touch screen.docx

Table of Contents

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. How Does a Touch screen Work?

4. Comparing Touch Technologies.

5. Information Kiosk Systems.

6. Software, Cables, and Accessories.

7. Touch screen Drivers.

8. Applications.

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9. Advantages over other pointing devices.

10.Conclusion.

11.References

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ABSTRACT

TOUCH SCREEN

First computers became more visual, then they took a step further to

understand vocal commands and now they have gone a step further and became

‘TOUCHY’, that is skin to screen.

A touch screen is an easy to use input device that allows users to control PC

software and DVD video by touching the display screen. A touch system consists

of a touch Sensor that receives the touch input, a Controller, and a Driver. The

most commonly used touch technologies are the Capacitive & Resistive systems.

The other technologies used in this field are Infrared technology, Near Field

Imaging & SAW (surface acoustic wave technology). These technologies are latest

in this field but are very much expensive.

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The uses of touch systems as Graphical User Interface (GUI) devices for

computers continue to grow popularity. Touch systems are used for many

applications such as ATM’s, point-of–sale systems, industrial controls, casinos &

public kiosks etc. Touch system is basically an alternative for a mouse or

keyboard.

The market for touch system is going to be around $2.5 billion by 2004.

Various companies involved in development of touch systems mainly are Philips,

Samsung etc. Even touch screen mobile phones have been developed by Philips.

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ATMEGA 16:

Fig 3.1 figure of micro controller

Microcontrollers are "special purpose computers”. Any device that measures,

stores, controls, calculates, or displays information is a candidate for putting a

microcontroller inside.

The microcontroller includes a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers like a

standard

computer. Microcontrollers have become common in many areas, and can be found

in home appliances, computer equipment, and instrumentation. They are often used

in automobiles, and have many industrial uses as well, and have become a central

part of industrial robotics.

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Because they are usually used to control a single process and execute simple

instructions,

microcontrollers do not require significant processing power. Microcontrollers are

hidden inside a surprising number of products these days. If your microwave oven

has an LED or LCD screen and a keypad, it contains a microcontroller

Fig 3.2: Pin out of AT mega 16

High-performance, Low-power AVR

8-bit Microcontroller

Advanced RISC Architecture

131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

Fully Static Operation

Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz

On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories

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16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash

Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles

Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

True Read-While-Write Operation

512 Bytes EEPROM

Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles

1K Byte Internal SRAM

Programming Lock for Software Security

JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface

Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard

Extensive On-chip Debug Support

Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG

Interface

Peripheral Features

Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes

One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and

Capture Mode

Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

Four PWM Channels

8-channel, 10-bit ADC

8 Single-ended Channels

7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only

2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x

Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface

Programmable Serial USART

Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

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Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator

On-chip Analog Comparator

• Special Microcontroller Features

– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator

– External and Internal Interrupt Sources

– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-

down, Standby and

Extended Standby  

• I/O and Packages

– 32 Programmable I/O Lines

– 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF

• Operating Voltages

– 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega16L

– 4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega16

• Speed Grades

– 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L

– 0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16

• Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25°C for ATmega16L

– Active: 1.1 mA

– Idle Mode: 0.35 mA

– Power-down Mode: < 1 µA

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Fig3.3: Architecture of AVR AT mega 16

CISC

Pronounced sisk, and stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Most PC's use

CPU based on this architecture. For instance Intel and AMD CPU's are based on

CISC architectures. Typically CISC chips have a large amount of different and

complex instructions. The philosophy behind it is that hardware is always faster

than software, therefore one should make a powerful instruction set, which

provides programmers with assembly instructions to do a lot with short programs.  

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RISC

Pronounced risk, and stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. RISC chips

evolved around the mid-1980 as a reaction at CISC chips. The philosophy behind it

is that almost no one uses complex assembly language instructions as used by

CISC, and people mostly use compilers which never use complex instructions.

Apple for instance uses RISC chips. Therefore fewer, simpler and faster

instructions would be better, than the large, complex and slower CISC instructions.

However, more instructions are needed to accomplish a task.

Another advantage of RISC is that - in theory - because of the more simple

instructions, RISC chips require fewer transistors, which makes them easier to

design and cheaper to produce. Finally, it's easier to write powerful optimized

compilers, since fewer instructions exist.

RISC Vs CISC

There is still considerable controversy among experts about which architecture is

better. Some say that RISC is cheaper and faster and therefore the architecture of

the future. Others note that by making the hardware simpler, RISC puts a greater

burden on the software. Software needs to become more complex. Software

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developers need to write more lines for the same tasks. Therefore they argue that

RISC is not the architecture of the future, since conventional CISC chips are

becoming faster and cheaper anyway. RISC has now existed more than 10 years

and hasn't been able to kick CISC out of the market. If we forget about the

embedded market and mainly look at the market for PC's, workstations and servers

I guess a least 75% of the processors are based on the CISC architecture. Most of

them the x86 standard (Intel, AMD, etc.), but even in the mainframe territory CISC

is dominant via the IBM/390 chip. Looks like CISC is here to stay … Is RISC than

really not better? The answer isn't quite that simple. RISC and CISC architectures

are becoming more and more alike. Many of today's RISC chips support just as

many instructions as yesterday's CISC chips. The PowerPC 601, for example,

supports more instructions than the Pentium. Yet the 601 is considered a RISC

chip, while the Pentium is definitely CISC.

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ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER:-

The ADC080X family are CMOS 8-Bit, successive approximation A/D converters which use a modified potentiometric ladder and are designed to operate with the 8080A control bus via three-state outputs. These converters appear to the processor as memory locations or I/O ports, and hence no interfacing logic is required. The differential analog voltage input has good common mode -rejection and permits offsetting the analog zero-input voltage value. In addition, the voltage reference input can be adjusted to allow encoding any smaller analog voltage span to the full 8 bits of resolution.

Features :-

• 80C48 and 80C80/85 Bus Compatible - No Interfacing Logic Required

• Conversion Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <100μs

• Easy Interface to Most Microprocessors

• Will Operate in a “Stand Alone” Mode

• Differential Analog Voltage Inputs

• Works with Bandgap Voltage References

• TTL Compatible Inputs and Outputs

• On-Chip Clock Generator

• Analog Voltage Input Range

(Single + 5V Supply) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0V to 5V

• No Zero-Adjust Required.

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ADC INTERFACING:

TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM-35 :-

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General Description

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4°C at room temperature and ±3⁄4°C

over a full −55 to +150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 μA from its supply, it has very low self-

heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a −55° to +150°C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a −40° to +110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

Features1. Calibrated directly in ° Celsius

(Centigrade)2. Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor3. 0.5°C accuracy guarantee able (at +25°C)4. Rated for full −55° to +150°C range5. Suitable for remote applications6. Low cost due to wafer-level trimming7. Operates from 4 to 30 volts8. Less than 60 μA current drain9. Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air10. Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4°C typical

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11. Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA loadLIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY(16×LCD) :-

FEATURES• 5 x 8 dots with cursor• Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)• + 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V)• 1/16 duty cycle• B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED)• N.V. optional for + 3V power supply

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16×2 LCD INTERFACING:

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DARLINGTONPAIR :-

The Darlington pair is basically a combination of two bipolar transistors connected as shown. In Darlington pair, two transistors connected together so that the current amplified by the first is amplified further by the second transistor. The overall current gain is equal to the two individual gains multiplied together.

Darlington pair current gain, hFE = hFE1* FE2 (hFE1 and hFE2 are the gains of the individual transistors).

To turn on two transistors TR1 and TR2 at the same time there must be 0.7V across base-emitter junctions of both the transistors. To put it simply, 1.4V is required to turn two transistors on at same time.

Darlington pairs are available as complete packages in the market but you can make up your own from two transistors; TR1 can be a low power type, but normally TR2 will need to be high power. The maximum collector current Ic(max) for the pair is the same as Ic(max) for TR2.

Transistor:-1. BC547

2. SL100

BUZZER :- It is an electrical Buzzer.It requires 5v – 12 v for operation.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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PROGRAM :

#include<reg51.h>

#define ldata P0

#define UPTEMP 45

#define DOWNTEMP 35

#define AL 50

sbit rs = P2^3;

sbit rw = P2^2;

sbit en = P2^1;

sbit adc_read= P3^4;

sbit adc_write= P3^3;

sbit adc_intr= P3^5;

sbit output=P3^7;

sbit alarm =P3^6;

bit loadon=0;

void delay(int time)

{

int i,j;

for(i=0;i<127;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<time;j++)

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{

}

}

}

void lcd_data(unsigned char a)

{

rs=1;

ldata=a;

en=1;

delay(1);

en=0;

delay(1);

}

void lcd_cmd(unsigned char a)

{

rs=0;

ldata=a;

en=1;

delay(1);

en=0;

delay(1);

}

void lcd_string(char *s)

{

while(*s)

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{

lcd_data(*s);

s++;

}

}

void lcd_init()

{

lcd_cmd(0x38);

lcd_cmd(0x0e);

lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_cmd(0x0C);

lcd_cmd(0x80);

}

void main()

{

unsigned char val=0,temp=0;

unsigned int x=0;

float temp1;

output=0;

alarm=1;

rw=0;

lcd_init();

lcd_string(" WELCOME!");

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lcd_cmd(0xC0);

lcd_string("TEMP. METER");

adc_read=1;

adc_write=1;

delay(1000);

lcd_cmd(0x01);

while(1)

{

delay(100);

adc_read=1;

adc_write=0;

delay(1);

adc_write=1;

while(adc_intr==1);

adc_read=0;

val=P1;

temp1=((float)val/255)*100.00;

x+=(int)temp1;

delay(10);

delay(100);

adc_read=1;

adc_write=0;

delay(1);

adc_write=1;

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while(adc_intr==1);

adc_read=0;

val=P1;

temp1=((float)val/255)*100.00;

x+=(int)temp1;

delay(10);

delay(100);

adc_read=1;

adc_write=0;

delay(1);

adc_write=1;

while(adc_intr==1);

adc_read=0;

val=P1;

temp1=((float)val/255)*100.00;

x+=(int)temp1;

temp=x/3;

x=0;

if(temp>=UPTEMP && loadon==0)

{

output=1;

loadon=1;

}

if(temp<=DOWNTEMP && loadon==1)

{

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output=0;

loadon=0;

}

if(temp>=AL)

{

alarm=0;

}

lcd_cmd(0x80);

lcd_string("TEMP= ");

lcd_data((temp/10)%10+48);

lcd_data(temp%10+48);

lcd_string(" DEG. C");

lcd_cmd(0xC0);

if(loadon==1)

{

lcd_string("COOLER ON ");

}

else

{

lcd_string("COOLER OFF");

}

lcd_cmd(0x80);

}

}

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INTRODUCTION

A touch screen is an easy to use input device that allows users to control PC

software and DVD video by touching the display screen. We manufacture and

distribute a variety of touch screen related products.

A Touch system consists of a touch Sensor that receives the touch input, a

Controller, and a Driver. The touch screen sensor is a clear panel that is designed

to fit over a PC. When a screen is touched, the sensor detects the voltage change

and passes the signal to the touch screen controller. The controller that reads &

translates the sensor input into a conventional bus protocol (Serial, USB) and a

software driver which converts the bus information to cursor action as well as

providing systems utilities.

As the touch sensor resides between the user and the display while

receiving frequent physical input from the user vacuum deposited transparent

conductors serve as primary sensing element. Vacuum coated layers can account

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for a significant fraction of touch system cost. Cost & application parameters are

chief criteria for determining the appropriate type determining the system

selection. Primarily, the touch system integrator must determine with what

implement the user will touch the sensor with & what price the application will

support.

Applications requiring activation by a gloved finger or arbitrary stylus such

as a plastic pen will specify either a low cost resistive based sensor or a higher cost

infra-red (IR) or surface acoustic wave (SAW) system. Applications anticipating

bare finger input or amenable to a tethered pen comprises of the durable & fast

capacitive touch systems. A higher price tag generally leads to increased durability

better optical performance & larger price.

The most commonly used systems are generally the capacitive & resistive

systems. The other technologies used in this field are Infrared technology & SAW

(surface acoustic wave technology) these technologies are latest in this field but are

very much expensive.

How Does a Touch screen Work?

A basic touch screen has three main components: a touch sensor, a

controller, and a software driver. The touch screen is an input device, so it needs to

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be combined with a display and a PC or other device to make a complete touch

input system.

1. Touch Sensor

A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface.

The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area

of the panel covers the viewable area of the video screen. There are several

different touch sensor technologies on the market today, each using a different

method to detect touch input. The sensor generally has an electrical current or

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signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change.

This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch to the screen.

2. Controller

The controller is a small PC card that connects between the touch sensor and

the PC. It takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into information

that PC can understand. The controller is usually installed inside the monitor for

integrated monitors or it is housed in a plastic case for external touch

add-ons/overlays. The controller determines what type of interface/connection you

will need on the PC. Integrated touch monitors will have an extra cable connection

on the back for the touch screen. Controllers are available that can connect to a

Serial/COM port (PC) or to a USB port (PC or Macintosh). Specialized controllers

are also available that work with DVD players and other devices.

3. Software Driver

The driver is a software update for the PC system that allows the touch

screen and computer to work together. It tells the computer's operating system how

to interpret the touch event information that is sent from the controller. Most touch

screen drivers today are a mouse-emulation type driver. This makes touching the

screen the same as clicking your mouse at the same location on the screen. This

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allows the touch screen to work with existing software and allows new applications

to be developed without the need for touch screen specific programming. Some

equipment such as thin client terminals, DVD players, and specialized computer

systems either do not use software drivers or they have their own built-in touch

screen driver.

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Comparing Touch Technologies

Each type of screen has unique characteristics that can make it a better

choice for certain applications.

The most widely used touch screen technologies are the following:

4-Wire Resistive Touch screens

4-Wire Resistive touch technology consists of a

glass or acrylic panel that is coated with electrically

conductive and resistive layers. The thin layers are

separated by invisible separator dots. When operating,

an electrical current moves through the screen. When

pressure is applied to the screen the layers are pressed together, causing a change

in the electrical current and a touch event to be

registered.

4-Wire Resistive type touch screens are generally the most affordable.

Although clarity is less than with other touch screen types, resistive screens are

very durable and can be used in a variety of environments. This type of screen is

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recommended for individual, home, school, or office use, or less demanding point-

of-sale systems, restaurant systems, etc.

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Advantages Disadvantages

High touch resolution

Pressure sensitive, works with any

stylus

Not affected by dirt, dust, water,

or light

Affordable touch screen

technology

75 % clarity

Resistive layers can be damaged

by a sharp object

Less durable then 5-Wire

Resistive technology

Touch screen Specifications

Touch Type: 4-Wire Resistive

Screen Sizes: 12"-20" Diagonal

Cable Interface: PC Serial/COM Port or USB Port

Touch Resolution: 1024 x 1024

Response Time: 10 ms. maximum

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Positional Accuracy: 3mm maximum error

Light Transmission: 80% nominal

Life Expectancy: 3 million touches at one point

Temperature: Operating: -10°C to 70°C

Storage: -30°C to 85°C

Humidity: Pass 40 degrees C, 95% RH for 96

hours.

Chemical Resistance: Alcohol, acetone, grease, and general household

detergent

Software Drivers: Windows XP / 2000 / NT / ME / 98 / 95, Linux,

Macintosh OS

5-Wire Resistive Touch screens

5-Wire Resistive touch technology consists of

a glass or acrylic panel that is coated with electrically

conductive and resistive layers. The thin layers are

separated by invisible separator dots. When operating,

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an electrical current moves through the screen. When pressure is applied to the

screen the layers are pressed together, causing a change in the electrical current

and a touch event to be registered.

5-Wire Resistive type touch screens

are generally more durable than the similiar 4-Wire Resistive type. Although

clarity is less than with other touch screen types, resistive screens are very durable

and can be used in a variety of environments. This type of screen is recommended

for demanding point-of-sale systems, restaurant systems, industrial controls, and

other workplace applications.

Advantages Disadvantages

High touch resolution

Pressure sensitive, works with

any stylus

Not affected by dirt, dust, water,

or light

More durable then 4-Wire

Resistive technology

75 % clarity

Resistive layers can be damaged

by a sharp object

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Touch screen Specifications

Touch Type: 5-Wire Resistive

Cable Interface: PC Serial/COM Port or USB Port

Touch Resolution: 4096 x 4096

Response Time: 21 ms.

Light Transmission: 80% +/-5% at 550 nm wavelength (visible light

spectrum)

Expected Life: 35 million touches at one point

Temperature: Operating: -10°C to 50°C

Storage: -40°C to 71°C

Humidity: Operating: 90% RH at max 35°C

Storage: 90% RH at max 35°C for 240

Chemical Resistance: Acetone, Methylene chloride, Methyl ethyl

ketone , Isopropyl alcohol, Hexane, Turpentine, Mineral spirits, Unleaded

Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Motor Oil, Transmission Fluid, Antifreeze, Ammonia based

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glass cleaner, Laundry Detergents, Cleaners (Formula 409, etc.), Vinegar, Coffee,

Tea, Grease, Cooking Oil, Salt

Software Drivers: Windows XP, 2000, NT, ME, 98, 95, 3.1, DOS,

Macintosh OS, Linux, Unix (3rd Party)

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Capacitive Touch screens

A capacitive touch

screen consists of a

glass panel with a

capacitive (charge

storing) material

coating its surface. Circuits located at corners of the

screen measure the capacitance of a person touching the

overlay. Frequency changes are measured to determine

the X and Y coordinates of the touch event.

Capacitive type touch screens are very durable, and have

a high clarity. They are used in a wide range of

applications, from restaurant and POS use to industrial

controls and information kiosks.

Advantages Disadvantages

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High touch resolution

High image clarity

Not affected by dirt,

grease, moisture.

Must be touched by finger, will not work

with any non-conductive input

Touch screen Specifications

Touch Type: Capacitive

Cable Interface: PC Serial/COM Port (9-pin) or USB Port

Touch Resolution: 1024 x 1024

Light Transmission: 88% at 550 nm wavelength (visible light spectrum)

Durability Test: 100,000,000 plus touches at one point

Temperature: Operating: -15°C to 50°C

Storage: -50°C to 85°C

Humidity: Operating: 90% RH at max 40°C, non-condensing

Chemical Resistance: The active area of the touchscreen is resistant to all

chemicals that do not affect glass, such as: Acetone, Toluene, Methyl ethyl ketone,

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Isopropyl alcohol, Methyl alcohol, Ethyl acetate, Ammonia-based glass cleaners,

Gasoline, Kerosene, Vinegar

Software Drivers: Windows XP, 2000, NT, ME, 98, 95, 3.1, DOS,

Macintosh OS, Linux, Unix (3rd Party)

Pen Touch Capacitive Touch screens

Pen Touch Capacitive touch screen technology works with the CRT and LCD

touch monitors. This screen combines durable Capacitive technology with a

tethered pen stylus. The screen can be set to respond to finger input only, pen input

only, or both. The pen stylus is a good choice for signature capture, on-screen

annotations, or for applications requiring precise input.

Surface Acoustic Wave Touch screens

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Surface

Acoustic Wave

technology is

one of the most advanced touch screen types. It is

based on sending acoustic waves across a clear

glass panel with a series of transducers and

reflectors. When a finger touches the screen, the waves are absorbed, causing a

touch event to be detected at that point.

Because the panel is all glass there are no layers that can be worn, giving

this technology the highest durability factor and also the highest clarity. This

technology is recommended for public information kiosks, computer based

training, or other high traffic indoor environments.

Advantages Disadvantages

High touch resolution

Highest image clarity

Must be touched by finger, gloved

hand, or soft-tip stylus. Something

hard like a pen won't work

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All glass panel, no coatings

or layers that can wear out

or damage

Not completely sealable, can be

affected by large amounts of dirt,

dust, and / or water in the

environment.

Near Field Imaging Touch screens

NFI is one of the newest technologies. It consists of two laminated glass sheets

with a patterned coating of transparent metal oxide in between. An AC signal is

applied to the patterned conductive coating, creating an electrostatic field on the

surface of the screen. When the finger or glove or other conductive stylus comes

into contact with the sensor, the electrostatic field is disturbed. It is an extremely

durable screen that is suited for use in industrial control systems and other harsh

environments. The NFI type screen is not affected by most surface contaminants or

scratches. Responds to finger or gloved hand.

Infrared Touch screens

Infrared touch screen monitors are based on light-beam interruption technology. A

frame surrounds the display’s surface. The frame has light sources, or light-

emitting diodes (LEDs),on one side, and light detectors on the opposite side. This

design creates an optical grid across the screen. When any object touches the

screen, the invisible light beam is interrupted, causing a drop in the signal received

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by the photo sensors. One concern with this technology is that it might respond to a

very light touch, even that of an insect crossing the monitor, making unwanted

system adjustments. This is the only type of touch technology that are available for

large displays such as 42-inch Plasma screens. It is a durable technology that offers

high image clarity. Responds to any input device or stylus.

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Information Kiosk Systems 

A Kiosk (pronounced key-osk) is a computer based terminal or display that is used

to provide information or services, typically in a public place. Kiosk systems are

being used in a variety of applications, including information directories, customer

self-service terminals, electronic catalogs, internet access terminals, tourism

guides, and more.

Complete Kiosk Systems

Several affordable and easy to use kiosk enclosures are available with

integrated touch screen monitors. Available with several of the

leading touchscreen technologies and with a variety of laminate,

stained oak, and painted metal finishes.

Mountable Monitors for Kiosk Systems

A variety of mountable displays that can be used in kiosk applications,

including mountable CRT monitors and several types of mountable flat panel

monitors are available.

Other Components for Kiosk Systems

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1

A variety of hardware components that can be used in information kiosk

systems, including mountable printer, fan, and speaker grills are available.

Software for Kiosk Systems

Several software packages can be used in a kiosk environment, including a

presentation development package and an on-screen keyboard package.

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Software, Cables, and Accessories 

Software:

Touch screen related software, including presentation development software and

other utilities

1. MYTSOFT

My-T-Soft On-Screen Keyboard Software

2. RIGHTTOUCH

Right -Touch Right-Click Utility Software

MYTSOFT

My-T-Soft On-Screen Keyboard Software

My-T-Soft is an On-Screen keyboard utility that works with any Windows 95 / 98 /

Me / NT / 2000 / XP software. It provides on-screen keyboards and user

programmable buttons that allow users to enter data using a touch screen display.

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My-T-Soft can be used by itself in home or workplace applications, and it includes

a developer's kit that allows the keyboard to be called up from Web pages and

other programs.

By allowing systems to operate without the need for a physical keyboard, external

templates, membranes, or buttons, My-T-Soft can provide the finishing touch on

sealed systems that only require a touch screen for user input.

My-T-Soft uses a concept called "Heads Up Display" technology and its principal

objective is to keep the users focus and concentration centered in one place. My-T-

Soft uses that concept to reduce the visual re-focusing and re-positioning caused by

the head's up and down motion of going from screen to keyboard to screen.

Features:

Over 40 "Heads-Up Display" Keyboards with 12 base sizes and infinitely

larger sizes

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ABCD Alphabetical, QWERTY, 3 DVORAK's, and over 40 International

(German, Spanish, French, etc.) with Edit and Numeric panels.

Store up to 2000 keystrokes/menu selections (or the applications macro

scripts) on each button. Up to 15 buttons can be grouped on individual Panels,

which auto-open when their assigned application becomes active.

Developer friendly

Show & Hide keys, program keys in Key Options, Custom logo

display, Operator mode, on-demand functionality. The Developer's Kit comes with

all kinds of utilities, source code, sample code, and a wealth of information for

integrating My-T-Soft with your own application. Assignable Functions for

Pointing Device Buttons

RIGHTTOUCH

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Right-Touch Right-Click Utility Software

An easy interface to bring Right Click capability to any touch screen.

Most touch screens work by emulating left mouse button clicks, so that touching

the screen is the same as clicking your left mouse button at that same point on the

screen. But what if you need to right click on an item? Some touchscreens do

include right click support, but many do not. The Right Touch utility provides an

easy way to perform right clicks with any touch screen.

The Right Touch utility places a button on your desktop that allows you to switch

the touchscreen between left and right clicks. When the screen is emulating left

clicks, simply touch the Right Touch button to change to right click mode. Touch

again, and you're back to the standard left click.

Software Requirements

Windows95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP

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Please Note: Many of the touch screen systems include a similar right-click tool

with their software driver. The Right-Touch software is useful for touch screens

that do not have an included right click utility.

Cables:

Cables for use with the touch monitors, includes video and serial port extension

cables.

Serial Cables

SERIAL25: 25-Foot Serial Extension Cable

SERIAL50: 50-Foot Serial Extension Cable

SERIAL100: 100-Foot Serial Extension

VGA Video Cables

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VGA25: 25-Foot VGA Extension Cable

VGA50: 50-Foot VGA Extension Cable

VGA100: 100-Foot VGA Extension Cable  

VGA-Y: VGA Video Y-Splitter Cable

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Accessories:

Stylus Pens

A stylus pen can be used along with our touchscreen systems for precise input.

STYLUS1

  Stylus Pen for Resistive Touch screens

STYLUS2

Stylus Pen for Surface Acoustic Wave

Touchscreens

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Touch Screen Drivers

UPD Driver 3.5.18

These drivers are for 3M Dynapro SC3 and SC4 Controllers

The new UPD Driver will work for the following controllers: SC3 Serial, SC4

Serial, SC4 USB. Supported platforms are Win2000/WinNT/Win9x/Me/XP. DOS

and other drivers

Linux Drivers for SC3 and SC4 Controllers

Linux drivers for SC3 and SC4 were developed by a third party, not 3M

Touch Systems, and are provided for our customers convenience. 3M Touch

Systems cannot offer any warranty or technical support for them.

Linux Drivers

Touch Ware Driver, Release 5.63 SR3

These drivers are for MicroTouch Touch Controllers (EXII, SMT3,

MT3000, MT410, MT510)

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This release improves performance for Windows XP drivers. It provides multiple

monitor support, including dual head video adapters, from Touch Ware 5.63.

Supported platforms are WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win9x/Me.

This service release also corrects known problems with silent installation.

Microcal 7.1

Use this utility to modify controller settings and to calibrate the sensor at different

resolutions under DOS. Microcal is compatible with fully-integrated ClearTek

capacitive and TouchTek resistive touchscreens. This release supports any serial

and PS/2 SMT controller, PC BUS controllers and the MT400 controller.

Near Field Imaging OEM Drivers

Use the OEM drivers below with Near Field Imaging touch screen products.

For Windows NT/9X:

8.4-inch Near Field Imaging touch screens (approx. 2.5MB)

For Windows NT/9X/3.1 and MS-DOS:

10.4-inch and larger Near Field Imaging touch screens (approx> 3.6MB)

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For Windows XP/2000 for 10.4-inch and larger Near Field Imaging touch

screens

Linux Drivers for NFI

Linux drivers for NFI were developed by a third party, not 3M Touch

Systems, and are provided for our customers' convenience. 3M Touch Systems

cannot offer any warranty or technical support for them.

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APPLICATIONS

The touch screen is one of the easiest PC interfaces to use, making it the interface

of choice for a wide variety of applications. Here are a few examples of how touch

input systems are being used today:

1. Public Information Displays

Information kiosks, tourism displays, trade show displays, and other electronic

displays are used by many people that have little or no computing experience. The

user-friendly touch screen interface can be less intimidating and easier to use than

other input devices, especially for novice users. A touch screen can help make your

information more easily accessible by allowing users to navigate your presentation

by simply touching the display screen

2. Retail and Restaurant Systems

Time is money, especially in a fast paced retail or restaurant environment. Touch

screen systems are easy to use so employees can get work done faster, and training

time can be reduced for new employees. And because input is done right on the

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screen, valuable counter space can be saved. Touch screens can be used in cash

registers, order entry stations, seating and reservation systems, and more

3. Customer Self-Service

In today's fast pace world, waiting in line is one of the things that has yet to speed

up. Self-service touch screen terminals can be used to improve customer service at

busy stores, fast service restaurants, transportation hubs, and more. Customers can

quickly place their own orders or check themselves in or out, saving them time,

and decreasing wait times for other customers. Automated bank teller (ATM) and

airline e-ticket terminals are examples of self-service stations that can benefit from

touch screen input.

4. Control and Automation Systems

The touch screen interface is useful in systems ranging from industrial process

control to home automation. By integrating the input device with the display,

valuable workspace can be saved. And with a graphical interface, operators can

monitor and control complex operations in real-time by simply touching the

screen.

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5. Computer Based Training

Because the touch screen interface is more user-friendly than other input devices,

overall training time for computer novices, and therefore training expense, can be

reduced. It can also help to make learning more fun and interactive, which can lead

to a more beneficial training experience for both students and educators.

6. Assistive Technology

The touch screen interface can be beneficial to those that have difficulty using

other input devices such as a mouse or keyboard. When used in conjunction with

software such as on-screen keyboards, or other assistive technology, they can help

make computing resources more available to people that have difficulty using

computers.

Take a look at how one of our customers, CHI Centers, Inc., has developed a

system that allows non-verbal individuals to communicate using a PC and touch

screen display.

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ADVANTAGES OVER OTHER POINTING DEVICES

Touch screens have several advantages over other pointing devices:

Touching a visual display of choices requires little thinking and is a form of

direct manipulation that is easy to learn.

Touch screens are the fastest pointing devices.

Touch screens have easier hand eye coordination than mice or keyboards.

No extra work space is required as with other pointing devices.

Touch screens are durable in public access and in high volume usage.

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Disadvantages

User’s hand may obscure the screen.

Screens need to be installed at a lower position and tilted to reduce arm

fatigue.

Some reduction in image brightness may occur.

They cost more than alternative devices.

Conclusion

Touch systems represent a rapidly growing subset of the display market. The

majority of touch systems include touch sensors relying on vacuum-deposited

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coatings, so touch coatings present opportunity for suppliers of vacuum coatings

and coating equipments.

Touch sensor manufactures currently require thin films in the areas of transparent

conductors, optical interference coating and mechanical protective coatings. Touch

sensors technical requirements dovetail well with those of the flat panel and

display filter markets. The reality should provide value added opportunities to

operations participating i n these areas.

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References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen

http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/touch-screen

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 INTRODUCTION TO TEMPERATURE CONTROLLERS

Temperature controllers are devices used to accurately control process temperature

without extensive operator involvement. It is a control system  which accepts data

from temperature sensors such as thermocouples or Resistance Temperature

Detectors (RTD) and compares the actual temperature to the desired set-point

temperature, to operate temperature controlling elements like coolers or heaters.

WHY DO WE NEED TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER ?

In recent advanced era the temperature measurement and its control has become an

integral part of any control system operating in a temperature sensitive

environment e. g.

The temperature of food items can be controlled to minimize the bacterial growth

without affecting its nutrition value.

For boilers, temperature is important for water and air preheat, fuel oil viscosity,

and steam superheat control.

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The temperature control in cold stores reduces the contamination and degradation

rate in pharmaceutical, biochemical, beverage and food industries.

The temperature control in plant growth chambers is important for studying the

effect of hybridization, genetic engineering and plant growth regulators. 

Due to the above mentioned reasons we have to go for this experiment.

EXPLANATION

An ATmega16 AVR Microcontroller is used for carrying out all the required

computations and control. It has an in-built Analog to Digital converter. Hence an

external ADC is not required for converting the analog temperature input into

digital value. In the following discussion we will briefly discuss about the

temperature sensor used, the microcontroller and the project in general. An

inexpensive temperature sensor LM35 is used for sensing the ambient temperature.

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The system will get the temperature from the sensor IC and will display the

temperature on the LCD. This temperature is compared with the set point

temperature declared by the user (also displayed on the LCD) using a keypad. We

are implementing On/Off control for controlling the temperature. The temperature

must be within a certain range otherwise continuous On/Off of the controlling

elements (heater and fan) will cause damage to them. We consider the temperature

range to be ±2oC compared to the set temparature. If the Room /Chamber

temperature goes beyond the upper limit then fan will be switched ON and if

temperature goes below the lower limit then heater will be switched ON. At set

point both the heater and the fan will be Off.

                                                         FIG : - This figure shows the prototype of

temperature controlled fan

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BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF ATMEGA16

ATmega16 is an 8-bit high performance microcontroller. It consumes less

power. The Atmel's ATmega series of microcontrollers are very popular due to the

large number of peripherals built-in them. They have features such as internal

PWM channels, 10-bit A/D converters, UART/USART and much more, which

makes them useful for a large number of applications and external hardware is

reduced as these are built-in.

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ATMEGA16's SPECIFICATIONS:

FLASH       --------  16 kB

EEPROM   --------  512 B

SRAM         --------  1024 B

SPEED      --------   0-16 Mhz

VOLTS       --------   4.5 V - 5.5 V

PINS          --------   40 (PDIP)

 Here, each I/O port has 3 registers associated with each it. These three registers

are : -

DDRx

PORTx

PINx                                                                                       x  ----------- A, B, C, D.

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 For more knowledge on ATMEGA 16  click here

BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF L293D

In order to interface the DC motor driven fan with the microcontroller, we need a

motor driver. We have used L293D for that purpose. The fan was rated at 12V,

1.2A. The L293 is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at

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voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive

currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36

V.                                             

                                                                               FIG : - Pin diagram of L293D

For more information click here

KNOWLEDGE OF RELAY DRIVER (ULN2003A)

The ULN2003A is a  high-voltage, high-current darlington transistor array. Each

consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with

common-cathode clamp diodes for switching inductive loads. The collector-current

rating of a single darlington pair is 500 mA and can withstand peak currents of

600mA. The darlington pairs can be paralleled for higher current capability. The

inputs are pinned opposite the outputs to simplify board layouts. It is useful for

driving a wide range of loads including solenoids, relays, DC motors, LED

displays, filament lamps etc. It is a 16 pin plastic DIP package.

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                                                                                               FIG : - Pin diagram of

ULN2003A

 For more knowledge on ULN2003  click here

EXPERIENCE ON AVR STUDIO SOFTWARE

Atmel AVR Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for

developing and debugging embedded Atmel AVR applications. It enables full

control execution of programs on the AT90S In-Circuit Emulator or on the built-in

AVR Instruction Set Simulator. It provides a project management tool, source file

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editor, simulator, assembler and front-end compiler for C/C++ programming,

emulator and on-chip debugger. The AVR Studio gives a seamless and easy-to-use

environment to write, build, and debug C/C++ and assembly code. 

AVR Studio supports source level execution of assembly programs assembled with

the Atmel Corporation's AVR Assembler and C programs compiled with compilers

such as IAR Embedded Workbench, Code Vision AVR C compiler, GCC(GNU),

etc. In AVR studio 5 there is an integrated C compiler, and need not be installed

separately. 

The Assembler translates assembly source code into object code. The generated

object code can be used as input to a simulator such as the ATMEL AVR

Simulator or an emulator such as the ATMEL AVR In-Circuit Emulator. The

Assembler also generates a PROMable hex code which can be programmed

directly into the program memory of an AVR microcontroller. The Assembler

generates fixed code allocations, consequently no linking is necessary.

AVR Studio 4(or higher version) has a modular architecture which allows even

more interaction with 3rd party software vendors. GUI plug-ins and other modules

can be written and hooked to the system.

AVR Studio is an open source software.

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To know how to program AVR studio kindly follow the Videos tab

For more information of AVR Studio  click here .  

EXPERIENCE ON PROTEUS SOFTWARE

PROTEUS software is designed by LABCENTER ELECTRONICS. The

PROTEUS software is used to draw schematic of the circuit  and  to do the

simulation of the circuit. It contains all  types of  components required for the

schematic diagram of the circuit. ISIS ( part of PROTEUS) is used for simulation

of the circuit and to draw schematic of the circuit and  ARES ( part of PTOTEUS)

is used for PCB designing. 

For more knowledge on PROTEUS SOFTWARE  click here.

To know how to  design and simulate your circuit in proteus kindly follow

the Videos tab.

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