* ASSEMBLED AND EDITED BY RAMCHANDRA ACHARYA IAAS,RAMPUR https://www.facebook.com/rrr.ac harya
May 18, 2015
* ASSEMBLED AND EDITED BY RAMCHANDRA ACHARYAIAAS,RAMPURhttps://www.facebook.com/rrr.acharya
Traits of ECONOMIc IMPOrTANCe OF CATTLE
Ramchandra Acharya(IAAS)
TRAITS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEIN DAIRY CATTLE
•Heritability & Repeatability estimates low
•Variation due to Environment
REPRODUCTION•60-
65% Heritable trait
•Selection improves performance
MILK & BUTTER FAT
•32% Heritable
PRODUCTIVE LIFE SPAN
•Size, Development of mammary glands, proper placement of Teat
TYPE AND CONFORMATION
TRAITS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEIN BEEF CATTLE
•Environment and heredity play important role
REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY
•30-35% heritable, additive gene(less) Environment(more)
WEINING WEIGHT
•Very important traits, highly heritable
FEEDLOT GAIN
•Medium to high heritable
YEARLING WEIGHT
•25-35%Heritable
TYPE AND SIZE
•Should be free from
•Inherited as recessive trait
INHERITED DEFECT
•Heritability less known
LONGIVITY
SCENARIONepal has diverse genetic material with high
variation providing a raw material for genetic progress
Twelve percent of are exotic (pure and cross bred) and the rest indigenous
The major components of livestock GDP are milk and milk products from cattle is 24.7%
At present, the total annual milk production of Nepal is just over one million tons ( 30% from cattle).
Category Cattle
2000/01 6982660
2001/02 6978690
2002/03 6953584
2003/04 6966436
2004/05 6994463
2005/2006 6994463
2006/2007 7044279
2007/2008 7090714
2008/2009 7175198
2009/2010 7199260
2010/2011 7226050
2011/2012 7244944
2012/2013 7274022
Most notably seven indigenous cattle breeds identified.
Most notably Seven indigenous cattle breeds identified.
Pahadi Cattle
Siri cattle
Acchami cattle
Yak
Terai cattle
Khaila
Lulu
NEPALESE LOCAL CATTLE
JERSEY
AVILABLE BREED IN NEPAL
HOLSTEIN
BREED DISTRIBUTIONYAK
PAHADI
Siri
Acchami
LuLu\kirko
TERAI COW
ACCHAMI CATTLE
Achham cattle (Bos indicus) are considered as rare breed of cattle and Smallest breed of
cattle in the world Achham cattle as being the smallest breed are
less than 1 meter in height at withers. They are suitable for hill conditions and low input system.
Body color varies from black to white i.e. black, brown, grey,white, spotted black and white.
Its temperament varies from docile to wild
HIGH RESISTANCE TO MANY ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT DISEASE SUCH AS
H.S,B.Q,MASTITIS,ECTO AND ENDO PARASITE MAKES THIS BREED INVALUABLE
Achhami Breed Should Be Taken As A National HeritageFrom The National Perspective.In Order To Preserve Achhami Cattle, Special And SeparateProgramme “Achhami Conservation Project” Should BeLaunched Which Helps For The Conservation Of ThisEndangered Species In Real Sense.
SIRI CATTLE
•BLACK AND WHITE OR EXTENSIVE SOLID BLACK
COLOR•THICK•PROT
ECT THEM FROM HEAVY RAIN AND SEVERE COLD
COAT
•STRONG
LEGS
•WELL DEVELOPED
UDDER
LULU CATTLE
•LESS
HUMP
•GOOD POTENTIAL FOR MILK PRODUCTION IN SARCE FEEDING RESOURCE
PRODUCTION
•SMALLER
•REQUIRED LESS AMOUNT OF FEED BUT PRODUCE MAXIMUM OF 2.5Lts/day
SIZE
*IS CRITICALLY ENDANGERED BREED
(PRADHAN 1995)
PRODUCTIVITY COULD BE INCREASED IF THE FEEDING MANAGEMENT COULD BE IMPROVED
KHAILA CATTLE
*WELL ADAPTED AND GRAZE ON SLOPES OF HILLS AND MOUNTAINS
UNDER THE THREAT OF EXTINCTION
WILD TEMERAMENT AND ARE DIFFICULT TO HANDLE
CONSIDER DUAL PURPOSE
YAK*
LONG HAIRED,BUSHY TAILED,FLAT HEADED
WELL ADAPTED TO COLD AND HIGH ALTITUDE
EXCELLENT PACK AND RIDING ANIMAL
CROSS BREED ANIMAL BETWEEN YAK AND HILLY CATTLE: CHAURI
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES AND PERFORMANCE OF NATIVE CATTLE
The native cattle are resistant to most of the tropical diseases
It has ability to better utilisation of coarse roughage It can withstand more heat and cold conditionsIt is adapted to thrive well in harsh conditionsIt can climb steep hills and mountains for grazingThe age of first calving ranges 32-52 months,The milk yield ranges 360-760 Lt/lactationThe lactation length is about 195-300 days
EXOTIC BREEDS
JERSEY HOLSTEINCOLOR
FAWN WITH OR WITHOUT RED,MAHOGANY,BROWN,WHITE MARKINGS OR COMBINATION WITH WHITE
GESTATION PERIOD 280 DAYS 280 DAYS
DSAVERAGE MILK YIELD(305days)
4000Lts 6150Lts
AGE AT 1ST CALVING(MONTHS)38 36
CHARACTERSCAPABLE OF UTILIZING ROUGHAGE LARGE FEEDING HABBITEFFICIENTLY,WITHSTAND HUMID CLIMATE LESS WITHSATND HUMID CLIMATE
FAT5.5% 3.5%
BROWN SWISS
*
It is a famous multipurpose breed. Presently, the breed is raised at Livestock Development Farm,
Jiri. The bulls and frozen semen are used to upgrade the milk production potentiality of
native cows in high mountains.
PRESENT CONDITION
• USED FOR DROUGHT PURPOSE AS THEY ARE HARDY IN NATURE
LOCAL MALE CATTLE
• USED FOR MILK AND MANURE PRODUCTIONLOCAL
FEMALE CATTLE
RESION BEHIND LOW MILK PRODUCTION OF INDIGENOUS CATTLE
LOCAL BREED
BREEDING TECHNIQUE
FEED INGREDIENTS
GRAZING LAND ENCROACHMENT
HEALTH CARE
GENETIC
PROBLEM AND CHALLENGES
•Siri cow is extinct and other are danger of extinction
LACK OF NATIONAL POLICY
•import of frozen semen of unnecessary breeds of animals
•Even identified breeds of animals are being bred with other breeds I.e loss of breed characters
NEGLIGENCE
•Lack of proper regulatory function
•Lack of awareness in the field level
INBREEDING
LONG TERM BREEDING POLICYOF DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK SERVICES
* IN TERAI, JERSEY AND HOLSTEIN BULL/ SEMEN TO UPGRADE THE NONDESCRIPT AND CROSS BREED UP TO
THE 75% BLOOD LEVEL
IN TERAI, HARIAN BULL SHOULD BE USED TO UPGRADE THE NATIVE COWS ONLY FOR DRAFT PURPOSE
IN HIGH HILLS&MOUNTAIN,JERSEY AND BROWNSWISS BULL SEMEN TO UPGRADE NON DESCRIPT COWS UPTO
75% BLOOD LEVEL
PRODUCTIVITY OF YAK,LULU,ACCHAME CATTLE WILL BE IMPROVED THROUGH GROUP BREEDING SCHEME TO
CONSERVE AND MAINTAIN THEIR POPULATION
BULL EXCHANGE PROGRAM BETWEEN USER GROUPS WILL BE FOLLOWED TO CHECK THE INBREESING.
IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY
ACCHAMI
• Should be dedicated in maintaining purity by line breeding
• At commercial level crossing with hill cattle can be practiced.
LULU,PAHADI,KHAILA,TERAI
• line breeding at germ plasm conservation center established at high mountain ( mustang), hills, mountain and terai region respectively
• grading up with jersey semen use by artificial insemination upto 75% blood level for lulu, pahadi and khaila and 87.25% blood level to terai breed.
YAK
• Pure-breeding is the predominant practice with yak.
• The aim should be to improve the breed for meat and hair.
PRESENT RESEARCH ACTIVITY UNDER TAKEN BY NARC
SPECIES RESEARCH ACTIVITY LOCATION
Evaluation of productive performance of yak
Solukhumbu
Evaluation of dairy cattle herd for bull dam selection
Khumaltar,jiri
CATTLE AND YAK Identification and characterization of native cattle breed of Nepal
ABD
Study of hill cattle and their crossbreeds
Bovine research
Evaluation of farmers cattle herd
Kathmandu valley
Evaluation of Effectiveness of A.I in farmers field
Kathmandu valley, Chitwan
Dairy Cattle & Buffalo Improvement Program (DCBIP)
Aim of the project is to produce high milk yielder Dam/cattle and Sire/bull of Nepalese Jersey and HF within the country.
For that bigger herd of cattle (more than 5 cows) were selected for the program. Monthly milk recording and milk analysis was done from the registered animals to find out the lactation yield and milk content of each individual animal.
The strategy behind this program is estimation of breeding value of each dam by pedigree and performance recording scheme
BREEDING POLICY
50%from jersey
INCREASE OF 1600Lts MILK 50% from holstein
50% from Brownswiss
CROSS BREED OF NONDISCRIPT ZEBU CATTLE WITH
JERSEY,HOLSTEIN,BROWNSWISS
Result of bovine Research program
ABOVE RESULT SHOWS THAT INDIGENOUS BREED OF NEPALESE CATTLE CAN BE IMPROVED BY USING IMPORTED SEMEN
BREEDING TECHNIQUE
GENERAL GUIDELINE ADOPTED BY DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK SERVICES
*MID HILLS AND TERAI: JERSEY AND HOLSTEIN BULL SEMEN ARE USED FOR CROSSBREEDING
LOCAL COWS
HARIANA BULL IS USED FOR UPGRADING THE TERAI COWS FOR DRAFT PURPOSE
HIGH HILLS:BROWNSWISS BULL SEMEN TO UPGRADE THE LOCAL NONDESCRIPT COWS
CONCLUSION The indigenous cattle population in various ecozones consists of Lulu,
Achami, Siri, Pahari, Khaila , Terai and Yak. They are hardy in nature, can resist disease etc.
However, the indigenous breeds are in danger of extinction due to in judicioususe of crossbreeding program and superiority of cross breed cattle compared to local breeds drawing attention towards keeping those cross bred animals. So, it is a prime necessity to preserve the genetic resource.
But, the productivity of local cattle are less as compared to exotic breeds so it makes necessity of employing appropriate breeding strategy for upgrading local breeds with exotic breeds suitable for local production environment.
Major exotic breeds (whose crosses are common) of cattle dominating in Nepal are Jersey and Holstein Friesian. So breeding plan should incorporate one of them.
CONCLUSION…
Establishment of Suitable Breed of Jersey cow on the basis of suitability of Nepalese climate for milk production.
Jersey crossbreds (50 to 75%) are suitable for Nepalese conditions for higher milk production
Holstein-Friesian should be selected for high intensive management system
The native hill cattle blood level should not be lower than 25% to make effective use of resistant gene to parasites and diseases prevailing in the cattle farming system
REFERENCES
• Newsletter of Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) Vol. 17 No.2 April- June, 2010
• Banerjee G.C(2011) A Text book of Animal Husbandry,8th edition
• www.animalbreeding-narc.gov.np• http://www.nlbc.gov.np• http://www.dls.gov.np• http://www.dolp.gov.np
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