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Transport of Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Atmosphere to Land Surface Surface Michael S. Michael S. Majewski Majewski Jason R. Vogel Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference, San Jose, California, 9 May, 2006
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Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

Jan 20, 2016

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Page 1: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

Transport of Agricultural Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Chemicals: Atmosphere to

Land SurfaceLand Surface

Michael S. MajewskiMichael S. MajewskiJason R. VogelJason R. VogelPaul D. CapelPaul D. Capel

National Water Quality Monitoring Conference, San Jose, California, 9 May, 2006

Page 2: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

The Hydrologic CycleThe Hydrologic Cycle

Page 3: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

ApplicationsApplicationsPost-ApplicationPost-ApplicationAtmospheric MovementAtmospheric MovementRemoval/DepositionRemoval/DepositionACT DataACT Data

How do Pesticides Become Airborne How do Pesticides Become Airborne and What Happens to Them Once and What Happens to Them Once

They are Up There?They are Up There?

Page 4: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

Irrigation – Irrigation – Very little, if anyVery little, if anyGround Rig - Ground Rig - < 0.5 to 10%< 0.5 to 10%

Injected (Fumigation)Injected (Fumigation)SurfaceSurfaceSurface-Incorporated Surface-Incorporated

Aerial - Aerial - 10 to 30, > 50%10 to 30, > 50%

Orchard Mister/Blowers - Orchard Mister/Blowers - 2 to 3 times greater than aerial 2 to 3 times greater than aerial methodsmethods

Agricultural Application MethodsAgricultural Application Methods

Increasing Drift Increasing Drift PotentialPotential

Page 5: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

Post-Application VolatilizationPost-Application VolatilizationAndAnd

Wind Erosion of SoilWind Erosion of Soil

Page 6: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

PARTICLE SORPTION PARTICLE SORPTION

GAS GAS

DRY REMOVALDRY REMOVAL SCAVENGING SCAVENGING(Fallout) (Rain/Snow)(Fallout) (Rain/Snow) (Rain/Snow) (Gas Exchange)(Rain/Snow) (Gas Exchange)

SCAVENGING DRY REMOVALSCAVENGING DRY REMOVAL

Aerial Distribution and Removal of Trace Organic Aerial Distribution and Removal of Trace Organic ChemicalsChemicals

Page 7: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

ACT StudyACT Study

Atmospheric Transport Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Pesticidesand Deposition of Pesticides

Page 8: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

ObjectivesObjectivesQuantify the concentration and load of Quantify the concentration and load of

pesticides in rain, and determine the pesticides in rain, and determine the contribution of pesticides from wet deposition contribution of pesticides from wet deposition to runoff. to runoff.

Determine the seasonal, and in-season Determine the seasonal, and in-season variation of pesticides in rain. variation of pesticides in rain.

Identify the important pesticide Identify the important pesticide transformation processes in air and determine transformation processes in air and determine if these differ from those in water.if these differ from those in water.

Page 9: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

Map of USA showing each of the ACT study areas

Page 10: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

Sampling MethodsSampling MethodsSingle location Single location (except California)(except California)Wet/Dry Autosampler (modified)Wet/Dry Autosampler (modified)

Weekly Integrated Samples Weekly Integrated Samples (except in California)(except in California)Fully instrumented meteorological station atFully instrumented meteorological station at

each siteeach siteAnalytical MethodsAnalytical Methods

21 Insecticides21 Insecticides 18 Herbicides18 Herbicides 3 Fungicides3 Fungicides 36 Transformation Products36 Transformation Products

Page 11: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

Pesticide Use by ScalePesticide Use by Scale

Small watershedSmall watershed

Scale- Small Intermediate Large

Maryland 33 km² 724 km² 5280 km²

Indiana 7.2 km² 243 km² 29,400 km²

Nebraska 1.5 km² 955 km² 15,200 km²

California 17.5 km² 831 km² 9300 km²

Intermediate watershedIntermediate watershed

Page 12: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

Pesticide Use by ScalePesticide Use by Scale

Use- Small(33 km²)

Intermediate(724 km²)

Large(5280 km²)

Maryland

Atrazine, Metolachlor,

Simazine, Dimethoate

Acetochlor, Alachlor,

Dimethenamid, Hexazinon, Metribuzin,

Pendimethalin, Carbaryl,

Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon,

Methyl Parathion, Permethrin

DCPA, Malathion,

Methidathion, Phosmet, Iprodione, Metalaxyl,

Myclobutanil

Total 4 4 + 11 4 + 11 + 7

Page 13: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

Atrazine Use: Small- Intermediate- Large- kg/yr 244/NR 12,242 836,930

15

-Ap

r

22

-Ap

r

29

-Ap

r

06

-Ma

y

13

-Ma

y

20

-Ma

y

27

-Ma

y

03

-Ju

n

10

-Ju

n

17

-Ju

n

24

-Ju

n

01

-Ju

l

08

-Ju

l

15

-Ju

l

22

-Ju

l

29

-Ju

l

27

-Ap

r

04

-Ma

y

12

-Ma

y

18

-Ma

y

25

-Ma

y

01

-Ju

n

08

-Ju

n

15

-Ju

n

29

-Ju

n

06

-Ju

l

13

-Ju

l

20

-Ju

l

27

-Ju

l

03

-Au

g

10

-Au

g

17

-Au

g

24

-Au

g

2003 2004

0

50

100

150

De

po

sit

ion

Flu

x (

µg

/m²)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

DE

A F

lux

g/m

²)

AtrazineDEA

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0C

on

ce

ntr

ati

on

in R

ain

g/L

)

0

50

100

150

200

Ra

infa

ll A

mo

un

t (m

m)

AtrazineAcetochlorMetolachlorRainfall

IndianaUSEPA MCL = 3.0 µg/L6.58 µg/L

Page 14: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

12

-Fe

b

12

-Ma

r

26

-Ap

r

29

-Ap

r

11-D

ec

16

-De

c

23

-De

c

26

-De

c

31

-De

c

29

-Ja

n

16

-Fe

b

17

-Fe

b

24

-Fe

b

25

-Ma

r

2003 2004

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

De

po

sit

ion

Flu

x (

µg

/m²) Upper

MiddleLower

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3C

on

cen

trat

ion

in

Rai

n (

µg

/L)

UpperMiddleLower

California - Diazinon

15.6 µg/m² 3.85 µg/m²

1.20 µg/L

Diazinon Use: Small- Intermediate- Large- kg/yr NR/NR 6273 32,782

Page 15: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

Detected PesticidesDetected Pesticides

a Martin, J.D., Crawford, C.G., Larson, S.J., 2003, Pesticides in Streams: Summary statistics, 1992-2001. http://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/pestsw/Pest-SW_2001_Text.html

Detection in Rain

Ranking Pesticide

2003 Rain Samples

(% Detections)

2004 Rain Samples

(% Detections)

2003 & 2004 Rain Samples (% Detections)

Stream Detection

Frequencya (1991-2001)

Total Sample # 54 62 1161 Metolachlor 85% 71% 78% 83%2 Atrazine 64% 63% 64% 80%3 Dacthal 62% 62% 62% 11%4 Chlorpyrifos 58% 59% 58% 11%5 Simazine 58% 46% 52% 57%6 Acetochlor 49% 52% 51% 31%7 Pendimethalin 42% 48% 45% 7%8 Alachlor 38% 51% 45% 37%9 Carbaryl 35% 33% 34% 9%

10 Diazinon 42% 22% 31% 13%

Page 16: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

Seasonal Pesticide LoadingSeasonal Pesticide Loading

1 µg/m² ~ 10-5 lb/ac

2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004

Maryland Indiana Nebraska California

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Flu

x (

µg

/m²/

se

as

on

)

Fungicides

Insecticides

Herbicides

Page 17: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

Organophosphorus Insecticides Organophosphorus Insecticides

Acetanilide HerbicidesAcetanilide Herbicides

Transformation ProductsTransformation Products

Oxygen Analog of: Maryland Indiana Nebraska CaliforniaChlorpyrifos 1, (0.006 µg/L) 2, (0.012 µg/L) 1, (0.009 µg/L) 16, (0.022 µg/L)

Diazinon 0 0 0 16, (0.023 µg/L)

Malathion 0 8, (0.071 µg/L) 3, (0.027 µg/L) 5, (0.027 µg/L)

Me-Parathion 0 0 2, (0.025 µg/L) 0

Acetochlor ESA, OXA, SAA Alachlor ESA, OXA, SAA Matolachlor ESA, OXA

[# detections, (mean concentration)][# detections, (mean concentration)]

Page 18: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

SummarySummary

A wide variety of pesticides were detected in A wide variety of pesticides were detected in every rainfall sample collectedevery rainfall sample collected

Herbicides detected more frequently and at Herbicides detected more frequently and at higher concentrations than insecticideshigher concentrations than insecticides

Detection frequencies and concentrations were Detection frequencies and concentrations were closely related to their useclosely related to their use

Atrazine concentrations in rain exceeded EPA Atrazine concentrations in rain exceeded EPA MCL value for drinking water in IN & NEMCL value for drinking water in IN & NE

Transformation ProductsTransformation ProductsOxygen analogs of organophosphorus Oxygen analogs of organophosphorus insecticidesinsecticidesNo acetanilide herbicide metabolites detectedNo acetanilide herbicide metabolites detected

Page 19: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

Summary, Summary, continuedcontinued

Depositional fluxes ranged from:Depositional fluxes ranged from:Herb.Herb. - 1.6 to 623 µg/m²- 1.6 to 623 µg/m²

Insect.Insect. - 2.2 to 48 µg/m²- 2.2 to 48 µg/m²Fung.Fung. - ND to 16 µg/m² - ND to 16 µg/m²

What is the significance of pesticides in What is the significance of pesticides in rainfall?rainfall?

Many of the same pesticides detected in rainfall Many of the same pesticides detected in rainfall are also detected in surface and groundwaterare also detected in surface and groundwater

A wide variety of pesticides are being A wide variety of pesticides are being transported and deposited into non-target areas transported and deposited into non-target areas where their use was not intendedwhere their use was not intended

Page 20: Transport of Agricultural Chemicals: Atmosphere to Land Surface Michael S. Majewski Jason R. Vogel Paul D. Capel National Water Quality Monitoring Conference,

Contact InformationContact InformationMichael Majewski, Research ChemistMichael Majewski, Research ChemistUS Geological SurveyUS Geological Survey

6000 J Street, Placer Hall6000 J Street, Placer HallSacramento, California 95819Sacramento, California 95819

[email protected]@usgs.gov