tourism theory and practice

PEDAGOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGICALPEDAGOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY OF COLOMBIAUNIVERSITY OF COLOMBIA

DUITAMA FACULTYDUITAMA FACULTY

HOTEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENTHOTEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT

English V for tourism

“TOURISM THEORY AND PRACTICE”

Presented to: Hector Garcia Presented to: Hector Garcia LopezLopez Presented by: Ronald Josue Presented by: Ronald Josue

Rojas Rojas

English V for tourism“TOURISM THEORY AND PRACTICE”

OVER VIEWOVER VIEW

Since the beginning of time humans have traveled. Food, water, safety or acquisition of resources were the early travel motivations.

But the idea of travel for pleasure or exploration soon emerged.

Leisure travel was associated with the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom – the first European country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population.

Tourism is a collection of activities, Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries that delivers services and industries that delivers

a travel experience, including a travel experience, including transportation, accommodations, transportation, accommodations,

eating and drinking establishments, eating and drinking establishments, retail shops, entertainment retail shops, entertainment

businesses, activity facilities and businesses, activity facilities and other hospitality services provided other hospitality services provided for individuals or groups traveling for individuals or groups traveling

away from home.away from home.

Mathieson and Wall (1982)Mathieson and Wall (1982)

"the temporary movement of people to the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of destinations outside their normal places of

work and residence, the activities work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those undertaken during their stay in those

destinations, and the facilities created to destinations, and the facilities created to cater to their needs." cater to their needs."

DEFINITIONS OF TOURISMDEFINITIONS OF TOURISM

MACINTOSH AND GOELDNER (1986)

“tourism is the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business

suppliers, host governments and host communities in the process of

attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors."

Some terms of interest

Excursionist: Persons traveling for pleasure in a period less than 24 hours (Macintosh and Goeldner, 1986).

Foreign Tourist: Any person visiting a country, other than that in which he/she usually resides, for a period of at least 24 hours (Committee of Statistical Experts of the

League of Nations, 1937).

Travel:Travel: The act of moving outside one's home community The act of moving outside one's home community for business or pleasure but not for commuting or for business or pleasure but not for commuting or

traveling to or from school (Macintosh and Goeldner, traveling to or from school (Macintosh and Goeldner, 1986).1986).

Visitor:Visitor: Any person visiting a country other than that in Any person visiting a country other than that in which he/she has his/her usual place of residence, for which he/she has his/her usual place of residence, for

any reason other than following an occupation any reason other than following an occupation remunerated from within the country visited (United remunerated from within the country visited (United

Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism, Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism, 1963).1963).

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Travel has always depended upon technology to provide Travel has always depended upon technology to provide the means or mode of travel. The earliest travelers the means or mode of travel. The earliest travelers

walked or rode domesticated animals. The invention of walked or rode domesticated animals. The invention of the wheel and the sail provided new modes of the wheel and the sail provided new modes of

transportation. Each improvement in technology transportation. Each improvement in technology increased individuals' opportunities to travel.increased individuals' opportunities to travel.

The type and availability of transportation will determine The type and availability of transportation will determine travel destinations. The development of travel destinations. The development of

accommodations were likewise determined by the accommodations were likewise determined by the development of transportation systems.development of transportation systems.

These systems are These systems are STAGECOACHSTAGECOACH (1500 A.D.) Invented in Hungary.(1500 A.D.) Invented in Hungary.

RAILROADSRAILROADS (1825)First passenger train was in England.(1825)First passenger train was in England.

BOATS & SHIPSBOATS & SHIPS (early 400 B.C., but first ocean liner (early 400 B.C., but first ocean liner 1840).1840).

AUTOMOBILEAUTOMOBILE (1908) Henry Ford's Model T.(1908) Henry Ford's Model T.

AIR TRAVELAIR TRAVEL (1919) by what is now know as Lufthansa (1919) by what is now know as Lufthansa AirlineAirline

..SPACE TRAVELSPACE TRAVEL (2015) estimated date for passenger (2015) estimated date for passenger

travel into suborbital space. travel into suborbital space.

DIMENSIONS OF TOURISMDIMENSIONS OF TOURISM

Attractions: Are the primary motivation for traveling. Attractions usually focus on natural resources, culture,

ethnicity or entertainment.

Natural Resources: Natural resources are the combination of physical features, the climate, and the

natural beauty of the area.

Entertainment: Tourism developments of all sizes from Disney World, Universal Studios, Las Vegas to local community Special Events and Festivals such as the

Bloomsday Road Race in Spokane, Washington.

X-treme Tourism: Tourism based on high adventure activities (See Whirlwind Tourism)

Culture: A way of life which is observed through a peoples religion, history, government and traditions.

Ethnicity: To visit family and friends.

Facilities: When tourists arrive at attractions they require facilities to provide services.

Lodging: Represent a variety of services from campgrounds, RV parks, motels and five star resorts.

Food & Beverage: Not only provide basic sustenance for tourists but an important factor in the overall tourism

experience.Support Services: Usually are represented by small retail

businesses providing souvenirs and personal services. Shopping is an integral part of the travel experience.

Tourists seek unique and novel items which represent the area and cultures they visit.

Infrastructure:  The basic services on which all tourism depends. These systems include water and sewer

systems, communication networks, medical facilities, electricity, police and fire protection and roads.

Transportation

Time and Money: This is the critical component to tourism, the ability to get from Point A to Point B and back,

or to Point C, D, E.... The variables of Time, how long it takes to get to a specific destination, and Money, how

much it costs to get to your destination. Tourism developments are dependent on the ease of access and

types of transportation available.

Hospitality: The community's attitude which permeates every tourism location that makes the tourist feel welcome

and safe. It is the result of the interaction between the tourist and the local population.

Essential Requirements for TourismEssential Requirements for Tourism

Time: as the hours for leisure increase so does the opportunity for travel.

Money: Discretionary income is money left over after all monetary obligations (food, rent and taxes) have been

paid.

Mobility: is the access to transportation and the hours required to get to their destination.

Motivation: is the reason people travel.

JAFARI'S FOUR PLATFORMSJAFARI'S FOUR PLATFORMS

Advocacy platform: 1950's - 1960's. Tourism considered an ideal Advocacy platform: 1950's - 1960's. Tourism considered an ideal activity with few negative impacts for tourist destinations. activity with few negative impacts for tourist destinations.

Government should promote tourism.Government should promote tourism.

Cautionary platform: 1970's. Proposed that tourism would eventually Cautionary platform: 1970's. Proposed that tourism would eventually result in negative impacts for tourism destinations unless it was result in negative impacts for tourism destinations unless it was

carefully planned and regulated.carefully planned and regulated.

Adaptancy platform: 1980"s. Promoted less mass tourism and more Adaptancy platform: 1980"s. Promoted less mass tourism and more alternative tourism. Alternative tourism included: home stays; alternative tourism. Alternative tourism included: home stays;

cultural villages and volunteer tourism. cultural villages and volunteer tourism.

Knowledge-based platform: 1990's. Promotes planning for specific Knowledge-based platform: 1990's. Promotes planning for specific tourism activities and destinations which attempt to scientifically tourism activities and destinations which attempt to scientifically

determine impacts and capacities for tourism destinations.determine impacts and capacities for tourism destinations.

Four core criteria of ecotourismFour core criteria of ecotourism

A form of tourism:A form of tourism: The most common reason for travel is The most common reason for travel is visiting friends and relatives. A "tourist" will also travel visiting friends and relatives. A "tourist" will also travel outside of their normal residence and spend a specific outside of their normal residence and spend a specific

amount of time at a destination.amount of time at a destination.

Basis in nature:Basis in nature: Attractions are based primarily on a Attractions are based primarily on a natural environment (ecosystem) or some component of natural environment (ecosystem) or some component of

that environment. It also may have a cultural that environment. It also may have a cultural component associated with the natural environment.component associated with the natural environment.

Learning: Learning: Visitors are motivated by the opportunity to Visitors are motivated by the opportunity to gain knowledge or appreciation of a natural area or gain knowledge or appreciation of a natural area or

culture.culture.

Sustainability:Sustainability: It is "development that meets the It is "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own ability of future generations to meet their own

needs"  (WCED, 1987, p. 43).needs"  (WCED, 1987, p. 43).

ECOTOURISM AND OTHER ECOTOURISM AND OTHER TOURISM TYPESTOURISM TYPES

NATURE-BASED TOURISM: Any type of tourism that relies on attractions directly related to the natural

environment.. Ecotourism is a subset of nature-based tourism.

CULTURAL TOURISM: Cultural tourism's focus is on the cultural aspects of a visitor's experience.

ADVENTURE TOURISM: ADVENTURE TOURISM: This includes: an element of risk; a This includes: an element of risk; a higher level of physical exertion; and a need for higher level of physical exertion; and a need for

specialized skills to participate successfully and safely in specialized skills to participate successfully and safely in the activity.the activity.

HYBRIDS:HYBRIDS: These forms of tourism address complex and These forms of tourism address complex and multi-faceted visitor experiences. They include: trekking, multi-faceted visitor experiences. They include: trekking, ACE tourism (adventure, culture and ecotourism);  and ACE tourism (adventure, culture and ecotourism);  and

NEAT (nature-based, ecotourism, and adventure NEAT (nature-based, ecotourism, and adventure tourism). tourism).

3S:3S: (SEA, SAND AND SUN) TOURISM. Tourism based mostly (SEA, SAND AND SUN) TOURISM. Tourism based mostly on mass tourism (resort).on mass tourism (resort).

ALTERNATIVE TOURISM AND MASS TOURISM:ALTERNATIVE TOURISM AND MASS TOURISM: This spans This spans the variety of tourism form small-scale to mass tourism. the variety of tourism form small-scale to mass tourism. One being no better or worse that the other depending One being no better or worse that the other depending

on the impacts and sustainability of the activities.on the impacts and sustainability of the activities.

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM:SUSTAINABLE TOURISM: An area of sustainable tourism An area of sustainable tourism that includes all ecotourism, most of alternative tourism that includes all ecotourism, most of alternative tourism

and mass tourism.and mass tourism.

TOURISMTOURISM SUPPLY AND DEMAND SUPPLY AND DEMAND

IIs the relationship between the quantity that tourism s the relationship between the quantity that tourism industrials, tourism enterprises, wish to sell at industrials, tourism enterprises, wish to sell at

various prices and the quantity of tourism services various prices and the quantity of tourism services that consumers wish to buy. that consumers wish to buy.