Tourism Planning

Tourism Planning

Tourism PlanningRamakrishna KongallaIntroductionTourism itself is an abstractionIt doesnt exist, at least in the same sense as a residenceTourism is not even a disciplineTourism is a field made up of many physical program and action parts It is only the components of tourism and their aggregates that can be plannedIt has no owner, it is controlled by multitude of owners, mostly with in three categoriesGovernmentNon Profit organisations &Private commercial enterprisesTourism is influenced by a great many other factors that can make or break planning process and its implementation, such as local residents, financial institutions and market demandR'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University2Tourism is generated by two major powers Demand & supplyDemand diversity of traveler interests and abilitiesSupply all the physical and program developments required to serve touristsPlanning is multidimensional activity and seek to be integrative. It embraces social, economic, political, psychological, anthropological and technological factors. It is concerned with the past present and future (Rose 1984)City planning in Indus valley civilization 3000 years ago

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University3Tourism Planning In IndiaStarted quite late with the first tourism policy being announced by the Government of India in November, 1982 after tourism was recognized as an industry by the Planning Commission of India in June, 1982.In July, 1986 the Planning Commission of India set up the National Committee on Tourism in order to formulate plans for this sector. The government's initiatives of incorporating a planned tourism sector in India went a long way in boosting Indian tourism.

In May, 1992 the National Action Plan for tourism was announced. The objectives of this landmark plan for tourism planning in Indiawere:To improve the economy category domestic tourismTo develop the tourist areas socially and economicallyTo preserve the environment and the national heritageTo encourage international tourismTo improve in world tourism India's shareTo increase opportunities for employment in this sector

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University4India tourism planningincreased with the seventh five year plan India (1985-1989). The various polices advocated by the seventh plan fortourism planning in Indiaare:To promote aggressively domestic tourismIt laid stress on creating more beach resortsTo conduct conferences, trekking, conventions, and winter sports so that various options are available to the foreign touristsThese polices of the seventh five year plan gave a boost to the tourism planning IndiaTo further encourage tourism planning in India, the eighth five year plan (1992- 1997) mentioned that the private sector should increase its participation in the sector. The various polices advocated by the eighth plan for tourism planning in India are:To develop the tourists placesTo develop winter sports, beach resort, and wildlife tourismTo restore the projects of national heritageTo provide in tourists centers economy class accommodation

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University5Importance of Tourism Planningthe negative social and environmental consequences of unplanned tourism growthsome governments and the private sector have little or no experience in how to properly develop it. A tourism plan and development programme can provide guidelines in those areas for developing this sectorall the elements & components are developed in an integrated manner to serve tourism as well as the general needs in a societycareful matching of the tourist markets and products through the planning process. But this matching should be without compromising environmental and socio-cultural objectives in meeting market demandscan bring various direct and indirect economic benefitscan generate various socio-cultural benefits to achieve cultural conservation objectivesPlanning can be used to upgrade and revitalize existing outmoded or badly developed tourism areas. Through the planning process, new tourism areas can be planned to allow for future flexibility of developmentdevelopment of tourist attractions, facilities, and infrastructure and tourist movements generally has positive and negative impacts on the physical environment. Careful planning is required to determine the optimum type and level of tourism that will not result in environmental degradation. Through planning on can utilize tourism as a means to achieve environmental conservation objectivesright type of planning can ensure that the natural and cultural resources for tourism are indefinitely maintained and not destroyed or degraded in the process of development.developing specialized training facilities.Achieving controlled tourism development requires special organizational structures, marketing strategies and promotion programmes, legislation and regulations, and fiscal measures.Planning provides a rational basis for development staging and project programming. These are important for both the public and private sectors in their investment planning.R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University6Approaches Takes place at both the micro and the macro levelsThe micro level involves such planning that specific operators undertake when determining the feasibility of their business activityTo a large extent, this is strategic planning of a corporate nature and is basically similar to corporate planning in other industriesCorporate planning models generally follow a common structure. One such strategic planning model has been synthesised by Hoffman and Schniederjans (1990).R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University7

Broadly, there can be eight major steps in any planning process which hold true for tourism planning also:A) Study PreparationB) Determination of development goals and objectivesC) SurveysD) Analysis and SynthesisE) Plan formulationF) RecommendationsG) ImplementationsH) MonitoringAcerenza (1985) advocated a strategic planning approach to tourism, long term approach to tourism planning:R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University8

The terms now used, as seen in the US Model, are public involvement, participatory planning, grass root planning and integrative planning.Reg Lang (1988) has very aptly summarised the difference between interactive planning and conventional planningR'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University9

Levels of Tourism Planning1. Individual level2. Firm Level3. Industry Level4. Economy as a whole1. State Level2. National Level3. Regional LevelR'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University10Types of Tourism PlanningSpatial Tourism PlanningThe space as well as the environment is scrutinized for creating good quality infrastructure. Eg. Corbett Sectorial Tourism PlanningRegion to be developed is divided in to various broad sections called sectors. Eg. South East Asia Integrated Tourism PlanningParts of a tourist region are integrated so that the region becomes a hot destinationComplex Tourism PlanningWhen several regions are considered for planning which are far awayEg. Char dham YatraCentralised Tourism PlanningSingle authority, usually state or central govt, no private sector intervenesDecentralised Tourism PlanningParties who are keen to develop the spot, govt do not interfereBut it provides financial supportEg. Nedumbessary airportUrban & Rural Tourism PlanningUrban modern infrastructureRural culture, history, built from scratch.R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University11Product life cycle TheoryTheproduct life-cycle theoryis an economic theory that was developed by Raymond VernonIntroductionNew products are introduced to meet local (i.e., national) needs, and new products are first exported to similar countries, countries with similar needs, preferences, and incomes. If we also presume similar evolutionary patterns for all countries, then products are introduced in the most advanced nations. (E.g., the IBM PCs were produced in the US and spread quickly throughout the industrialized countries.)GrowthA copy product is produced elsewhere and introduced in the home country (and elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. This moves production to other countries, usually on the basis of cost of production. (E.g., the clones of the early IBM PCs were not produced in the US.) The Period till the Maturity Stage is known as the Saturation Period.MaturityThe industry contracts and concentratesthe lowest cost producer wins here. (E.g., the many clones of the PC are made almost entirely in lowest cost locations.)SaturationThis is a period of stability. The sales of the product reach the peak and there is no further possibility to increase it. this stage is characterised by: Saturation of sales (at the early part of this stage sales remain stable then it starts falling). It continues till substitutes enter into the market. Marketer must try to develop new and alternative uses of product. DeclinePoor countries constitute the only markets for the product. Therefore almost all declining products are produced indeveloping countries. (E.g., PCs are a very poor example here, mainly because there is weak demand for computers in developing countries. A better example is textiles.)Note that a particular firm or industry (in a country) stays in a market by adapting what they make and sell, i.e., by riding the waves. For example, approximately 80% of the revenues of H-P are from products they did not sell five years ago. the profits go back to the host old country.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University12

Planning Processa) DEFINE THE SYSTEM: What is the scale, size, market, character and purpose?b) FORMULATE OBJECTIVES: Without a set of objectives the development concept has no direction. The objectives must be comprehensive and specific and should include a timetable for completion.c) DATA GATHERING: Fact finding, or research, provides basic data that are essential to developing the plan. Examples of data gathering are preparing a fac t book, making market surveys, undertaking site and infrastructure surveys and analysing existing facilities and competition.d) ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: Once collected, the many fragments of information must be interpreted so that the facts gathered will have meaning. From this step results a set of conclusions and recommendations that leads to making or conceptualising a preliminary plan.

e) PRELIMINARY PLANNING: Based on the previous steps, alternatives are considered and alternative physical solutions are drawn up and tested. Frequently, scale models are developed to illustrate the land use plans; sketches are prepared to show the image the development will project; financial plans are drafted from the market information, site surveys and layout plan to show the investment needed in each phase of the project, the cash flow expected, the legal requirements, etc.f) APPROVING THE PLAN: The parties involved can now look at plans, drawings, scale models, estimates of costs, estimates of profits and know what will be involved and what the chances for success or failure would be. While a great deal of money may have been spent up to this point, the sum is a relatively small amount compared to the expenditures that will be required once the plan is approved and its implementation begins.g) FINAL PLAN: This phase typically includes a definition of the various aspects covered. For example, in the case of a destination a definition of land use; plans for infrastructure facilities such as roads; airports; bike paths; horse trails; pedestrian walkways; sewage; water and utilities; architectural standards; landscape plans, zoning and other land use regulations; economic analysis, market analysis and financial programming are to be covered.h) IMPLEMENTATION: Implementation is operationalising the tourism plan. It also follows up, monitors and evaluates. Good planning provides mechanisms that give continuing feedback on the tourism project and the levels of consumer satisfaction reached.R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University13Project EvaluationProject Evaluation is a step-by-step process of collecting, recording and organizing information about project results, including short-term outputs (immediate results of activities, or project deliverables), and immediate and longer-term project outcomes (changes in behaviour, practice or policy resulting from the project).Common rationales for conducting an evaluation are:response to demands for accountability;demonstration of effective, efficient and equitable use of financial and other resources;recognition of actual changes and progress made;identification of success factors, need for improvement or where expected outcomes are unrealistic;validation for project staff and partners that desired outcomes are being achieved.The project planning stage is the best time to identify desired outcomes and how they will be measured. This will guide future planning, as well as ensure that the data required to measure success is available when the time comes to evaluate the project.

Evaluating project results is helpful in providing answers to key questions like:What progress has been made?Were the desired outcomes achieved? Why?Are there ways that project activities can be refined to achieve better outcomes?Do the project results justify the project inputs?What are the Challenges in Monitoring and Evaluation?getting the commitment to do it;establishing base lines at the beginning of the project;identifying realistic quantitative and qualitative indicators;finding the time to do it and sticking to it;getting feedback from your stakeholders;reporting back to your stakeholders.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University14Project Feasibility StudyFeasibility studiesaim to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of the existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats as presented by theenvironment, theresourcesrequired to carry through, and ultimately the prospects forsuccess. In its simplest term, the two criteria to judge feasibility arecostrequired andvalue to be attained. As such, a well-designed feasibility study should provide a historical background of the business or project, description of theproductorservice, accounting statements, details of theoperationsandmanagement,marketing research and policies, financial data, legal requirements and tax obligations.Generally, feasibility studies precede technical development andprojectimplementation.TELOSprovides five common factors.Technology and system feasibilityan outline design of system requirements in terms of Input, Processes, Output, Fields, Programs, and ProceduresEconomic feasibilitydetermine the benefits and savings that are expected from a candidate system and compare them with costsLegal feasibilityDetermines whether the proposed system conflicts with legal requirements, e.g. a data processing system must comply with the local Data Protection Acts.Operational feasibilityhow well a proposed system solves the problems, and takes advantage of the opportunitiesSchedule feasibilityestimating how long the system will take to developOther feasibility factorsMarket, resource, cultural , financial feasibilityR'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University15Plan ImplementationStudy the available situationIdentify the barriersEstablish a mechanismStrategic planningEducational programConduct workshopsNational state local levelsImplement recommended changesDissemination and educationTourism Master plana long-term outline of a project or government function for tourism a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplishedR'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University16Tourism ImpactsR'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University17

Positive Economic ImpactsBalance of paymentsEmploymentIncomeInvestment and DevelopmentMultiplier Effect

Balance of Payments (BOP)The difference between the amount of money leaving a country and the amount of money coming into the same countryTourism can help minimise BOPTourist brings currency into country and spendsBenefits the host countryParticularly ones that have tourists from high value areas such as the UK, EU, US

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University18EmploymentTourism creates many various jobs via:Direct employmentDirectly involved in tourism e.g. hotel, travel agencyIndirect employmentJobs in the tourism supply sector e.g. catering company providing food to an airlineInduced employmentCreated because of an increase wealth of the locals from tourism; locals spend more money in their local economy

IncomeMoney created in local economy at a destination through:Wages and salariesLocals employed in the local areaProfitsLocal businesses benefitting from tourist spendingRentLeasing accommodation to tourists and migrating workforceTax Value Added Tax (VAT); local or national tax gained from tourist spending

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University19Investment and DevelopmentPublic or private sectorPublicGovernment wants to develop a destinationInvests in infrastructure (roads, airports, buildings etc)Make destination more appealing to touristsPrivate TNCs or MNCs (Multinational Companies) invest at a destination in order to set up their own organizations thereCan lead to other companies investing in the same area

Multiplier EffectA knock on effect within the economy at a destinationtourist expenditure will inject additional cash flow into the regional economy and increase regional income (Page and Connell, 2006)EmploymentMore jobs because of tourismIncomeTourist spending in local area brings more money to the destinationLocals earn from tourist spending and in turn spend that money in the local area also,Tourist spendMoney directly spend by tourist whilst on holidayIncomeTourists money received by hotel and facility ownersTaxesHotel and facility owners have to pay government tax (council, corporation tax etc) at local and national level

SavingSome money received by hotel and facility owners will be kept as profitSpendOwners of businesses who receive money from tourists, spends on wages for employees, supplies (stock) in the local economy or outside local area (imports)Local itemsEmployees and locals spend wages in local shops e.g. supermarkets

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University20

Negative Economic ImpactsLeakagesOpportunity CostsInflationTourism Dependency

LeakagesMoney spent on goods and services outside local economy Money saved (in banks etc)Investment from MNCs or TNCs means that some money earned by that organization will leave the local economy e.g. headquarters in a different destinationImporting goods means another economy is benefitting from spending e.g. bananas in the UK

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University21Opportunity CostsAlso known as displacement effectdeveloping tourism at the expense of other activities or areas of investment (Page and Connell, 2006)Public money invested in tourism that is not invested elsewhere e.g. local infrastructure at another locationCost-benefit analysis best way to minimise opportunity costs

Inflation Increase in demand leads to increase in inflationInflation = value and price of land, and products increasesLocals may not be able to afford to live in a particular area, local businesses may sufferCan lead to negative socio-cultural impactsTourism DependencySome countries rely heavily on tourism in order to maintain the countrys economyOccurs quite often in developing countriesIf tourism suffers in a country, the whole economy suffers a huge negative impact

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University22Positive Environmental ImpactsConservation and preservationEnhancement of environmentEnvironmental awarenessFinancial contributionsProtection

Conservation and preservationCan be done by zoning areas of the natural environment e.g. national parksStrict guidelines to follow for developments, and visitorsBuilt or man-made constructions can also be preservedRestricted access to certain areasMoney raised from visitors can help restorationsE.g. castles, cathedrals etc.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University23Enhancement of environmentMake an area look visually more pretty to visitorsCan involve cleaning areas, reforestation, installation of public spaces (e.g. public art)Funded by money from tourism industryE.g. London 2010 Olympic Park

Environmental awarenessPublic more aware of environmental issuesPrivate and public sectors inform consumers of environmental impactsHotels will inform customers of laundry process and how to save energy and water etcTourism industry adapting to tourists needsSustainable tourism, ecotourism etc

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University24Financial contributionsMoney directly given towards the environmentCan be from:Park entrance fees Hunting and fishing feesRental equipment fees etcUsed to pay for conservation and preservation of environmentally sensitive areasProjects, maintenance, salary for park rangers etc

Protection Environmental protectionConservation of environment (flora and fauna)Sustainable use of natural resourcesAchieved through tourism and government involvementEnergy efficient building, effective waste treatment removal, pollution prevention etc

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University25Negative Environmental ImpactsDepletion of natural resourcesLoss of natural habitatsPollution

Depletion of natural resourcesWater resourcesOveruse of water for hotels, swimming pools, golf courses, personal useLocal population dont have enough water for their own needsLocal resourcesEnergy, food, raw materials used excessively in tourism damages environment physicallyLand degradationLand destroyed due to tourist activitiesConstruction of facilities and attractions damage natural environment Tourist activities e.g. walking, skiing, cause erosion of the earth

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University26Loss of natural habitatsOn land (terrain)Flora and fauna displaced (moved) due to tourism constructionF&F damaged in natural environmentOffshore (water-based, marine)Damage to fish and water pollution due to development in the water (e.g. marina development) or tourist activities in the water (e.g. diving, sailing, water sports etc)Coral reefs suffer worldwide from damagesOver-fishing, trampling by tourists and divers, pollution etc

Pollution AirCO2 emissions (carbon dioxide) damage the air and effects the Ozone layerLots of transport used for tourism e.g. cars, coaches, planes etcNoiseTraffic noise from transportEntertainment (bars and nightclubs)Disturb natural wildlife and have negative impact of destinationVisual LitteringBarren land due to construction of tourism infrastructurePollution of rivers, beaches, sea, natural scenic areas etcConstructions can be eyesoresWaterTourist activities, development, waste disposal contaminates water effects wildlife and humans

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University27Positive Socio-cultural ImpactsEducation and trainingEnhanced quality of lifePrideSocio-cultural awareness and peace

Education and trainingProvides opportunity for locals to learn new skills and qualificationsSkills and qualifications are essential in tourism industryStaff training and development within organizationse.g. customer services, IT etc

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University28Enhanced quality of lifePositive economic impacts of tourism effect the quality of life locals will experienceIncrease in tourist spending in tourist destination leads to an increase in disposable income for localsPublic sector investment in an area can improve local infrastructure (roads, facilities etc)

PrideIncrease in local pride as: more tourists visit a destination and as increase in investment into local areaPride in local traditions, customs, culture, food, crafts, ceremonies etcCan renew interest in host populations cultureSocio-cultural awareness and peaceTourism allows people to understand and learn about new cultures and experiencesLearning about a culture first hand can increase a better understanding of different backgrounds and heritageCan benefit both the locals and the tourists

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University29Negative Socio-cultural ImpactsCommodificationCrimeDemonstration effectDisplacementEconomicExploitation

CommodificationTurning a product or service into something different in order to please the touristPerformances and ceremonies are commodified (made more attractive and dramatic) in order to appeal to touristsNot representing the true culture of the localsAlso known as staged authenticity

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University30CrimeWhere there are more tourists, crime rates are higherTourists are easy targets for thievesTourists carry a lot of valuables when travellingAppeals to poor locals who cannot afford these goodsTourists may also become involved in illegal experiencesProstitution and drugs etcTourists therefore help to develop the illegal industries

Demonstration effectLocals observe tourists and try to copy (emulate) themThis can be in terms of:Behaviour, culture, clothes, food etc Leads to a loss of identity and cultureMore apparent in younger generationsWesternisation western culture favoured over other local cultures

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University31DisplacementDevelopment of tourism areas can lead to an area becoming too expensive for locals to continue living thereLand needed for large constructions can also move local inhabitantsGovernments believe that the tourism infrastructure will outweigh the need for displacement

EconomicIncrease in prosperity within host population can lead to new social classesCan create tension between:LocalsLocals and touristsMigrant workers and locals Resources become more expensive:Cost of living increases e.g. foods, service, housing etcCauses resentment between locals and tourists

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University32Exploitation Employment opportunities may seem exciting to begin with but may become a negative socio-cultural impactSome companies may exploit (abuse) local populations for their own benefits through:Child labourForced labourCheap labourso that the large corporations reap most of the economic benefits

DOXEYS IRRITATION INDEX (IRRIDEX)Created in 1975Designed to measure a host populations perception of tourists as a destination develops over timeLinked to Butlers Tourist Area Life Cycle

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University334 stages of Doxeys Irridex

Euphoria AreaOccurs in early stage of Butlers TALCDestination has few visitors, tourism relatively new to localsLocals happy that tourists are interested in their destinationWelcoming host populationGood, informal relationships between locals and touristsApathyAs destination develops, tourist numbers increaseRelationship between locals and tourists become more informalVisitors are taken for granted tourists are only seen as a source of moneyAnnoyance

Destination has developed to saturation pointDevelopment of attraction, facilities and services are occurring everywhereThis continuous over-development annoys the locals and they are frustrated with the tourism industry stakeholders and touristsAntagonismDevelopment at tourist destination is now only producing negative impactsHost population blame tourists for all the negative impacts tourism has brought to the destinationHost population angry at tourists and expresses their anger towards them

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University34Euphoria AreaApathyAnnoyanceAntagonismSustainable TourismSustainable tourismis tourism attempting to make a low impact on theenvironmentand localculture, while helping to generate future employment for local people. The aim of sustainable tourism is to ensure that development brings a positive experience for local people, tourism companies and the tourists themselves. Sustainable tourism is not the same asecotourism.reduce the impact of tourism in many ways, including:informing themselves of theculture,politics, andeconomyof the communities visitedanticipating and respecting local cultures, expectations and assumptionscontributing to intercultural understanding and tolerancesupporting the integrity of local cultures by favoring businesses which conserve cultural heritage and traditional valuessupporting local economies by purchasing local goods and participating with small, local businessesconserving resources by seeking out businesses that are environmentally conscious, and by using the least possible amount ofnon-renewable resourcesEconomic, social and environmental aspects of sustainable development must include the interests of all stakeholders including indigenous people, local communities, visitors, industry and government.where tourists can enjoy their holiday and at the same time respect the culture of people and also respect the environment. It also means that local people get a fair say about tourism and also receive some money from the profit which the game reserve make. The environment is being damaged quite a lot by tourists and part of Sustainable tourism is to make sure that the damaging does not carry on.Responsible Tourism, have the following characteristics:minimises negative economic, environmental, and social impactsgenerates greater economic benefits for local people and enhances the well-being of host communities, improves working conditions and access to the industryinvolves local people in decisions that affect their lives and life chancesmakes positive contributions to the conservation of natural and cultural heritage, to the maintenance of the worlds diversityprovides more enjoyable experiences for tourists through more meaningful connections with local people, and a greater understanding of local cultural, social and environmental issuesprovides access for people with disabilities andis culturally sensitive, engenders respect between tourists and hosts, and builds local pride and confidence.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University35Tourism Carrying Capacity"Tourism Carrying Capacity" is defined by theWTO as The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction

Physical carrying capacityThis is the max number that area is actually able to support. In the case of an individual tourist attraction it is the maximum number that can fit on the site at any given time and still allow people to be able to move. This is normally assumed to be around 1m per person. PCC per a day = area (in metres squared) x visitors per metre x daily duration" (Mowforth and Munt)This is a formula which has been used to calculate the physical carrying capacity.Economic carrying capacityThis relates to a level of unacceptable change within the local economy of a tourist destination, it is the extent to which a tourist destination is able to accommodate tourist functions without the loss of local activates, take for example a souvenir store taking the place of a shop selling essential items to the local community.Economic carrying capacitycan also be used to describe the point at which the increased revenue brought by tourism development is overtaken by the inflation caused by tourism.Social carrying capacityThis relates to the negative socio-cultural related to tourism development. The indicators of when thesocial carrying capacityhas been exceeded are a reduced local tolerance for tourism as described by Doxeys Index of irritation.Reduced visitor enjoyment and increased crime are also indicators of when the social carrying capacity has been exceeded.Biophysical carrying capacityThis deals with the extent to which the natural environment is able to tolerate interference from tourists. This is made more complicated by the fact that because it deals with ecology which is able to regenerate to some extent so in this case the carrying capacity is when the damage exceeds the habitat's ability to regenerate.R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University36Factors affecting Carrying Capacity1. Alien factorsMass tourismLength of stayConcentration of visitorsDegree of seasonalityType of tourism activityEducation level will affect the impactDegree of exposure2. Local factorsFragile eco systemsSocio culture of host communityEconomic and politicalAvailability of local resourcesTourism policies

3. Combined factorsDifference between the tourist and the hostDifferences in wealth and cultureAmount of contactSegregation of tourists reduces demonstration effect R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University37Environmental Impact AnalysisTheMinistry of Environment and Forests(MoEF) of India have been in a great effort in Environmental Impact Assessment in India. The main laws in nation are Water Act(1974), The IndianWildlife (Protection) Act (1972), The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1981) and The Environment (Protection) Act (1986). The responsible body for this is Central Pollution Control Board. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies need a significant amount of primary and secondary environmental data. The primary data are those which need to be collected in the field to define the status of environment (like air quality data, water quality data etc.). The secondary data are those data which have been collected over the years and can be used to understand the existing environmental scenario of the study area. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies are conducted over a short period of time and therefore the understanding the environmental trends based on few months of primary data has its own limitations. Ideally, the primary data has to be considered along with the secondary data for complete understanding of the existing environmental status of the area. In many EIA studies, the secondary data needs could be as high as 80% of the total data requirement. EIC is the repository of one stop secondary data source for environmental impact assessment in India.R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University38The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) experience in India indicates that the lack of timely availability of reliable and authentic environmental data has been a major bottle neck in achieving the full benefits of EIA. The environment being a multi-disciplinary subject, a multitude of agencies is involved in collection of environmental data. However, there is no single organization in India which tracks the data available amongst these agencies and makes it available in one place, in a form and manner required by practitioners in the field of environmental impact assessment in India. Further, the environmental data is not available in value added forms that can enhance the quality of the EIA.

This in turn adversely affects the time and efforts required for conducting the environmental impact assessments (EIAs) by project proponents and also timely environmental clearances by the regulators. With this background, Environmental Information Centre (EIC) has been set up to serve as a professionally managed clearing house of environmental information that can be used by MoEF, project proponents, consultants, NGOs and other stakeholders involved in the process of environmental impact assessment in India. EIC caters to the need of creating and disseminating of organized environmental data for various developmental initiatives all over the country.EIC stores data in GIS format and makes it available to all environmental impact assessment studies and to EIA stakeholders in a cost effective and timely manner.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University39Tourism Business ethics and lawsBusiness ethics(alsocorporate ethics) is a form ofapplied ethicsorprofessional ethicsthat examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.an emerging typology for applied ethics (Porter, 2006) uses six domains to help improve organizations and social issues at the national and global level:Decision ethics, or ethical theories and ethical decision processesProfessional ethics, or ethics to improve professionalismClinical ethics, or ethics to improve our basic health needsBusiness ethics, or individual based morals to improve ethics in an organizationOrganizational ethics, or ethics among organizationsSocial ethics, or ethics among nations and as one global unitThe major areas of business law are:AntitrustBankruptcyConsumer protection and product liabilityContractsEmploymentIntellectual propertySecurities regulation

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University40Money lost to FraudMoney lost to EmbezzlementAccuracy of books, records, and expense reportsProper use of organizational assetsProtecting proprietary informationDiscriminationLyingOver chargingCharging for work that was not necessaryWithholding needed informationAbusive or intimidating behavior toward others

Misreporting actual time or hours workedFalse insurance claimsKickbacks and briberyProper exercise of authorityTheft of business equipment and suppliesTrading or accepting goods for unauthorized favorsMoonlighting, which causes poorer work performanceKnowingly ignoring the health and safety of employeesSexual harassmentEvading someones privacy

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University41Tourism Law & LegislationAccording to Ronald A. Kaiser (Travel and Tourism Law, 1994), tourism law creates and definesseven basic concepts:1) Travel is a legal right,2) Reliable and safe transportation must be readily available,3) Safe and adequate accommodations must await the traveller, 4) All travellers should have access to such accommodations,5) Travel and accommodation costs must be reasonable,6) Regulation of the travel and tourism industry is necessary, and7) Redressal mechanism for transgressions of rights and regulations is necessary.functional areas:1) Those related to the protection of tourists,2) Those related to border controls,3) Those related to quality of services,4) Those related to protection of environment,5) Those related to conservation of historical sites and monuments,6) Those related to economic development,7) Those determining the relationship of various segments of the tourism industry, etc.R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University42categorised under the following heads :1) Laws related to trans-border movements like customs, visa regulations, foreign exchange regulations, immigration laws, etc.2) Laws related to transportation like airline regulations, railways, road and water transport; fares and tariffs, etc.3) Laws related to accommodation like classification/grading/rating of hotels, etc.4) Consumer Protection Laws related to health, hygiene, service quality standards, etc.5) Laws related to land use, infrastructure development, etc.6) Labour laws related to employees working conditions, wages, etc.7) Laws regarding the functioning of tourism organisations at various levels.8) Conservation related laws on environment protection, monuments and historical sites, etc.9) Laws related to human resource development.10) Laws for regulating the service providers, etc.There are variety of laws in India which are directly or indirectly related to tourism. Some of these are as follows:1) Environment relatedThe Indian Forest ActThe Wildlife Protection ActThe Forest Conservation ActThe Air Prevention and Control of Pollution ActThe Environment ActThe National Environment Tribunal ActCoastal Zone Regulations, etc.2) MonumentsThe Ancient Monuments ActRegulations made by the Archaeological Survey of IndiaGuidelines issued by the Ministry of Culture, etc.3) AccommodationThe Sarais ActDepartment of Tourism Regulations for Categor isation of Hotels, etc.4) Protection of Tourists and HealthIndian Penal CodeConsumer Protection ActPrevention of Food Adulteration Act, etc.R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University43Tourist safety & SecuritySMART TRAVELER ENROLLMENT PROGRAM (STEP) / EMBASSY LOCATION:ENTRY / EXIT REQUIREMENTS FOR U.S. CITIZENSTHREATS TO SAFETY AND SECURITYAreas of InstabilityRestricted/Protected areasCRIMEScamsVICTIMS OF CRIMECRIMINAL PENALTIESSPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES:MEDICAL FACILITIES AND HEALTH INFORMATIONMEDICAL INSURANCETRAFFIC SAFETY AND ROAD CONDITIONSAVIATION SAFETY OVERSIGHTCHILDRENS ISSUESR'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University44Preservation & ConversationArchaeological sites The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), as an attached office under the Department of Culture,Ministry of Tourism and Culture, is the premier organization for the archaeological researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation. Maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance is the prime concern of the ASI. Besides it regulate all archaeological activities in the country as per the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958. It also regulates Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972.For the maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance the entire country is divided into 24 Circles. The organization has a large work force of trained archaeologists, conservators, epigraphist, architects and scientists for conducting archaeological research projects through its Excavation Branches, Prehistory Branch, Epigraphy Branches, Science Branch, Horticulture Branch, Building Survey Project, Temple Survey Projects and Underwater Archaeology Wing.

CHEMICALPRESERVATIONThe Archaeological Survey of Indias Science Branch is responsible mainly for the chemical conservation treatment and preservation of some three thousand five hundred ninety three Protected monuments besides chemical preservation of museum and excavated objects countrywide.The real challenge before us is to plan the necessary measures of conservation with a view to assure the survival of these built cultural heritage and unique symbols of our civilizations for centuries to come, with as little intervention as possible but without altering or modifying in any way the authenticity of their original character. To ensure the stability as well as proper conservation of our cultural heritage, there is a need to give more thrust to the scientific research in conservation options must be based on a preliminary investigation which includes the knowledge of physical nature of the object (constituent materials, architectural characteristics, production techniques, state of decay) and of the factors which induce or could induced its decay.R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University45STRUCTURALCONSERVATIONAlthough there have been references of conservation of structures way back in the early Historic Period as evidenced at Junagadh, Gujarat, it was done on structures that were beneficial to the contemporary society. Even the dawn of vision for the need to preserve monuments for its worth as a monument, mainly credited to the British was not less haphazard in the earlier times. The earlier attempts to give a legal framework for preventing vandalism were the two legislations namely the Bengal Regulation of 1810 and Madras Regulation of 1817.The monuments and sties that received nominal funds and attention way back in 19th century was Taj Mahal, Tomb at Sikandara, Qutb Minar, Sanchi and Mathura. Based on the proposal submitted in 1898, 5 Circles were constituted to do the Archaeological work in India. These Circles were required to devote themselves entirely to conservation work.Later the Ancient Monuments and Preservation Act, 1904 was passed with the prime objective to ensure the proper upkeep and repair of ancient buildings in private ownership excepting such as those used for religious purposes. From the first decade of the last century therefore many monuments could be taken up for conservation.One of the foremost conservators, J. Marshall who laid down the principles of conservation was also instrumental in preserving a number of monuments some of which are now under the World Heritage List. The conservation work of stupas at Sanchi earlier lying in a maze of ruins gave the site its pristine looks.The conservation processes had now become quite formalized and the later workers in the field were acquiring cumulative knowledge of several generations. Even before Independence, thus, the Archaeological Survey of India had developed significant expertise so much as that it was invited for conservation work in other countries. Some of the outstanding examples of such works are that of Bamiyan in Afghanistan and later in the Angkor Vat of Cambodia.

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University46Conservation of wildlife in IndiaThe need for conservation of wildlife in India is often questioned because of the apparently incorrect priority in the face of dire poverty of the people. However Article 48 of the Constitution of India specifies that "the state shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country" and Article 51-A states that "it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures."

Large and charismatic mammals are important for wildlife tourism in India and several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries cater to these needs. Project Tiger started in 1972 is a major effort to conserve the tiger and its habitats. At the turn of the 20th century, one estimate of the tiger population in India placed the figure at 40,000, yet an Indian tiger census conducted in 1972 revealed the existence of only 1827 tigers. Various pressures in the later part of the 20th century led to the progressive decline of wilderness resulting in the disturbance of viable tiger habitats. At the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) General Assembly meeting in Delhi in 1969, serious concern was voiced about the threat to several species of wildlife and the shrinkage of wilderness in the India

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University47. In 1970, a national ban on tiger hunting was imposed and in 1972 the Wildlife Protection Act came into force. The framework was then set up to formulate a project for tiger conservation with an ecological approach.Project Tiger which was launched on April 1, 1973, has become one of the most successful conservation ventures in modern history. The project aims at tiger conservation in specially constituted 'tiger reserves' which are representative of various bio-geographical regions falling within India. It strives to maintain a viable tiger population in their natural environment. Today, there are 27 Project Tiger wildlife reserves in India covering an area of 37,761 km.Project Elephant, though less known, started in 1992 and works for elephant protection in India. Most of India's rhinos today survive in the Kaziranga National Park. The wildlife institute of India (WII) is a government institution run by the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education which trains wildlife managers and wildlife researchers.Trained personnel from WII have contributed in studying and protecting wildlife in India. WII has also popularized wildlife studies and careers. The institute is based in Dehradun, India. It is located in Chandrabani, which is close to the southern forests of Dehradun. The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education also runs the Forest Research Institute and the Indian Institute of Forest Management

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University48Thank YouR'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University49