radiated EMI also directly accrue as a result of the reduced RMS input current and voltage.

Of course, the improvement afforded by 2-phase opera-tion is a function of the dual switching regulator’s relative duty cycles which, in turn, are dependent upon the input voltage VIN (Duty Cycle = VOUT/VIN). Figure 2 shows how the RMS input current varies for single-phase and 2-phase operation for 3.3V and 5V regulators over a wide input voltage range.

Figure 1. Input Waveforms Comparing Single-Phase (a) and 2-Phase (b) Operation for Dual Switching Regulators Converting 12V to 5V and 3.3V at 3A Each. The Reduced Input Ripple with the 2-Phase Regulator Allows Less Expensive Input Capacitors, Reduces Shielding Requirements for EMI and Improves Efficiency

Figure 2. RMS Input Current Comparison

(a) (b)

It can readily be seen that the advantages of 2-phase op-eration are not just limited to a narrow operating range, for most applications is that 2-phase operation will reduce the input capacitor requirement to that for just one chan-nel operating at maximum current and 50% duty cycle.

The schematic on the first page is a basic LTC3859AL application circuit. External component selection is driven by the load requirement, and begins with the selection of RSENSE and the inductor value. Next, the power MOSFETs are selected. Finally, CIN and COUT are selected.

INPUT VOLTAGE (V)0

INPU

T RM

S CU

RREN

T (A

)

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

010 20 30 40

3859al F02

SINGLE-PHASEDUAL CONTROLLER

2-PHASEDUAL CONTROLLER

VO1 = 5V/3AVO2 = 3.3V/3A

IIN(MEAS) = 2.53ARMS IIN(MEAS) = 1.55ARMS 3859al F01b3859al F01a

5V SWITCH20V/DIV

3.3V SWITCH20V/DIV

INPUT CURRENT5A/DIV

INPUT VOLTAGE500mV/DIV


LTC3859AL

20Rev. B


Figure 3. Sense Lines Placement with Inductor or Sense Resistor

APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONThe Typical Application on the first page is a basic LTC3859AL application circuit. LTC3859AL can be config-ured to use either DCR (inductor resistance) sensing or low value resistor sensing. The choice between the two current sensing schemes is largely a design trade-off between cost, power consumption, and accuracy. DCR sensing is becoming popular because it saves expensive current sensing resistors and is more power efficient, especially in high current applications. However, current sensing resistors provide the most accurate current limits for the controller. Other external component selection is driven by the load requirement, and begins with the selection of RSENSE (if RSENSE is used) and inductor value. Next, the power MOSFETs and Schottky diodes are selected. Finally, input and output capacitors are selected.

SENSE+ and SENSE– Pins

The SENSE+ and SENSE– pins are the inputs to the cur-rent comparators.

Buck Controllers (SENSE1+/SENSE1–,SENSE2+/SENSE2–): The common mode voltage range on these pins is 0V to 28V (absolute maximum), enabling the LTC3859AL to regulate buck output voltages up to a nominal 24V (al-lowing margin for tolerances and transients). The SENSE+ pin is high impedance over the full common mode range, drawing at most ±1µA. This high impedance allows the current comparators to be used in inductor DCR sensing. The impedance of the SENSE– pin changes depending on the common mode voltage. When SENSE– is less than INTVCC–0.5V, a small current of less than 1µA flows out of the pin. When SENSE– is above INTVCC+0.5V, a higher current (≈700µA) flows into the pin. Between INTVCC–0.5V and INTVCC+0.5V, the current transitions from the smaller current to the higher current.

Boost Controller (SENSE3+/SENSE3–): The common mode input range for these pins is 2.5V to 38V, allowing the boost converter to operate from inputs over this full range. The SENSE3+ pin also provides power to the current compara-tor and draws about 170µA during normal operation (when not shut down or asleep in Burst Mode operation). There is a small bias current of less than 1µA that flows out of the SENSE3– pin. This high impedance on the SENSE3– pin allows the current comparator to be used in inductor DCR sensing.

Filter components mutual to the sense lines should be placed close to the LTC3859AL, and the sense lines should run close together to a Kelvin connection underneath the current sense element (shown in Figure 3). Sensing cur-rent elsewhere can effectively add parasitic inductance and capacitance to the current sense element, degrading the information at the sense terminals and making the programmed current limit unpredictable. If DCR sensing is used (Figure 4b), sense resistor R1 should be placed close to the switching node, to prevent noise from coupling into sensitive small-signal nodes.

Low Value Resistor Current Sensing

A typical sensing circuit using a discrete resistor is shown in Figure 4a. RSENSE is chosen based on the required output current.

The current comparators have a maximum threshold VSENSE(MAX) of 50mV. The current comparator threshold sets the peak of the inductor current, yielding a maximum average output current, IMAX, equal to the peak value less half the peak-to-peak ripple current, DIL. To calculate the sense resistor value, use the equation:

RSENSE =VSENSE(MAX)

IMAX +DIL2

When using the buck controllers in very low dropout conditions, the maximum output current level will be reduced due to the internal compensation required to meet stability criterion for buck regulators operating at greater than 50% duty factor. A curve is provided in the Typical Performance Characteristics section to estimate this reduction in peak output current level depending upon the operating duty factor.

3859al F03

TO SENSE FILTERNEXT TO THE CONTROLLER

INDUCTOR OR RSENSE

CURRENT FLOW


LTC3859AL

21Rev. B


APPLICATIONS INFORMATION

Inductor DCR Sensing

For applications requiring the highest possible efficiency at high load currents, the LTC3859AL is capable of sensing the voltage drop across the inductor DCR, as shown in Figure 4b. The DCR of the inductor represents the small amount of DC winding resistance of the copper, which can be less than 1mΩ for today’s low value, high current inductors. In a high current application requiring such an inductor, conduction loss through a sense resistor would cost several points of efficiency compared to DCR sensing.

If the external R1||R2 • C1 time constant is chosen to be exactly equal to the L/DCR time constant, the voltage drop

across the external capacitor is equal to the drop across the inductor DCR multiplied by R2/(R1 + R2). R2 scales the voltage across the sense terminals for applications where the DCR is greater than the target sense resistor value. To properly dimension the external filter components, the DCR of the inductor must be known. It can be measured using a good RLC meter, but the DCR tolerance is not always the same and varies with temperature; consult the manufacturers’ data sheets for detailed information.

Using the inductor ripple current value from the Inductor Value Calculation section, the target sense resistor value is:

R(EQUIV) =VSENSE(MAX)

IMAX +DIL2

To ensure that the application will deliver full load cur-rent over the full operating temperature range, determine RSENSE(EQUIV), keeping in mind that the maximum current sense threshold (VSENSE(MAX)) for the LTC3859AL is fixed at 50mV.

Next, determine the DCR of the inductor. Where provided, use the manufacturer’s maximum value, usually given at 20°C. Increase this value to account for the temperature coefficient of resistance, which is approximately 0.4%/°C. A conservative value for TL(MAX) is 100°C.

To scale the maximum inductor DCR to the desired sense resistor value, use the divider ratio:

RD =

RSENSE(EQUIV)

DCRMAX at TL(MAX)

C1 is usually selected to be in the range of 0.1µF to 0.47µF. This forces R1||R2 to around 2k, reducing error that might have been caused by the SENSE+ pin’s ±1µA current.

The equivalent resistance R1||R2 is scaled to the room temperature inductance and maximum DCR:

R1R2 =

L(DCR at 20°C) • C1

The sense resistor values are:

R1=

R1 R2

RD; R2 =

R1• RD

1− RD

4b. Using the Inductor DCR to Sense Current

4a. Using a Resistor to Sense Current

Figure 4. Current Sensing Methods

3859al F04a

LTC3859AL

INTVCC

BOOST

TG

SW

BG

SENSE1,2+

(SENSE3–)

SENSE1, 2–

(SENSE3+)

SGND

VIN1,2(VOUT3)

VOUT1,2(VIN3)

RSENSE

CAPPLACED NEAR SENSE PINS

3859al F04b

LTC3859AL

INTVCC

BOOST

TG

SW

BG

SENSE1, 2+

(SENSE3–)

SENSE1, 2–

(SENSE3+)

SGND

VIN1,2(VOUT3)

VOUT1,2(VIN3)

C1* R2

*PLACE C1 NEAR SENSE PINS RSENSE(EQ) = DCR(R2/(R1+R2))

L DCR

INDUCTOR

R1

(R1||R2) • C1 = L/DCR


LTC3859AL

22Rev. B


APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONThe maximum power loss in R1 is related to duty cycle. For the buck controllers, the maximum power loss will occur in continuous mode at the maximum input voltage:

PLOSS R1=

(VIN(MAX) − VOUT ) • VOUT

R1

For the boost controller, the maximum power loss in R1 will occur in continuous mode at VIN = 1/2•VOUT:

PLOSS R1=

(VOUT(MAX) − VIN) • VIN

R1

Ensure that R1 has a power rating higher than this value. If high efficiency is necessary at light loads, consider this power loss when deciding whether to use DCR sensing or sense resistors. Light load power loss can be modestly higher with a DCR network than with a sense resistor, due to the extra switching losses incurred through R1. However, DCR sensing eliminates a sense resistor, reduces conduction losses and provides higher efficiency at heavy loads. Peak efficiency is about the same with either method.

Inductor Value Calculation

The operating frequency and inductor selection are inter-related in that higher operating frequencies allow the use of smaller inductor and capacitor values. So why would anyone ever choose to operate at lower frequencies with larger components? The answer is efficiency. A higher frequency generally results in lower efficiency because of MOSFET gate charge losses. In addition to this basic trade-off, the effect of inductor value on ripple current and low current operation must also be considered.

The inductor value has a direct effect on ripple current. The inductor ripple current DIL decreases with higher inductance or frequency. For the buck controllers, DIL increases with higher VIN:

DIL =

1

(f)(L)VOUT 1−

VOUT

VIN

⎛

⎝⎜

⎞

⎠⎟

For the boost controller, the inductor ripple current DIL increases with higher VOUT:

DIL =

1

(f)(L)VIN 1−

VIN

VOUT

⎛

⎝⎜

⎞

⎠⎟

Accepting larger values of DIL allows the use of low inductances, but results in higher output voltage ripple and greater core losses. A reasonable starting point for setting ripple current is DIL = 0.3(IMAX). The maximum DIL occurs at the maximum input voltage for the bucks and VIN = 1/2•VOUT for the boost.

The inductor value also has secondary effects. The tran-sition to Burst Mode operation begins when the average inductor current required results in a peak current below 25% of the current limit (30% for the boost) determined by RSENSE. Lower inductor values (higher DIL) will cause this to occur at lower load currents, which can cause a dip in efficiency in the upper range of low current operation. In Burst Mode operation, lower inductance values will cause the burst frequency to decrease.

Inductor Core Selection

Once the value for L is known, the type of inductor must be selected. High efficiency converters generally cannot afford the core loss found in low cost powdered iron cores, forcing the use of more expensive ferrite or molypermalloy cores. Actual core loss is independent of core size for a fixed inductor value, but it is very dependent on inductance selected. As inductance increases, core losses go down. Unfortunately, increased inductance requires more turns of wire and therefore copper losses will increase.

Ferrite designs have very low core loss and are preferred at high switching frequencies, so design goals can con-centrate on copper loss and preventing saturation. Ferrite core material saturates “hard,” which means that induc-tance collapses abruptly when the peak design current is exceeded. This results in an abrupt increase in inductor ripple current and consequent output voltage ripple. Do not allow the core to saturate!


LTC3859AL

23Rev. B


APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONPower MOSFET and Schottky Diode (Optional) Selection

Two external power MOSFETs must be selected for each controller in the LTC3859AL: one N-channel MOSFET for the top switch (main switch for the buck, synchronous for the boost), and one N-channel MOSFET for the bot-tom switch (main switch for the boost, synchronous for the buck).

The peak-to-peak drive levels are set by the INTVCC voltage. This voltage is typically 5.4V during start-up (see EXTVCC Pin Connection). Consequently, logic-level threshold MOSFETs must be used in most applications. Pay close attention to the BVDSS specification for the MOSFETs as well; many of the logic level MOSFETs are limited to 30V or less.

Selection criteria for the power MOSFETs include the on-resistance RDS(ON), Miller capacitance CMILLER, input voltage and maximum output current. Miller capacitance, CMILLER, can be approximated from the gate charge curve usually provided on the MOSFET manufacturers’ data sheet. CMILLER is equal to the increase in gate charge along the horizontal axis while the curve is approximately flat divided by the specified change in VDS. This result is then multiplied by the ratio of the application applied VDS to the gate charge curve specified VDS. When the IC is operating in continuous mode the duty cycles for the top and bottom MOSFETs are given by:

Buck Main Switch Duty Cycle =VOUT

VIN

Buck Sync Switch Duty Cycle =VIN − VOUT

VIN

Boost Main Switch Duty Cycle =VOUT − VIN

VOUT

Boost Sync Switch Duty Cycle =VIN

VOUT

The MOSFET power dissipations at maximum output current are given by:

PMAIN _BUCK =VOUT

VINIOUT(MAX)( )

21+ δ( )RDS(ON) +

(VIN)2 IOUT(MAX)

2

⎛

⎝⎜

⎞

⎠⎟(RDR )(CMILLER ) •

1

VINTVCC − VTHMIN+

1

VTHMIN

⎡

⎣⎢

⎤

⎦⎥(f)

PSYNC _BUCK =VIN − VOUT

VINIOUT(MAX)( )

21+ δ( )RDS(ON)

PMAIN _BOOST =VOUT − VIN( ) VOUT

VIN2 IOUT(MAX)( )

2•

1+ δ( )RDS(ON) +V 3

OUTVIN

⎛

⎝⎜⎜

⎞

⎠⎟⎟

IOUT(MAX)

2

⎛

⎝⎜

⎞

⎠⎟ •

RDR( ) CMILLER( ) •1

VINTVCC − VTHMIN+

1VTHMIN

⎡

⎣⎢

⎤

⎦⎥(f)

PSYNC _BOOST =VOUTVIN

IOUT(MAX)( )2

1+ δ( )RDS(ON)

where z is the temperature dependency of RDS(ON) and RDR (approximately 2Ω) is the effective driver resistance at the MOSFET’s Miller threshold voltage. VTHMIN is the typical MOSFET minimum threshold voltage.

Both MOSFETs have I2R losses while the main N-channel equations for the buck and boost controllers include an additional term for transition losses, which are highest at high input voltages for the bucks and low input voltages for the boost. For VIN < 20V (high VIN for the boost) the high current efficiency generally improves with larger MOSFETs, while for VIN > 20V (low VIN for the boost) the transition losses rapidly increase to the point that the use of a higher RDS(ON) device with lower CMILLER actually provides higher


LTC3859AL

24Rev. B


APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONefficiency. The synchronous MOSFET losses for the buck controllers are greatest at high input voltage when the top switch duty factor is low or during a short-circuit when the synchronous switch is on close to 100% of the period. The synchronous MOSFET losses for the boost control-ler are greatest when the input voltage approaches the output voltage or during an overvoltage event when the synchronous switch is on 100% of the period.

The term (1+ z) is generally given for a MOSFET in the form of a normalized RDS(ON) vs Temperature curve, but z = 0.005/°C can be used as an approximation for low voltage MOSFETs.

An optional Schottky diode placed across the synchro-nous MOSFET conducts during the dead-time between the conduction of the two power MOSFETs. This prevents the body diode of the synchronous MOSFET from turning on, storing charge during the dead-time and requiring a reverse recovery period that could cost as much as 3% in efficiency at high VIN. A 1A to 3A Schottky is generally a good compromise for both regions of operation due to the relatively small average current. Larger diodes result in additional transition losses due to their larger junction capacitance.

Boost CIN, COUT Selection

The input ripple current in a boost converter is relatively low (compared with the output ripple current), because this current is continuous. The boost input capacitor CIN voltage rating should comfortably exceed the maximum input voltage. Although ceramic capacitors can be relatively tolerant of overvoltage conditions, aluminum electrolytic capacitors are not. Be sure to characterize the input voltage for any possible overvoltage transients that could apply excess stress to the input capacitors.

The value of CIN is a function of the source impedance, and in general, the higher the source impedance, the higher the required input capacitance. The required amount of input capacitance is also greatly affected by the duty cycle. High output current applications that also experience high duty cycles can place great demands on the input supply, both in terms of DC current and ripple current.

In a boost converter, the output has a discontinuous current, so COUT must be capable of reducing the output voltage ripple. The effects of ESR (equivalent series resistance) and the bulk capacitance must be considered when choosing the right capacitor for a given output ripple voltage. The steady ripple due to charging and discharging the bulk capacitance is given by:

Ripple =

IOUT(MAX) • VOUT − VIN(MIN)( )COUT • VOUT • f

V

where COUT is the output filter capacitor.

The steady ripple due to the voltage drop across the ESR is given by:

DVESR = IL(MAX) • ESR

Multiple capacitors placed in parallel may be needed to meet the ESR and RMS current handling requirements. Dry tantalum, special polymer, aluminum electrolytic and ceramic capacitors are all available in surface mount packages. Ceramic capacitors have excellent low ESR characteristics but can have a high voltage coefficient. Capacitors are now available with low ESR and high ripple current ratings such as OS-CON and POSCAP.

Buck CIN, COUT Selection

The selection of CIN for the two buck controllers is simplified by the 2-phase architecture and its impact on the worst-case RMS current drawn through the input network (bat-tery/fuse/capacitor). It can be shown that the worst-case capacitor RMS current occurs when only one controller is operating. The controller with the highest (VOUT)(IOUT) product needs to be used in the formula shown in Equa-tion (1) to determine the maximum RMS capacitor current requirement. Increasing the output current drawn from the other controller will actually decrease the input RMS ripple current from its maximum value. The out-of-phase technique typically reduces the input capacitor’s RMS ripple current by a factor of 30% to 70% when compared to a single phase power supply solution.


LTC3859AL

25Rev. B


APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONIn continuous mode, the source current of the top MOSFET is a square wave of duty cycle (VOUT)/(VIN). To prevent large voltage transients, a low ESR capacitor sized for the maximum RMS current of one channel must be used. The maximum RMS capacitor current is given by:

CIN Required IRMS ≈

IMAX

VINVOUT( ) VIN − VOUT( )⎡⎣ ⎤⎦

1/2

(1)

This formula has a maximum at VIN = 2VOUT, where IRMS = IOUT/2. This simple worst-case condition is commonly used for design because even significant deviations do not offer much relief. Note that capacitor manufacturers’ ripple current ratings are often based on only 2000 hours of life. This makes it advisable to further derate the capacitor, or to choose a capacitor rated at a higher temperature than required. Several capacitors may be paralleled to meet size or height requirements in the design. Due to the high operating frequency of the LTC3859AL, ceramic capacitors can also be used for CIN. Always consult the manufacturer if there is any question.

The benefit of the LTC3859AL 2-phase operation can be calculated by using Equation (1) for the higher power con-troller and then calculating the loss that would have resulted if both controller channels switched on at the same time. The total RMS power lost is lower when both controllers are operating due to the reduced overlap of current pulses required through the input capacitor’s ESR. This is why the input capacitor’s requirement calculated above for the worst-case controller is adequate for the dual controller design. Also, the input protection fuse resistance, battery resistance, and PC board trace resistance losses are also reduced due to the reduced peak currents in a 2-phase system. The overall benefit of a multiphase design will only be fully realized when the source impedance of the power supply/battery is included in the efficiency testing. The drains of the top MOSFETs should be placed within 1cm of each other and share a common CIN (s). Separat-ing the drains and CIN may produce undesirable voltage and current resonances at VIN.

A small (0.1µF to 1µF) bypass capacitor between the chip VIN pin and ground, placed close to the LTC3859AL, is also suggested. A small (1Ω to 10Ω) resistor placed between CIN (C1) and the VIN pin provides further isolation between the two channels.

The selection of COUT is driven by the effective series resistance (ESR). Typically, once the ESR requirement is satisfied, the capacitance is adequate for filtering. The output ripple (DVOUT) is approximated by:

DVOUT ≈ DIL ESR +

1

8fCOUT

⎛

⎝⎜

⎞

⎠⎟

where f is the operating frequency, COUT is the output capacitance and DIL is the ripple current in the inductor. The output ripple is highest at maximum input voltage since DIL increases with input voltage.

Setting Output Voltage

The LTC3859AL output voltages are each set by an external feedback resistor divider carefully placed across the output, as shown in Figure 5. The regulated output voltages are determined by:

VOUT, BUCK = 0.8V 1+RB

RA

⎛

⎝⎜

⎞

⎠⎟

VOUT, BOOST = 1.2V 1+RB

RA

⎛

⎝⎜

⎞

⎠⎟

To improve the frequency response, a feedforward ca-pacitor, CFF, may be used. Great care should be taken to route the VFB line away from noise sources, such as the inductor or the SW line.

Figure 5. Setting Output Voltage

3859al F05

1/3 LTC3859AL

VFB

RB CFF

RA

VOUT


LTC3859AL

26Rev. B


APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONTracking and Soft-Start (TRACK/SS1, TRACK/SS2, SS3 Pins)

The start-up of each VOUT is controlled by the voltage on the respective TRACK/SS pin (TRACK/SS1 for channel 1, TRACK/SS2 for channel 2, SS3 for channel 3). When the voltage on the TRACK/SS pin is less than the internal 0.8V reference (1.2V reference for the boost channel), the LTC3859AL regulates the VFB pin voltage to the voltage on the TRACK/SS pin instead of the internal reference. Likewise, the TRACK/SS pin for the buck channels can be used to program an external soft-start function or to allow VOUT to track another supply during start-up.

Soft-start is enabled by simply connecting a capacitor from the TRACK/SS pin to ground, as shown in Figure 6. An internal 5µA current source charges the capacitor, providing a linear ramping voltage at the TRACK/SS pin. The LTC3859AL will regulate the VFB pin (and hence VOUT) according to the voltage on the TRACK/SS pin, allowing VOUT to rise smoothly from 0V to its final regulated value. The total soft-start time will be approximately:

tSS _BUCK = CSS •0.8V5µA

tSS _BOOST = CSS •1.2V5µA

Alternatively, the TRACK/SS1 and TRACK/SS2 pins for the two buck controllers can be used to track two (or more) sup-plies during start-up, as shown qualitatively in Figures 7a and 7b. To do this, a resistor divider should be connected from the master supply (VX) to the TRACK/SS pin of the slave supply (VOUT), as shown in Figure 8. During start-up VOUT will track VX according to the ratio set by the resis-tor divider:

VX

VOUT=

RA

RTRACKA•

RTRACKA + RTRACKB

RA + RB

For coincident tracking (VOUT = VX during start-up),

RA = RTRACKA

RB = RTRACKB

7a. Coincident Tracking

7b. Ratiometric Tracking

Figure 6. Using the TRACK/SS Pin to Program Soft-Start

Figure 7. Two Different Modes of Output Voltage Tracking

3859al F07a

VX(MASTER)

VOUT(SLAVE)

OUTP

UT (V

OUT)

TIME

3859al F07b

VX(MASTER)

VOUT(SLAVE)

OUTP

UT (V

OUT)

TIME

3859al F08

LTC3859AL

VFB1,2

TRACK/SS1,2

RB

RA

VOUT

RTRACKB

RTRACKA

VX

Figure 8. Using the TRACK/SS Pin for Tracking

3859al F06

1/3 LTC3859AL

TRACK/SS

SGND

CSS


LTC3859AL

27Rev. B


APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONINTVCC Regulators

The LTC3859AL features two separate internal P-channel low dropout linear regulators (LDO) that supply power at the INTVCC pin from either the VBIAS supply pin or the EXTVCC pin depending on the connection of the EXTVCC pin. INTVCC powers the gate drivers and much of the LTC3859AL’s internal circuitry. The VBIAS LDO and the EXTVCC LDO regulate INTVCC to 5.4V. Each of these must be bypassed to ground with a minimum of 4.7µF ceramic capacitor. No matter what type of bulk capacitor is used, an additional 1µF ceramic capacitor placed directly adjacent to the INTVCC and PGND IC pins is highly recommended. Good bypassing is needed to supply the high transient currents required by the MOSFET gate drivers and to prevent interaction between the channels.

High input voltage applications in which large MOSFETs are being driven at high frequencies may cause the maxi-mum junction temperature rating for the LTC3859AL to be exceeded. The INTVCC current, which is dominated by the gate charge current, may be supplied by either the VBIAS LDO or the EXTVCC LDO. When the voltage on the EXTVCC pin is less than 4.7V, the VBIAS LDO is enabled. Power dissipation for the IC in this case is highest and is equal to VBIAS • IINTVCC. The gate charge current is dependent on operating frequency as discussed in the Efficiency Considerations section. The junction temperature can be estimated by using the equations given in Note 2 of the Electrical Characteristics. For example, the LTC3859AL INTVCC current is limited to less than 40mA from a 40V supply when not using the EXTVCC supply at a 70°C ambi-ent temperature in the QFN package:

TJ = 70°C + (40mA)(40V)(34°C/W) = 125°C

To prevent the maximum junction temperature from being exceeded, the input supply current must be checked while operating in continuous conduction mode (PLLIN/MODE = INTVCC) at maximum VIN.

When the voltage applied to EXTVCC rises above 4.7V, the VBIAS LDO is turned off and the EXTVCC LDO is enabled. The EXTVCC LDO remains on as long as the voltage applied to EXTVCC remains above 4.5V. The EXTVCC LDO attempts to regulate the INTVCC voltage to 5.4V, so while EXTVCC is less than 5.4V, the LDO is in dropout and the INTVCC voltage is approximately equal to EXTVCC. When EXTVCC is greater than 5.4V, up to an absolute maximum of 14V, INTVCC is regulated to 5.4V.

Using the EXTVCC LDO allows the MOSFET driver and control power to be derived from one of the LTC3859AL’s switching regulator outputs (4.7V ≤ VOUT ≤ 14V) dur-ing normal operation and from the VBIAS LDO when the output is out of regulation (e.g., startup, short-circuit). If more current is required through the EXTVCC LDO than is specified, an external Schottky diode can be added between the EXTVCC and INTVCC pins. In this case, do not apply more than 6V to the EXTVCC pin and make sure that EXTVCC ≤ VBIAS.

Significant efficiency and thermal gains can be realized by powering INTVCC from the buck output, since the VIN current resulting from the driver and control currents will be scaled by a factor of (Duty Cycle)/(Switcher Efficiency). For 5V to 14V regulator outputs, this means connecting the EXTVCC pin directly to VOUT. Tying the EXTVCC pin to a 8.5V supply reduces the junction temperature in the previous example from 125°C to:

TJ = 70°C + (40mA)(8.5V)(34°C/W) = 82°C

However, for 3.3V and other low voltage outputs, additional circuitry is required to derive INTVCC power from the output.


LTC3859AL

28Rev. B


APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONThe following list summarizes the four possible connec-tions for EXTVCC:

1. EXTVCC grounded. This will cause INTVCC to be powered from the internal 5.4V regulator resulting in an efficiency penalty of up to 10% at high input voltages.

2. EXTVCC connected directly to the output voltage of one of the buck regulators. This is the normal connection for a 5V to 14V regulator and provides the highest ef-ficiency.

3. EXTVCC connected to an external supply. If an external supply is available in the 5V to 14V range, it may be used to power EXTVCC providing it is compatible with the MOSFET gate drive requirements. Ensure that EXTVCC ≤ VBIAS.

4. EXTVCC connected to an output-derived boost network off one of the buck regulators. For 3.3V and other low voltage buck regulators, efficiency gains can still be realized by connecting EXTVCC to an output-derived voltage that has been boosted to greater than 4.7V. This can be done with the capacitive charge pump shown in Figure 9. Ensure that EXTVCC ≤ VBIAS.

Figure 9. Capacitive Charge Pump for EXTVCC

3859al F09

LTC3859AL

TG

SW

BG

PGND

RSENSE

MTOP

MBOT

LEXTVCC

BAT85 BAT85C1

VIN1,2

BAT85

VOUT1,2


LTC3859AL

29Rev. B


APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONTopside MOSFET Driver Supply (CB, DB)

External bootstrap capacitors CB connected to the BOOST pins supply the gate drive voltages for the topside MOS-FETs. Capacitor CB in the Functional Diagram is charged though external diode DB from INTVCC when the SW pin is low. When one of the topside MOSFETs is to be turned on, the driver places the CB voltage across the gate-source of the desired MOSFET. This enhances the MOSFET and turns on the topside switch. The switch node voltage, SW, rises to VIN for the buck channels (VOUT for the boost channel) and the BOOST pin follows. With the topside MOSFET on, the boost voltage is above the input supply: VBOOST = VIN + VINTVCC (VBOOST = VOUT + VINTVCC for the boost controller). The value of the boost capacitor CB needs to be 100 times that of the total input capacitance of the topside MOSFET(s). The reverse breakdown of the external Schottky diode must be greater than VIN(MAX) for the buck channels and VOUT(MAX) for the boost channel.

The external diode DB can be a Schottky diode or silicon diode, but in either case it should have low leakage and fast recovery. Pay close attention to the reverse leakage at high temperatures where it generally increases substantially.

The topside MOSFET driver for the boost channel includes an internal charge pump that delivers current to the bootstrap capacitor from the BOOST3 pin. This charge current maintains the bias voltage required to keep the

top MOSFET on continuously during dropout/overvolt-age conditions. The Schottky/silicon diode selected for the boost topside driver should have a reverse leakage less than the available output current the charge pump can supply. Curves displaying the available charge pump current under different operating conditions can be found in the Typical Performance Characteristics section.

A leaky diode DB in the boost converter can not only prevent the top MOSFET from fully turning on but it can also completely discharge the bootstrap capacitor CB and create a current path from the input voltage to the BOOST3 pin to INTVCC. This can cause INTVCC to rise if the diode leakage exceeds the current consumption on INTVCC. This is particularly a concern in Burst Mode operation where the load on INTVCC can be very small. There is an internal voltage clamp on INTVCC that prevents the INTVCC voltage from running away, but this clamp should be regarded as a failsafe only. The external Schottky or silicon diode should be carefully chosen such that INTVCC never gets charged up much higher than its normal regulation voltage.

Care should also be taken when choosing the external diode DB for the buck converters. A leaky diode not only increases the quiescent current of the buck converter, but it can also cause a similar leakage path to INTVCC from VOUT for applications with output voltages greater than the INTVCC voltage (~5.4V).

Figure 10. Relationship Between Oscillator Frequency and Resistor Value at the FREQ Pin

FREQ PIN RESISTOR (kΩ)15

FREQ

UENC

Y (k

Hz)

600

800

1000

35 45 5525

3859al F10

400

200

500

700

900

300

100

065 75 85 95 105 115 125


LTC3859AL

30Rev. B


APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONFault Conditions: Buck Current Limit and Current Foldback

The LTC3859AL includes current foldback for the buck channels to help limit load current when the output is shorted to ground. If the buck output falls below 70% of its nominal output level, then the maximum sense volt-age is progressively lowered from 100% to 40% of its maximum selected value. Under short-circuit conditions with very low duty cycles, the buck channel will begin cycle skipping in order to limit the short-circuit current. In this situation the bottom MOSFET will be dissipating most of the power but less than in normal operation. The short-circuit ripple current is determined by the minimum on-time tON(MIN) of the LTC3859AL (≈95ns), the input voltage and inductor value:

DIL(SC) = tON(MIN) (VIN/L)

The resulting average short-circuit current is:

ISC = 40% • ILIM(MAX) −

1

2DIL(SC)

Fault Conditions: Buck Overvoltage Protection (Crowbar)

The overvoltage crowbar is designed to blow a system input fuse when the output voltage of the one of the buck regulators rises much higher than nominal levels. The crowbar causes huge currents to flow, that blow the fuse to protect against a shorted top MOSFET if the short oc-curs while the controller is operating.

A comparator monitors the buck output for overvoltage conditions. The comparator detects faults greater than 10% above the nominal output voltage. When this condi-tion is sensed, the top MOSFET of the buck controller is turned off and the bottom MOSFET is turned on until the overvoltage condition is cleared. The bottom MOSFET remains on continuously for as long as the overvoltage condition persists; if VOUT returns to a safe level, normal operation automatically resumes.

A shorted top MOSFET for the buck channel will result in a high current condition which will open the system fuse. The switching regulator will regulate properly with a leaky top MOSFET by altering the duty cycle to accommodate the leakage.

Fault Conditions: Over Temperature Protection

At higher temperatures, or in cases where the internal power dissipation causes excessive self heating on chip (such as INTVCC short to ground), the over temperature shutdown circuitry will shut down the LTC3859AL. When the junction temperature exceeds approximately 170°C, the over temperature circuitry disables the INTVCC LDO, caus-ing the INTVCC supply to collapse and effectively shutting down the entire LTC3859AL chip. Once the junction tem-perature drops back to approximately 155°C, the INTVCC LDO turns back on. Long term overstress (TJ > 125°C) should be avoided as it can degrade the performance or shorten the life of the part.

Phase-Locked Loop and Frequency Synchronization

The LTC3859AL has an internal phase-locked loop (PLL) comprised of a phase frequency detector, a lowpass filter, and a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). This allows the turn-on of the top MOSFET of controller 1 to be locked to the rising edge of an external clock signal applied to the PLLIN/MODE pin. The turn-on of controller 2’s top MOSFET is thus 180 degrees out of phase with the external clock. The phase detector is an edge sensitive digital type that provides zero degrees phase shift between the external and internal oscillators. This type of phase detector does not exhibit false lock to harmonics of the external clock.

If the external clock frequency is greater than the inter-nal oscillator’s frequency, fOSC, then current is sourced continuously from the phase detector output, pulling up the VCO input. When the external clock frequency is less than fOSC, current is sunk continuously, pulling down the


LTC3859AL

31Rev. B


APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONVCO input. If the external and internal frequencies are the same but exhibit a phase difference, the current sources turn on for an amount of time corresponding to the phase difference. The voltage at the VCO input is adjusted until the phase and frequency of the internal and external os-cillators are identical. At the stable operating point, the phase detector output is high impedance and the internal filter capacitor, CLP, holds the voltage at the VCO input.

Note that the LTC3859AL can only be synchronized to an external clock whose frequency is within range of the LTC3859AL’s internal VCO, which is nominally 55kHz to 1MHz. This is guaranteed to be between 75kHz and 850kHz.

Typically, the external clock (on PLLIN/MODE pin) input high threshold is 1.6V, while the input low threshold is 1.2V.

Rapid phase-locking can be achieved by using the FREQ pin to set a free-running frequency near the desired synchronization frequency. The VCO’s input voltage is prebiased at a frequency correspond to the frequency set by the FREQ pin. Once prebiased, the PLL only needs to adjust the frequency slightly to achieve phase-lock and synchronization. Although it is not required that the free-running frequency be near external clock frequency, doing so will prevent the operating frequency from pass-ing through a large range of frequencies as the PLL locks.

Table 1 summarizes the different states in which the FREQ pin can be used.

Table 1. FREQ PIN PLLIN/MODE PIN FREQUENCY

0V DC Voltage 350kHz

INTVCC DC Voltage 535kHz

Resistor to SGND DC Voltage 50kHz to 900kHz

Any of the Above External Clock Phase-Locked to External Clock

Minimum On-Time Considerations

Minimum on-time tON(MIN) is the smallest time duration that the LTC3859AL is capable of turning on the top MOSFET (bottom MOSFET for the boost controller). It is determined by internal timing delays and the gate charge required to turn on the top MOSFET. Low duty cycle applications may approach this minimum on-time limit and care should be taken to ensure that

tON(MIN)_BUCK <VOUT

VIN(f)

tON(MIN)_BOOST <VOUT − VIN

VOUT(f)

If the duty cycle falls below what can be accommodated by the minimum on-time, the controller will begin to skip cycles. The output voltage will continue to be regulated, but the ripple voltage and current will increase.

The minimum on-time for the LTC3859AL is approximately 95ns for the bucks and 120ns for the boost. However, as the peak sense voltage decreases the minimum on-time gradually increases up to about 130ns. This is of particu-lar concern in forced continuous applications with low ripple current at light loads. If the duty cycle drops below the minimum on-time limit in this situation, a significant amount of cycle skipping can occur with correspondingly larger current and voltage ripple.


LTC3859AL

32Rev. B


APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONEfficiency Considerations

The percent efficiency of a switching regulator is equal to the output power divided by the input power times 100%. It is often useful to analyze individual losses to determine what is limiting the efficiency and which change would produce the most improvement. Percent efficiency can be expressed as:

%Efficiency = 100% – (L1 + L2 + L3 + ...)

where L1, L2, etc. are the individual losses as a percent-age of input power.

Although all dissipative elements in the circuit produce losses, four main sources usually account for most of the losses in LTC3859AL circuits: 1) IC VBIAS current, 2) INTVCC regulator current, 3) I2R losses, 4) Topside MOSFET transition losses.

1. The VBIAS current is the DC supply current given in the Electrical Characteristics table, which excludes MOS-FET driver and control currents. VBIAS current typically results in a small (<0.1%) loss.

2. INTVCC current is the sum of the MOSFET driver and control currents. The MOSFET driver current results from switching the gate capacitance of the power MOSFETs. Each time a MOSFET gate is switched from low to high to low again, a packet of charge, dQ, moves from INTVCC to ground. The resulting dQ/dt is a current out of INTVCC that is typically much larger than the control circuit current. In continuous mode, IGATECHG = f(QT + QB), where QT and QB are the gate charges of the topside and bottom side MOSFETs.

Supplying INTVCC from an output-derived source power through EXTVCC will scale the VIN current required for the driver and control circuits by a factor of (Duty Cycle)/(Efficiency). For example, in a 20V to 5V application, 10mA of INTVCC current results in approximately 2.5mA of VIN current. This reduces the mid-current loss from 10% or more (if the driver was powered directly from VIN) to only a few percent.

3. I2R losses are predicted from the DC resistances of the fuse (if used), MOSFET, inductor, current sense resis-tor, and input and output capacitor ESR. In continuous mode the average output current flows through L and RSENSE, but is “chopped” between the topside MOSFET and the synchronous MOSFET. If the two MOSFETs have approximately the same RDS(ON), then the resistance of one MOSFET can simply be summed with the resis-tances of L, RSENSE and ESR to obtain I2R losses. For example, if each RDS(ON) = 30mΩ, RL = 50mΩ, RSENSE = 10mΩ and RESR = 40mΩ (sum of both input and output capacitance losses), then the total resistance is 130mΩ. This results in losses ranging from 3% to 13% as the output current increases from 1A to 5A for a 5V output, or a 4% to 20% loss for a 3.3V output. Efficiency varies as the inverse square of VOUT for the same external components and output power level. The combined effects of increasingly lower output voltages and higher currents required by high performance digital systems is not doubling but quadrupling the importance of loss terms in the switching regulator system!

4. Transition losses apply only to the top MOSFET(s) (bot-tom MOSFET for the boost), and become significant only when operating at high input voltages (typically 15V or greater). Transition losses can be estimated from:

Transition Loss = (1.7)VIN2 • IO(MAX) • CRSS • f

Other hidden losses such as copper trace and internal battery resistances can account for an additional 5% to 10% efficiency degradation in portable systems. It is very important to include these “system” level losses during the design phase. The internal battery and fuse resistance losses can be minimized by making sure that CIN has adequate charge storage and very low ESR at the switching frequency. A 25W supply will typically require a minimum of 20µF to 40µF of capacitance having a maximum of 20mΩ to 50mΩ of ESR. The LTC3859AL 2-phase architecture typically halves this input capacitance requirement over competing solu-tions. Other losses including Schottky conduction losses during dead-time and inductor core losses generally account for less than 2% total additional loss.


LTC3859AL

33Rev. B


APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONChecking Transient Response

The regulator loop response can be checked by looking at the load current transient response. Switching regulators take several cycles to respond to a step in DC (resistive) load current. When a load step occurs, VOUT shifts by an amount equal to DILOAD(ESR), where ESR is the effective series resistance of COUT. DILOAD also begins to charge or discharge COUT generating the feedback error signal that forces the regulator to adapt to the current change and return VOUT to its steady-state value. During this recovery time VOUT can be monitored for excessive overshoot or ringing, which would indicate a stability problem. OPTI-LOOP compensation allows the transient response to be optimized over a wide range of output capacitance and ESR values. The availability of the ITH pin not only allows optimization of control loop behavior, but it also provides a DC coupled and AC filtered closed loop response test point. The DC step, rise time and settling at this test point truly reflects the closed loop response. Assuming a predominantly second order system, phase margin and/or damping factor can be estimated using the percentage of overshoot seen at this pin. The bandwidth can also be estimated by examining the rise time at the pin. The ITH external components shown in Figure 15 will provide an adequate starting point for most applications.

The ITH series RC-CC filter sets the dominant pole-zero loop compensation. The values can be modified slightly (from 0.5 to 2 times their suggested values) to optimize transient response once the final PC layout is done and the particular output capacitor type and value have been determined. The output capacitors need to be selected because the various types and values determine the loop gain and phase. An output current pulse of 20% to 80% of full-load current having a rise time of 1µs to 10µs will produce output voltage and ITH pin waveforms that will give a sense of the overall loop stability without breaking the feedback loop.

Placing a power MOSFET directly across the output ca-pacitor and driving the gate with an appropriate signal generator is a practical way to produce a realistic load step condition. The initial output voltage step resulting from the step change in output current may not be within the bandwidth of the feedback loop, so this signal cannot be

used to determine phase margin. This is why it is better to look at the ITH pin signal which is in the feedback loop and is the filtered and compensated control loop response.

The gain of the loop will be increased by increasing RC and the bandwidth of the loop will be increased by de-creasing CC. If RC is increased by the same factor that CC is decreased, the zero frequency will be kept the same, thereby keeping the phase shift the same in the most critical frequency range of the feedback loop. The output voltage settling behavior is related to the stability of the closed-loop system and will demonstrate the actual overall supply performance.

A second, more severe transient is caused by switching in loads with large (>1µF) supply bypass capacitors. The discharged bypass capacitors are effectively put in parallel with COUT, causing a rapid drop in VOUT. No regulator can alter its delivery of current quickly enough to prevent this sudden step change in output voltage if the load switch resistance is low and it is driven quickly. If the ratio of CLOAD to COUT is greater than 1:50, the switch rise time should be controlled so that the load rise time is limited to approximately 25 • CLOAD. Thus a 10µF capacitor would require a 250µs rise time, limiting the charging current to about 200mA.

Buck Design Example

As a design example for one of the buck channels channel, assume VIN = 12V(NOMINAL), VIN = 22V(MAX), VOUT = 3.3V, IMAX = 6A, VSENSE(MAX) = 50mV, and f = 350kHz.

The inductance value is chosen first based on a 30% ripple current assumption. The highest value of ripple current occurs at the maximum input voltage. Tie the FREQ pin to GND, generating 350kHz operation. The minimum inductance for 30% ripple current is:

DIL =VOUT

(f)(L)1−

VOUT

VIN(NOMINAL)

⎛

⎝⎜⎜

⎞

⎠⎟⎟

A 3.9µH inductor will produce 29% ripple current. The peak inductor current will be the maximum DC value plus one half the ripple current, or 6.88A. Increasing the ripple current will also help ensure that the minimum on-time


LTC3859AL

34Rev. B


APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONof 95ns is not violated. The minimum on-time occurs at maximum VIN:

tON(MIN) =

VOUT

VIN(MAX)(f)=

3.3V

22V(350kHz)= 429ns

The RSENSE resistor value can be calculated by using the minimum value for the maximum current sense threshold (43mV):

RSENSE ≤

43mV

6.88A= 0.006Ω

Choosing 1% resistors: RA = 25k and RB = 80.6k yields an output voltage of 3.33V.

The power dissipation on the top side MOSFET can be easily estimated. Choosing a Fairchild FDS6982S dual MOSFET results in: RDS(ON) = 0.035Ω/0.022Ω, CMILLER = 215pF. At maximum input voltage with T(estimated) = 50°C:

PMAIN =3.3V

22V(6A)2 1+ (0.005)(50°C − 25°C)

(0.035Ω) + (22V)265A

2(2.5Ω)(215pF) •

1

5V − 2.3V+

1

2.3V

⎧⎨⎩

⎫⎬⎭

(350kHz) = 433mW

A short-circuit to ground will result in a folded back cur-rent of:

ISC =

20 mV

0.006Ω−

1

2

95ns(22V)

3.9µH

⎧⎨⎩

⎫⎬⎭

= 3.07A

with a typical value of RDS(ON) and z = (0.005/°C)(25°C) = 0.125. The resulting power dissipated in the bottom MOSFET is:

PSYNC = (2.23A)2(1.125)(0.022Ω) = 233mW

which is less than under full-load conditions.

The input capacitor to the buck regulator CIN is chosen for an RMS current rating of at least 3A at temperature assuming only this channel is on. COUT is chosen with an

ESR of 0.02Ω for low output ripple. The output ripple in continuous mode will be highest at the maximum input volt-age. The output voltage ripple due to ESR is approximately:

VORIPPLE = RESR (DIL) = 0.02Ω(1.75A) = 35mVP-P

PC Board Layout Checklist

When laying out the printed circuit board, the following checklist should be used to ensure proper operation of the IC. These items are also illustrated graphically in the layout diagram of Figure 11. Figure 12 illustrates the current waveforms present in the various branches of the 2-phase synchronous buck regulators operating in the continuous mode. Check the following in your layout:

1. Are the top N-channel MOSFETs MTOP1 and MTOP2 located within 1cm of each other with a common drain connection at CIN? Do not attempt to split the input decoupling for the two channels as it can cause a large resonant loop.

2. Are the signal and power grounds kept separate? The combined IC signal ground pin and the ground return of CINTVCC must return to the combined COUT (–) termi-nals. The path formed by the top N-channel MOSFET, Schottky diode and the CIN capacitor should have short leads and PC trace lengths. The output capacitor (–) terminals should be connected as close as possible to the (–) terminals of the input capacitor by placing the capacitors next to each other and away from the Schottky loop described above.

3. Do the LTC3859AL VFB pins’ resistive dividers con-nect to the (+) terminals of COUT? The resistive divider must be connected between the (+) terminal of COUT and signal ground. The feedback resistor connections should not be along the high current input feeds from the input capacitor(s).

4. Are the SENSE– and SENSE+ leads routed together with minimum PC trace spacing? The filter capacitor between SENSE+ and SENSE– should be as close as possible to the IC. Ensure accurate current sensing with Kelvin connections at the sense resistor.


LTC3859AL

35Rev. B


5. Is the INTVCC decoupling capacitor connected close to the IC, between the INTVCC and the power ground pins? This capacitor carries the MOSFET drivers’ cur-rent peaks. An additional 1µF ceramic capacitor placed immediately next to the INTVCC and PGND pins can help improve noise performance substantially.

6. Keep the switching nodes (SW1, SW2, SW3), top gate nodes (TG1, TG2, TG3), and boost nodes (BOOST1, BOOST2, BOOST3) away from sensitive small-signal nodes, especially from the opposites channel’s voltage and current sensing feedback pins. All of these nodes have very large and fast moving signals and therefore should be kept on the output side of the LTC3859AL and occupy minimum PC trace area.

7. Use a modified star ground technique: a low impedance, large copper area central grounding point on the same side of the PC board as the input and output capacitors with tie-ins for the bottom of the INTVCC decoupling capacitor, the bottom of the voltage feedback resistive divider and the SGND pin of the IC.

PC Board Layout Debugging

Start with one controller on at a time. It is helpful to use a DC-50MHz current probe to monitor the current in the inductor while testing the circuit. Monitor the output switch-ing node (SW pin) to synchronize the oscilloscope to the internal oscillator and probe the actual output voltage as well. Check for proper performance over the operating voltage and current range expected in the application. The frequency of operation should be maintained over the input voltage range down to dropout and until the output load drops below the low current operation threshold—typically 25% of the maximum designed current level in Burst Mode operation.

The duty cycle percentage should be maintained from cycle to cycle in a well-designed, low noise PCB implementation. Variation in the duty cycle at a subharmonic rate can sug-gest noise pickup at the current or voltage sensing inputs or inadequate loop compensation. Overcompensation of

the loop can be used to tame a poor PC layout if regulator bandwidth optimization is not required. Only after each controller is checked for its individual performance should both controllers be turned on at the same time. A particularly difficult region of operation is when one controller channel is nearing its current comparator trip point when the other channel is turning on its top MOSFET. This occurs around 50% duty cycle on either channel due to the phasing of the internal clocks and may cause minor duty cycle jitter.

Reduce VIN from its nominal level to verify operation of the regulator in dropout. Check the operation of the un-dervoltage lockout circuit by further lowering VIN while monitoring the outputs to verify operation.

Investigate whether any problems exist only at higher out-put currents or only at higher input voltages. If problems coincide with high input voltages and low output currents, look for capacitive coupling between the BOOST, SW, TG, and possibly BG connections and the sensitive voltage and current pins. The capacitor placed across the current sensing pins needs to be placed immediately adjacent to the pins of the IC. This capacitor helps to minimize the effects of differential noise injection due to high frequency capacitive coupling. If problems are encountered with high current output loading at lower input voltages, look for inductive coupling between CIN, Schottky and the top MOSFET components to the sensitive current and voltage sensing traces. In addition, investigate common ground path voltage pickup between these components and the SGND pin of the IC.

An embarrassing problem, which can be missed in an otherwise properly working switching regulator, results when the current sensing leads are hooked up backwards. The output voltage under this improper hookup will still be maintained but the advantages of current mode control will not be realized. Compensation of the voltage loop will be much more sensitive to component selection. This behavior can be investigated by temporarily shorting out the current sensing resistor—don’t worry, the regulator will still maintain control of the output voltage.



LTC3859AL

36Rev. B



Figure 11. Branch Current Waveforms for Bucks

RL1D1

L1SW1 RSENSE1 VOUT1

COUT1

VIN

CINRIN

RL2D2BOLD LINES INDICATEHIGH SWITCHING CURRENT. KEEP LINESTO A MINIMUM LENGTH.

L2SW2

3859al F11

RSENSE2 VOUT2

COUT2


LTC3859AL

37Rev. B


TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

Figure 12. High Efficiency Wide Input Range Dual 5V/8.5V Converter

3859al F12

LTC3859ALSENSE1–

SENSE1+

PGOOD1

TG1

SW1

BOOST1

BG1

VBIAS

PGND

INTVCC

TG2

BOOST2

SW2

BG2

SENSE2+

SENSE2–

TG3

SW3

BOOST3

BG3

SENSE3–

SENSE3+

VFB1

ITH1

TRACK/SS1

FREQ

PLLIN/MODE

SGND

RUN1

RUN2

RUN3

VFB2

ITH2

TRACK/SS2

VFB3

ITH3

SS3

C11nF

100k

CB10.1µF

D1

D2

CBIAS10µF

CINT14.7µF

C21nF

MTOP1

MBOT1

C110µF L1

4.9µHRSENSE1

6mΩ

COUT1220µF

VOUT15V5A

MTOP2

MBOT2

C210µF

L26.5µH

RSENSE28mΩ

COUT268µF

VOUT28.5V3A

CB20.1µF

MTOP3

MBOT3

L31.2µH

RSENSE22mΩ

C31nF

D3

CB30.1µF

CIN220µF

VIN2.5V TO 38V(START-UP ABOVE 5V)

* VOUT3 IS 10V WHEN VIN < 10V, FOLLOWS VIN WHEN VIN > 10V

COUT3220µF

RB1357k

OPT

VOUT1

RA168.1k

RB2649k

10pF

VOUT2

RA268.1k

CITH1A100pF

CITH11500pF

RITH115k

CITH2A68pF

CITH22.2nF

CSS20.1µF

RITH215k

RB3499k

OPT

VOUT3

RA368.1k

CITH3A820pF

CITH30.01µF

CSS30.1µF

RITH33.6k

CSS10.1µF

MTOP1, MTOP2: BSZ097NO4LSMBOT1, MBOT2: BSZ097NO4LSMTOP3: BSC027NO4LSMBOT3: BSCO1BN04LSL1: WÜRTH 744314490L2: WÜRTH 744314650L3: WÜRTH 744325120COUT1: SANYO 6TPB220MLCOUT2: SANYO 10TPC68MCIN, COUT3: SANYO 50CE220LXD1, D2: CMDH-4ED3: BAS140W

VOUT310V*

OV3

EXTVCCVOUT1


LTC3859AL

38Rev. B



Figure 13. High Efficiency Wide Input Range Dual 12V/3.3V Converter

3859al F13

LTC3859ALSENSE1–

SENSE1+

PGOOD1

TG1

SW1

BOOST1

BG1

VBIAS

PGND

INTVCC

TG2

BOOST2

SW2

BG2

SENSE2+

SENSE2–

TG3

SW3

BOOST3

BG3

SENSE3–

SENSE3+

VFB1

ITH1

TRACK/SS1

FREQ

PLLIN/MODE

SGND

RUN1

RUN2

RUN3

VFB2

ITH2

TRACK/SS2

VFB3

ITH3

SS3

C11nF

100k

CB10.1µF

D1

D2

CBIAS10µF

CINT14.7µF

C21nF

MTOP1

MBOT1

C110µF L1

8.8µHRSENSE1

9mΩ

COUT147µF

VOUT112V3A

MTOP2

MBOT2

C210µF

L23.2µH

RSENSE26mΩ

COUT2150µF

VOUT23.3V5A

CB20.1µF

MTOP3

MBOT3

L31.2µH

RSENSE22mΩ

C31nF

D3

CB30.1µF

CIN220µF



COUT3220µF

RB1475k

33pF

VOUT1

RA134k

RB2215k

15pF

VOUT2

RA268.1k

CITH1A100pF

CITH1680pF

RITH110k

CITH2A150pF

CITH2820pF

CSS20.1µF

RITH215k

RB3787k

OPT

VOUT3

RA368.1k

CITH3A820pF

INTVCC

CITH30.01µF

CSS30.1µF

RITH33.6k

CSS10.1µF

MTOP1, MTOP2: VISHAY Si7848DPMBOT1, MBOT2: VISHAY Si7848DPMTOP3: BSC027NO4LSMBOT3: BSCO1BN04LSL1: SUMIDA CDEP105-8R8ML2: SUMIDA CDEP105-3R2ML3: WÜRTH 744325120COUT1: KEMET T525D476MO16E035COUT2: SANYO 4TPE150MCIN, COUT3: SANYO 50CE220LXD1, D2: CMDH-4ED3: BAS140W

VOUT315V*

OV3100k

EXTVCC


LTC3859AL

39Rev. B



Figure 14. High Efficiency Triple 24V/1V/1.2V Converter from 12V VIN

3859al F14

LTC3859ALSENSE1–

SENSE1+

PGOOD1

TG1

SW1

BOOST1

BG1

VBIAS

PGND

INTVCC

TG2

BOOST2

SW2

BG2

SENSE2+

SENSE2–

TG3

SW3

BOOST3

BG3

SENSE3–

SENSE3+

VFB1

ITH1

TRACK/SS1

FREQ

PLLIN/MODE

SGND

RUN1

RUN2

RUN3

VFB2

ITH2

TRACK/SS2

VFB3

ITH3

SS3

C11nF

100k

CB10.1µF

D1

D2

CBIAS10µF

CINT14.7µF

C21nF

MTOP1

MBOT1

C110µF L1

0.47µHRSENSE13.5mΩ

COUT1220µF×2

VOUT11V8A

MTOP2

MBOT2

C210µF

L20.47µH

RSENSE23.5mΩ

COUT2220µF×2

VOUT21.2V8A

CB20.1µF

MTOP3

MBOT3

L33.3µH

RSENSE24mΩ

C31nF

D3

CB30.1µF

CIN220µF

COUT3220µF

RB128.7k

56pF

VOUT1

RA1115k

RB257.6k

56pF

VOUT2

RA2115k

CITH1A200pF

CITH11000pF

RITH13.93k

CITH2A200pF

CITH21000pF

CSS20.01µF

RITH23.93k

RB3232k

OPT

VOUT3

RA312.1k

CITH3A220pF

CITH315nF

CSS30.01µF

RITH38.66k

CSS10.01µF

MTOP1, MTOP2: RENESAS RJK0305MBOT1, MBOT2: RENESAS RJK0328MTOP3, MBOT3: RENESAS HAT2169HL1, L2: SUMIDA CDEP105-0R4L3: PULSE PA1494.362NLCOUT1, COUT2: SANYO 2R5TPE220MCIN, COUT3: SANYO 50CE220AXD1, D2: CMDH-4ED3: BAS140W

VOUT324V5A

VIN12V

OV3

EXTVCC


LTC3859AL

40Rev. B



Figure 15. High Efficiency 1.2V/3.3V Step-Down Converter with 10.5V SEPIC Converter

3859al F15

LTC3859ALSENSE1–

SENSE1+

PGOOD1

TG1

SW1

BOOST1

BG1

VBIAS

PGND

INTVCC

TG2

BOOST2

SW2

BG2

SENSE2+

SENSE2–

TG3

SW3

BOOST3

BG3

SENSE3–

SENSE3+

VFB1

ITH1

TRACK/SS1

FREQ

PLLIN/MODE

SGND

RUN1

RUN2

RUN3

VFB2

ITH2

TRACK/SS2

VFB3

ITH3

SS3

C11nF

100k

CB10.1µF

D1

D2

CBIAS10µF

CINT14.7µF

C21nF

MTOP1

MBOT1

C110µF L1

2.2µHRSENSE1

9mΩ

COUT1220µF

VOUT11.2V3A

MTOP2

MBOT2

C210µF

L26.5µH

RSENSE29mΩ

COUT2220µF

VOUT23.3V3A

CB20.1µF

MBOT3L3

10µH

D3

RSENSE29mΩ

C31nF

C310µF50V

CIN220µF

COUT3270µF

RB157.6k

VOUT1

RA1115k

RB2357k

VOUT2

RA2115k

CITH1A100pF

CITH12.2nF

RITH15.6k

CITH2A100pF

CITH23.3nF

CSS20.1µF

RITH29.1k

RB3887k

VOUT3

RA3115k

CITH3A10pF

CITH3100nF

CSS30.1µF

RITH313k

CSS10.1µF

MTOP1, MTOP2: BSZ097NO4LSMBOT1, MBOT2: BSZ097NO4LSMBOT3: BSZ097NO4LL1: WURTH 744311220L2: WURTH 744314650L3: COOPER BUSSMANN DRQ125-100COUT1: SANYO 2R5TPE220MAFBCOUT2: SANYO 4TPE220MAZBCOUT3: SANYO SVPC270M CIN: SANYO 50CE220LXD1, D2: CMDH-4ED3: DIODES INC B360A-13-F

VOUT310.5V1.2A

VIN5.8V TO 34V

••

OV3

EXTVCC


LTC3859AL

41Rev. B


4.75(.187)

REF

FE38 (AA) TSSOP REV C 0910

0.09 – 0.20(.0035 – .0079)

0° – 8°

0.25REF

0.50 – 0.75(.020 – .030)

4.30 – 4.50*(.169 – .177)

1 19

20

REF

9.60 – 9.80*(.378 – .386)

38

1.20(.047)MAX

0.05 – 0.15(.002 – .006)

0.50(.0196)

BSC0.17 – 0.27

(.0067 – .0106)TYP

RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT

0.315 ±0.05

0.50 BSC

4.50 REF

6.60 ±0.10

1.05 ±0.10

4.75 REF

2.74 REF

2.74(.108)

MILLIMETERS(INCHES) *DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH

SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.150mm (.006") PER SIDE

NOTE:1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN

3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE

SEE NOTE 4

4. RECOMMENDED MINIMUM PCB METAL SIZE FOR EXPOSED PAD ATTACHMENT

6.40(.252)BSC

FE Package38-Lead Plastic TSSOP (4.4mm)

(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1772 Rev C)Exposed Pad Variation AA

PACKAGE DESCRIPTION


LTC3859AL

42Rev. B


5.00 ±0.10

NOTE:1. DRAWING CONFORMS TO JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-220 VARIATION WHKD2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS

PIN 1TOP MARK(SEE NOTE 6)

37

1

2

38

BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD

5.50 REF5.15 ±0.10

7.00 ±0.10

0.75 ±0.05

R = 0.125TYP

R = 0.10TYP

0.25 ±0.05

(UH) QFN REF C 1107

0.50 BSC

0.200 REF

0.00 – 0.05

RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUTAPPLY SOLDER MASK TO AREAS THAT ARE NOT SOLDERED

3.00 REF

3.15 ±0.10

0.40 ±0.10

0.70 ±0.05

0.50 BSC5.5 REF

3.00 REF 3.15 ±0.05

4.10 ±0.05

5.50 ±0.05 5.15 ±0.05

6.10 ±0.05

7.50 ±0.05

0.25 ±0.05

PACKAGEOUTLINE

4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.20mm ON ANY SIDE5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE

PIN 1 NOTCHR = 0.30 TYP OR0.35 × 45° CHAMFER

UHF Package38-Lead Plastic QFN (5mm × 7mm)

(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1701 Rev C)

PACKAGE DESCRIPTION


LTC3859AL

43Rev. B


Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.

REVISION HISTORYREV DATE DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER

A 06/16 Modified Buck Block DiagramCorrected PMAIN_BOOST equationModified points #3 and #4Reversed N-FET in Figure 9

13232828

B 01/20 Changed Line Regulation ConditionsMinor Block Diagram Changes

313, 14


LTC3859AL

44Rev. B

For more information www.analog.com ANALOG DEVICES, INC. 2013–2020www.analog.com

01/20

RELATED PARTS

TYPICAL APPLICATIONHigh Efficiency Wide Input Range Dual 3.3V/8.5V Converter

3859al TA02

LTC3859ALSENSE1–

SENSE1+

PGOOD1

TG1

SW1

BOOST1

BG1

VBIAS

PGND

INTVCC

TG2

BOOST2

SW2

BG2

SENSE2+

SENSE2–

TG3

SW3

BOOST3

BG3

SENSE3–

SENSE3+

VFB1

ITH1

TRACK/SS1

FREQ

PLLIN/MODE

SGND

RUN1

RUN2

RUN3

VFB2

ITH2

TRACK/SS2

VFB3

ITH3

SS3

C11nF

100k

CB10.1µF

D1

D2

CBIAS10µF

CINT14.7µF

C21nF

MTOP1

MBOT1

C110µF L1

3.2µHRSENSE1

6mΩ

COUT1150µF

VOUT13.3V5A

MTOP2

MBOT2

C210µF

L26.5µH

RSENSE28mΩ

COUT268µF

VOUT28.5V3A

CB20.1µF

MTOP3

MBOT3

L31.2µH

RSENSE22mΩ

C31nF

D3

CB30.1µF

CIN220µF



COUT3220µF

RB1215k15pF

VOUT1RA1

68.1k

RB2649k

10pF

VOUT2

RA268.1k

CITH1A150pF

CITH1820pF

RITH115k

CITH2A68pF

CITH22.2nF

CSS20.1µF

RITH215k

RB3499k

OPT

VOUT3

VOUT2

RA368.1k

CITH3A820pF

CITH30.01µF

CSS30.1µF

RITH33.6k

CSS10.1µF

MTOP1, MTOP2: VISHAY Si7848DPMBOT1, MBOT2: BSZ097NO4LSMTOP3: BSC027NO4LSMBOT3: BSCO1BN04LSL1: SUMIDA CDEP105-3R2ML2: WÜRTH 744314650L3: WÜRTH 744325120COUT1: SANYO 6TPB220MLCOUT2: SANYO 4TPE150MCIN, COUT3: SANYO 50CE220LXD1, D2: CMDH-4ED3: BAS140W

VOUT310V*

OV3

EXTVCC

PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTSLTC3786 Low IQ Synchronous Step-Up DC/DC Controller 4.5V (Down to 2.5V after Start-Up) ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, VOUT Up to 60V, IQ = 55µA

PLL Fixed Frequency 50kHz to 900kHz, 3mm × 3mm QFN-16, MSOP-16E

LTC3787 Low IQ, Multiphase, Dual Channel Single Output Synchronous Step-Up DC/DC Controller

4.5V (Down to 2.5V after Start-Up) ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, VOUT up to 60V, PLL Fixed Frequency 50kHz to 900kHz, IQ = 135µA

LTC3826/LTC3826-1

Low IQ, Dual Output 2-Phase Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controllers with 99% Duty Cycle

PLL Fixed Frequency 50kHz to 900kHz, 4V≤ VIN ≤ 36V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ 10V, IQ = 30µA

LTC3890/LTC3890-1/LTC3890-2

60V, Low IQ, Dual 2-Phase Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller with 99% Duty Cycle

PLL Fixed Frequency 50kHz to 900kHz, 4V ≤ VIN ≤ 60V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ 24V, IQ = 50µA

LTC3891 60V, Low IQ, Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller with 99% Duty Cycle

PLL Fixed Frequency 50kHz to 900kHz, 4V ≤ VIN ≤ 60V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ 24V, IQ = 50µA

LTC3864 60V, Low IQ, High Voltage DC/DC Controller with 100% Duty Cycle

Fixed Frequency 50kHz to 850kHz, 3.5V≤ VIN ≤ 60V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ VIN, IQ = 40µA, MSOP-12E, 3mm × 4mm DFN-12

LTC3789 4-Switch High Efficiency Buck-Boost DC/DC Controller 4V≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ 38V



https://www.analog.com/LTC3786?doc=LTC3859AL.pdf



https://www.analog.com/LTC3826-1?doc=LTC3859AL.pdf







Triple Output, Buck/Buck/Boost Synchronous Controller with ...L3859 1 For more information TYPICAL APPLICATION DESCRIPTION Triple Output, Buck/Buck/Boost Synchronous Controller with

Documents